A

SHORT-TERM COURSE REPORT

Malaviya national institute of technology

Jaipur Rajasthan

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

In

Chemical Engineering

(07 JAN 2019-11 JAN 2019)

Submitted To: - Submitted By: -

Mentor vicky kumar jha
Asst.prof. Jnu, Jaipur 6Th semester
Ms. Isha Shrivastava chemical Engineering
Jaipur national university Jaipur Rajasthan
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Firstly, I would like to extend my heartfelt gratitude

to my concerned guide from the esteemed malaviya
national institute of technology. These pages of paper
would have never been as meaningful as if we not had
your support and guidance throughout your concern
and constant provision of information is unavoidable
bunch of help. With the help of certain authors,

(both books are

online here we present to you our short-term course
report on the topic “Safety Aspects of Storage
Handling and Transportation of Petroleum
Product”
It gives us immense pleasure putting together this set
of the fact and information studying intact about the
concerned topic and chalking it down in the form of
this report.
I hope you appreciate it as much as we rejoiced putting
it up for you. We look forward too many more such
enlightening topic related project in the feature too.

Vicky kumar jha

6CH-08

TABLE OF CONTENT

➢ Introduction.
➢ Exploration.
➢ Drilling.
➢ Extraction.
➢ Separation.
➢ Risk management.
➢ Well integrity management.
➢ Pipe line transport of petroleum product.
➢ Storage of Petroleum, Diesel, Kerosene. (plant
visit).
 ➢ Bottling plant (to feed the LPG in cylinder) (plant
visit).
➢ Conclusion.

Introduction
The beginning of crude oil formation happened millions of years ago.
Oil is a fossil fuel that has been formed from a large amount tiny plants
and animals such as algae and zooplankton. These organisms fall to
the bottom of the sea once they die and over time, get trapped under
multiple layers of sand and mud.

As time goes by, heat and pressure began to rise as the organisms get
buried deeper and deeper below the surface. Depending on the
amount of pressure, heat and the type of organisms, determines if the
organisms will become natural gas or oil. The more heat, the lighter
the oil. If there is even more heat and the organisms were made up
of mostly plants, then natural gas is formed.

Once the oil and natural gas is formed, it migrates through pores in
the rock until it gets trapped under cap rock and clay where the oil
can no longer get through. This is where we find oil today!
Exploration of crude oil
Seismic waves, the same type of waves used to study earthquakes, are
also used to explore deep underground for reservoirs of oil and natural
gas. Seismic waves – the same tool used to study earthquakes – are frequently
used to search for oil and natural gas deep below Earth’s surface. These waves
of energy move through the Earth, just as sound waves move through the air.
In oil and gas exploration, seismic waves are sent deep into the Earth and
allowed to bounce back. Geophysicists record the waves to learn about oil and
gas reservoirs located beneath Earth’s surface. Bob Hard age of the
University of Texas Bureau of Economic Geology is an expert of the use of
this technology for oil and gas exploration. He spoke to Earth Sky’s Mike
Brennan.

Drilling: -
❖ Conventional Drilling

Conventional wells are drilled vertically from the surface straight down to
the pay zone. This is the traditional and still common type of drilling.
❖ Horizontal Drilling
Using technologies such as bottom driven bits, drillers are able to execute
a sharp turn and drill horizontally along a thin pay zone. In a related
procedure, developed in this area, two horizontal well bores are drilled
one above the other, about 3 meters apart. One application for this is
SAGD (Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage) where steam is injected into
the higher of these horizontal holes and the heat precipitates oil down into
the lower hole, increasing production of heavy oil. Drilling these holes
requires an experienced crew, precision techniques and advanced
technology.
❖ Slant Drilling

Drilling at an angle from perpendicular (commonly 30° to 45°). This

approach minimizes surface environmental disturbance. For example, oil
reserves under a lake can be tapped by a slant hole drilled from on
shore. More commonly in this area; four, six, even eight slant wells are drilled
from one "pad" (i.e. well lease site). This allows the oil reserves under a large
land area to be tapped by only one well site. Thus, production of valuable oil
reserves is effectively harmonized with conserving the environment.

❖ Directional Drilling

Drilling has advanced from slant and horizontal drilling to drilling that can
change direction and depth several times in one well bore. A schematic of
these drill bores (often several from the same drill pad, resembles the roots of a
plant. This type of drilling is uniquely suited to pay zones in the Lloydminster
area which are often distributed like prairie sloughs across the underground
landscape. Directional drilling is also being applied in other parts of the world
now such as Venezuela and where there is a special need to limit
environmental impact on the surface.
There are find the crude oil and after used for extracting of crude oil.
And they are mainly drilled in deep of ground around 8000 ft.

