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Signalling

Objectives
At the end of the module the student is able to:
• Define the term signalling
• Describe the SS7 protocol stack and its functions
• Identify the SS7 protocol stacks implemented in
each GSM network element (BSC, MSC and HLR)

1 © NOKIA Introduction to SS7 Signalling/ 6-66868/ v 2-0


Signalling in the old days

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2 © NOKIA Introduction to SS7 Signalling/ 6-66868/ v 2-0


Signalling
subscriber A / operations
exchange 1 exchange 2
subscriber B /
Telephone B
telephone A
1. service request
2. dial tone
3. provide telephone number
4. number
analysis &
resource
5. address information
reservation
6. number analysis
& resource
reservation
7. set-up message
8. set-up confirmation
9. ringing
11. address complete 10. alert message
message
12. ringing tone
14. connect message 13. connect message
15. Conversation
3 © NOKIA Introduction to SS7 Signalling/ 6-66868/ v 2-0
Signalling system
implementation
• Set of standard messages
• Many ways of implementation
• Evolution of multiple systems
• Problems in compatibility
• Development of Channel Associated
Signalling
– Good for low traffic only
– Bottleneck and waste of bandwidth
• Development of SS7
– High capacity
– Signalling in the absence of a call possible

4 © NOKIA Introduction to SS7 Signalling/ 6-66868/ v 2-0


Signalling Points and Signalling
Transfer Points
SS7
exchange 3
Independent,
SP packet-
oriented
signalling
network

STP

SP SP
exchange 1 exchange 1

SP Signalling Point
STP Signalling Transfer Point
5 © NOKIA Introduction to SS7 Signalling/ 6-66868/ v 2-0
Message bearers and managers

6 © NOKIA Introduction to SS7 Signalling/ 6-66868/ v 2-0


SS7 - MTP

Layer 3 Signalling Message Handling


Message
Transfer Layer 2 Data Link Control
Part (MTP)

Layer 1 Physical Connections

7 © NOKIA Introduction to SS7 Signalling/ 6-66868/ v 2-0


SS7 - MTP / TUP / ISUP
MSC PSTN exchange
SP SP

TUP TUP
Call Control
NUP messages NUP

ISUP ISUP
Transport of signalling
Layer 3 messages within one network Layer 3

MTP
MTP

Data link Layer 2 Layer 2‘ Data link


Layer 2 control control Layer 2‘
Physical Physical
Layer 1 connections Layer 1 Layer 1‘ connections Layer 1‘

STP

9 © NOKIA Introduction to SS7 Signalling/ 6-66868/ v 2-0


Virtual connections

Virtual
Connection using
“Connection
Oriented”
SCCP
A
MTP
Originating
Signalling B
Point Signalling MTP
Transfer
Destination
Point
Signalling Point
Signalling
Transfer Point MTP
Signalling
Transfer
Point

10 © NOKIA Introduction to SS7 Signalling/ 6-66868/ v 2-0


SS7 - SCCP
Exchange Offers following services to higher Exchange
layers:
SP • non-call related signalling via SP
networks of different operators
• connection-orientated network
service

Call Control e.g. ISUP


e.g. ISUP messages

Signalling Connection &


SCCP Control Part SCCP

Transport of signalling
Layer 3 messages within one network Layer 3

MTP
MTP

Data link Layer 2 Layer 2‘ Data link


Layer 2 control control Layer 2‘
Physical Physical
Layer 1 connections Layer 1 Layer 1‘ connections Layer 1‘

STP

11 © NOKIA Introduction to SS7 Signalling/ 6-66868/ v 2-0


Summary SS7 protocols - part 1

• MTP is the message transfer part. It is responsible for


transferring messages from one network element to another
within the same network. It consists of three sublayers.
• TUP is the user part of the messages brought by the MTP.
These messages deal with setting up, supervising and
clearing the call connections. It has two variations, NUP and
ISUP.
• SCCP is the signalling connection control part. Its main
function is to provide virtual connections and connectionless
signalling.

12 © NOKIA Introduction to SS7 Signalling/ 6-66868/ v 2-0


SS7 - BSSAP
BSC Used to MSC
• exchange requests and responses
between BSC and MSC
• encapsulate messages to be
exchanged transparently between
MS and MSC

Control
BSSAP messages BSSAP

Signalling Connection &


SCCP Control Part SCCP

Transport of signalling
messages within one network
Layer 3 Layer 3

MTP
MTP

Data link
Layer 2 control Layer 2
Physical
Layer 1 connections Layer 1

BSSAP Base Station Subsystem Application part


13 © NOKIA Introduction to SS7 Signalling/ 6-66868/ v 2-0
SS7 - MAP and TCAP
Non-call-related requests and
Secretary function for higher responses, e.g. GMSC
layer, e.g. when the higher interrogation for the MSRN.
layer transaction consists of a
GMSC set of messages, which have to HLR
be exchanged between the peer
entities in an orderly way.