Extraction process: -there are mainly used in extraction

process are three process.

1. Primary process.

2. Secondary process.

3. Tertiary process.

Primary process:- Primary oil recovery is the first phase, which

happens once a well has been drilled from the surface to an
underground reserve. Gravity, along with the pressure inside the
reservoir, forces the oil into the wellbore. The wellbore is another
name for the hole that was drilled to extract the oil. From here, the
oil is brought to the surface through mechanical means, like a pump
jack. The primary phase of oil recovery continues until the pressure
inside the well is no longer enough to produce oil in quantities that
make it financially worthwhile.
Primary recovery is an important step in the process because the
natural pressure inside the underground reservoir must be equalized
before any equipment can be installed. While it’s necessary, it’s not
all that effective -- this phase only produces about 10 percent of
a reserve’s supply. According to the U.S. Department of Energy,
there are 600 billion barrels of oil available within the 50 states. But
if primary oil recovery methods were our only way to access these
reserves, more than 400 billion barrels would be irretrievable.

❖ Secondary process: - The natural flow of crude oil due to

underground pressure will diminish over time. So, a secondary
recovery is used to extract crude oil from the well. In this method,
the natural flow of oil is increased by increasing the reservoir
pressure. This is accomplished by injecting water or natural gas
into the well, which drives the crude oil to the base where the oil
can be pumped. This stage allows ~35% to ~45% of the oil in the
reservoir to be extracted.

❖ tertiary process: -When crude oil extraction from secondary

recovery becomes impossible, tertiary recovery is applied. In this
method, water, gas, and chemicals are injected into the reservoir
to improve the natural flow of crude oil. Finally, crude oil is
extracted. This stage allows ~5% to ~15% of the oil in the
reservoir to be extracted.

There are generally used in process to extract

crude oil in tertiary process: -
1. water gas injected.
2. C02 gas injected.
3. ASP (Alkalise Surfactants Polymer) injected.
 Theoretical production of crude oil curve: -

Separation system of crude oil: -

Two phases: -In general, well effluents flowing from producing
wells come out in two phases: vapor and liquid under a relatively high
pressure. The fluid emerges as a mixture of crude oil and gas that is
partly free and partly in solution. Fluid pressure should be lowered
and its velocity should be reduced in order to separate the oil and
obtain it in a stable form. This is usually done by admitting the well
fluid into a gas–oil separator plant (GOSP) through which the
pressure of the gas–oil mixture is successively reduced to atmospheric
pressure in a few stages. Upon decreasing the pressure in the GOSP,
some of the lighter and more valuable hydrocarbon components that
belong to oil will be unavoidably lost along with the gas into the vapor
phase. This puts the gas–oil separation step as the initial one in the
series of field treatment operations of crude oil. Here, the primary
objective is to allow most of the gas to free itself from these valuable
hydrocarbons, hence increasing the recovery of crude oil.
Crude oil as produced at the wellhead varies considerably from field to
field due not only to its physical characteristics but also to the amount
of gas and salt water it contains. In some fields, no salt water will flow
into the well from the reservoir along with the produced oil. This is
the case we are considering in this chapter, where it is only necessary
to separate the gas from the oil; (i.e., two-phase separation).

Three phase separators: -Three phase separators are

commonly used in the oil and gas industry for the separation of oil,
water and hydrocarbon gases from raw product streams. All crude
oils contain dissolved gases that will come out of solution once oil is
brought to the surface. The amount of gas in the oil is referred to as
the gas/oil ratio (or GOR).
Vessel Orientation
Depending on the GOR of the product stream, three phase separators
may be aligned horizontally or vertically. Vertical separators are often
used when the GOR is low and there is a small volume of gas to be
separated from the liquid constituents.
Horizontal vessels, on the other hand, are used to separate mixtures
that have a high GOR. Much of this is due to the fact that they have
increased surface area, which facilitates separation of gases from the
oil. In many raw crude oil streams, certain hydrocarbon gases cannot
be separated from solution in a primary separator. In these instances,
the gases are stripped in other unit processes downstream.
Basic Design Principles
Both horizontal and vertical three phase separators have three main
sections:
• A primary separation section – The primary separation section is
situated at the inlet to the vessel and is designed to separate the
fluids from any entrained gas.
• Secondary separation – The secondary separation section is
designed to facilitate the separation of the liquid constituents into
light and heavy phases according to their specific gravity. Typically,
oil comprises the light phase and water the heavy phase.
• Coalescing section – The coalescing section includes a vapor
coalesce or mist extractor to remove liquid droplets from the gas. A
wire mesh eliminator is often used for this purpose.
In a vertical tank, the heavy liquids are pumped out of the bottom of
the vessel and the light phase is drawn off the side of the tank.
Horizontal vessels use a sump arrangement to separate light and
heavy liquids. They are then both drawn off via separate outlets from
the bottom of the tank.

RISK MANAGEMENT
What is Risk: -Risk is the possibility of losing something
of value. Values (such as physical health, social status,
emotional well-being, or financial wealth) can be gained or lost
when taking risk resulting from a given action or inaction,
foreseen or unforeseen (planned or not planned). Risk can also
be defined as the intentional interaction with uncertainty.
Uncertainty is a potential, unpredictable, and uncontrollable
outcome; risk is a consequence of action taken in spite of
uncertainty.
What is Hazardous: -A hazard is anything with the
potential to cause harm. Risk is the probability of a negative outcome
from exposure to a hazard. A substance is defined as hazardous if it
has one or more of the following characteristics: flammable, corrosive,
toxic, or reactive. Also, substances are defined as hazardous if they
are specifically listed by regulation. For example, OSHA, EPA, and
DOT publish lists of materials deemed hazardous.

In our discipline of occupational health and safety, the six

primary hazard categories are: -

• Physical hazards
• Chemical hazards
• Biological hazards
• Radiological hazards
• Ergonomic hazards
• Behavioural hazards
 There is mostly hazard are oil and gas industry in category in
radiological and chemical hazard. There are based on murphy’s
law. (according to murphy’s law anything that can go will go
wrong).

Types of risk Assessment: - Risk assessment is a term used

to describe the overall process or method where you:

• Identify hazards and risk factors that have the potential to cause
harm (hazard identification).
• Analyse and evaluate the risk associated with that hazard (risk
analysis, and risk evaluation).
• Determine appropriate ways to eliminate the hazard, or control the
risk when the hazard cannot be eliminated (risk control).

A risk assessment is a thorough look at your workplace to identify

those things, situations, processes, etc. that may cause harm,
particularly to people. After identification is made, you analyse and
evaluate how likely and severe the risk is. When this determination
is made, you can next, decide what measures should be in place to
effectively eliminate or control the harm from happening.
The CSA Standard Z1002 "Occupational health and safety - Hazard
identification and elimination and risk assessment and control" uses
the following terms:
Risk assessment – the overall process of hazard identification, risk
analysis, and risk evaluation.
Hazard identification – the process of finding, listing, and
characterizing hazards.
Risk analysis – a process for comprehending the nature of hazards
and determining the level of risk.
Notes:
(1) Risk analysis provides a basis for risk evaluation and decisions
about risk control.
(2) Information can include current and historical data, theoretical
analysis, informed opinions, and the concerns of stakeholders.
(3) Risk analysis includes risk estimation.
Risk evaluation – the process of comparing an estimated risk
against given risk criteria to determine the significance of the risk.
Risk control – actions implementing risk evaluation decisions.
Note: Risk control can involve monitoring, re-evaluation, and
compliance with decisions. For definitions and more information
about what hazards and risks are, please see the OSH Answers
document Hazard and Risk.

Why is risk assessment important?

Risk assessments are very important as they form an integral part of
an occupational health and safety management plan. They help to:

• Create awareness of hazards and risk.

• Identify who may be at risk (e.g., employees, cleaners, visitors,
contractors, the public, etc.).
• Determine whether a control program is required for a particular
hazard.
• Determine if existing control measures are adequate or if more
should be done.
• Prevent injuries or illnesses, especially when done at the design or
planning stage.
• Prioritize hazards and control measures.
• Meet legal requirements where applicable.

What is LOPA (Layer of protection analysis): - LOPA

is a simplified form of risk assessment. It assists in compliance with
PSM and RMP regulations and with the ANSI/ISA S84.00.01-2004 /
IEC 61511 standards, Functional Safety: Safety Instrumented Systems for
the Process Industry Sector.
LOPA is also used to comply with the IEC 61511 / ISA 84 standards.
IEC 61511 / ISA 84 requires the allocation of safety functions to
protection layers, the determination of required Safety Instrumented
Functions (SIFs) and the determination of their Safety Integrity
Levels (SIL). LOPA is one method used for this purpose. The required
SIL of a SIF is derived by taking into account the required risk
reduction to be provided by that function. IEC 61511 / ISA 84 notes
that this is best accomplished as part of a process hazards and risk
analysis (i.e. a PHA) to benefit from possible synergies and the
information developed.
What is HAZOP: -HAZOP, or a Hazard and Operability Study,
is a systematic way to identify possible hazards in a work process. In
this approach, the process is broken down into steps, and every
variation in work parameters is considered for each step, to see what
could go wrong. HAZOP’s meticulous approach is commonly used
with chemical production and piping systems, where miles of pipes
and numerous containers can cause logistical headaches.