MAP Mobile MAP


Application Part

Transaction Capabilities
TCAP Application Part TCAP

SCCP Signalling Connection & SCCP


Control Part
Transport of signalling
Layer 3 messages within one network Layer 3

MTP
MTP

Data link
Layer 2 control Layer 2
Physical
Layer 1 connections Layer 1

14 © NOKIA Introduction to SS7 Signalling/ 6-66868/ v 2-0


Summary of SS7 protocols - part
2
• BSSAP
Base Station Subsystem Application Part
Protocol layer responsible for communicating GSM
specific messages between the MSC and the BSC, and
the MSC and the MS.

• MAP
Mobile Application Part
A GSM specific protocol for non call related applications
between NSS elements.

• TCAP
Transaction Capabilities and Application Part
Protocol layer responsible for providing service to MAP
by handling the MAP transaction messages between
multiple elements.

15 © NOKIA Introduction to SS7 Signalling/ 6-66868/ v 2-0


Protocol stack in the MSC

MAP
BSSAP TUP
TCAP
NUP
ISUP
SCCP

MTP

16 © NOKIA Introduction to SS7 Signalling/ 6-66868/ v 2-0


Signalling in MSC HLR
MS
BTS
GSM BSC
CM CM
MAP

MM MM

RR BSSAPP BSSAP TUP


RR NUP
TCAP ISUS

RR‘ BTSM BTSM SCCP SCCP

LAPDm LAPDm LAPD LAPD


MTP‘ MTP‘
Um Abis A External
TDMA TDMA exchange
L1 L1
FDMA FDMA

CM Connection Management BTSM Base Transceiver Station Management


MM Mobility Management BSSAP BSS Application Part
RR Radio Resource Management SCCP Signalling Connection Control Part
LAPDm Link Protocol MTP Message Transfer Part
17 © NOKIA Introduction to SS7 Signalling/ 6-66868/ v 2-0
Summary of SS7 - part 1

• Signalling is the transfer of information between


subscriber interface points and the network, and between
different network elements to help establish a call.
• Signalling information is interchanged as standard sets of
messages, and was developed and standardised into the
present SS7 system.
• GSM networks need non call related signalling, which is
possible with SS7.
• The SS7 used in PSTN networks is not sufficient to fulfil
the signalling requirements of GSM networks, thus new
GSM protocols specific were developed.

18 © NOKIA Introduction to SS7 Signalling/ 6-66868/ v 2-0


Summary of SS7 - part 2

• MTP is the basis of SS7, and it is responsible for transferring


signalling messages from one element to another within the
same signalling network.
• TUP/ISUP are the user parts of MTP that handle call control.
• SCCP is needed for virtual connections and connectionless
signalling
• BSSAP is used for signalling between MSC - BSC and MSC -
MS.
• MAP is needed for signalling between NSS elements.

19 © NOKIA Introduction to SS7 Signalling/ 6-66868/ v 2-0


Review Questions to
”Introduction to SS7 Signalling“

20 © NOKIA Introduction to SS7 Signalling/ 6-66868/ v 2-0


Review
1. Which of the following is not a signalling
function?
a) To analyse the dialled digits.
b) To digitise the user's speech before
transmission.
c) To make speech path connections.
d) To inform the user of the progress of the call.

2.  Which of the following


a) It supported wasrelated
only call a drawback of CAS
signalling.
signalling?
b) It required one signalling channel for every
PCM line.
c) It was not possible to have many different
signalling messages.
d) All of the above.

21 © NOKIA Introduction to SS7 Signalling/ 6-66868/ v 2-0


Review
3. Which of the following are advantages of SS7
over CAS signalling?
a) It can send call set-up messages.
b) One signalling channel can support 10 000
traffic channels.
c) It can support non-call-related signalling.
d) All of the above.
4. Which of the following is not a need for SS7 signalling?
a) The need to supervise a call.
b) The need to make circuit reservations.
c) The need to clear connections when the call is
over.
d) The need to transfer charging information.
22 © NOKIA Introduction to SS7 Signalling/ 6-66868/ v 2-0
Review
5. Which of the following signalling requirements is specific
to GSM networks only?
a) The ability to reserve circuits in the outgoing
direction.
b) The ability of one signalling channel to handle calls GSM in
and
other physically different cables. intellig
ent
c) The ability to transport service dependent messages networ
across switching exchanges. k
solutio
6. d) The of
Which ability to perform
the following non-call-related
is not signalling
a need for SS7 signalling?ns (IN)
procedures. .
a) MTP, SCCP.
b) MTP, ISUP.
c) MTP, TUP.
d) MTP, SCCP, TCAP, MAP.
23 © NOKIA Introduction to SS7 Signalling/ 6-66868/ v 2-0
Review
7. Which of the following SS7 protocols is specific to
GSM networks only?
a) MAP.
b) ISUP.
c) SCCP.
d) MTP.

8. Which pair of network elements in the GSM


network does not both have SS7?
a) MSC, HLR.
b) BSC, HLR.
c) MSC, BSC.
d) BTS, HLR.

24 © NOKIA Introduction to SS7 Signalling/ 6-66868/ v 2-0


Review
9. Which of the following pictures is correct?
a)
b)
c)
d)

25 © NOKIA Introduction to SS7 Signalling/ 6-66868/ v 2-0

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