Classifying hazard for consequence: -

➢ Thermal radiation
➢ Blast pressure wave
➢ Missile trajectory.
➢ Gas clouded

Well integrity management

A Well Integrity Management System (WIMS) is a meaningful
solution to define the commitments, requirements and responsibilities
of an organization to manage the risk of loss of well containment over
the well lifecycle. The tasks necessary to deliver well integrity, and
the roles accountable and responsible for delivery, are specified in a
WIMS document. To operationalize the management system,
software tools can be used. These have various forms from simple
solutions managed with a spreadsheet to more complex systems
managed using self-built or commercially available electronic
management systems.
The objective of a WIMS is to specify requirements necessary for
delivery of well integrity, including:
▪ Well integrity refers to maintaining full control of fluids within a
well at all times, in order to prevent unintended fluid movement or
loss of containment to the environment.
▪ Well integrity policy defines commitments and obligations to
safeguard health, safety, environment, assets, and reputation.
▪ WIMS is the system that assures that well integrity is maintained
throughout the well life cycle by the application of a combination
of technical, operational, and organizational processes.

Elements of the well integrity management system

▪ Wells ownership over the lifecycle for wells that are:
▪ Developed
▪ Acquired
▪ Divested
▪ Suspended
▪ Closed in
▪ Operated
▪ Exploration
▪ Abandoned by company.
▪ Risk assessment with risk register that:
▪ Defines the risk
▪ Mitigations for the hazards that are to be managed
▪ Well types with:
▪ Well barriers
▪ Well barrier envelopes that control hazards
▪ Performance standards that:
▪ Defines the requirements to maintain the well barriers within
its operating limits.
▪ Well barrier verification, or assurance processes that:
▪ Assures the mechanical status of the well is maintained on a
defined risk
▪ Underlying processes like:
▪ Reporting
▪ Documentation
▪ Management of change
▪ Continuous improvement
▪ Auditing processes.

Well design, well construction, and barrier

requirements
During well design and construction, the barrier requirements are
driven by the input of the basis of design and the identified hazards.
These hazards can change over the life cycle of the well or may
actually be introduced during the construction of the well. The design
and construction process are the main element that drives how the
well needs to be operated, maintained, or abandoned. There is with
each field or well development plan the element of economics, the time
line to deliver, or earth model hazards that are encountered that may
result in decisions that affect well integrity or well operating limits.
From a well integrity management perspective, the relevancy is to
understand the risk associated with exposure to certain hazards and
that these are clearly defined in the well operating limits at well
handover so that mitigating controls can be applied over the well’s
life.
Depending on the environment where the well is placed in and
outflow potential of the well, with likelihood of failure and
consequence of loss of containment, the well barrier requirements
are defined. This is usually done in the field development stage by
use of quantitative risk assessment. See below examples of various
barrier designs whereby in a hydro static well, the liquid level is the
primary barrier.

examples of elements that may have to be managed during the design

construct of well barriers to assure them over the well lifecycle are:
▪ Internal oxygen-related corrosion
▪ CO2 corrosion
▪ H2S corrosion
▪ chloride stress cracking
▪ stress cracking caused by bromide mud and thread compound
▪ microbial-induced corrosion (MIC)
▪ other chemical corrosion
▪ acid corrosion (e.g. from stimulation fluids)
▪ External corrosion as result of
▪ aquifers
▪ surface water
▪ swamp or sea environments.
▪ Sand/solids production
▪ scale deposition
▪ erosional velocities
▪ formation of emulsion
 ▪ scale
▪ wax and hydrate deposits.
▪ Compatibility between components, electrolytic corrosion.
▪ Load cases as result of
▪ thermal
▪ fatigue
▪ subsidence
▪ stimulation
▪ well kill
▪ injection
▪ production
▪ evacuation
▪ trapped pressures
▪ casing wear.
▪ Earth model fractures
▪ pore pressures
▪ permafrost movement
▪ squeezing chalks
▪ salts
▪ earthquake
▪ subsidence.
▪ Zonal isolation placement and verification of isolation methods.
Typically, well head valves and Xmas trees are single barrier elements
as they use floating gates and seats that hold in one direction that
results in valve bonnet, grease nipple, and stem packing to be under
pressure at all times. See example of a typical gate valve below. When
designing the well and its barriers, this needs to be taken into
consideration.
The well barrier design and construction process objective should
address the issues such that the barriers over the well life cycle
assure containment that can effectively be managed and verified.
This statement is a challenge in itself as many wells have issues over
the life cycle as things were not clear from beginning or changes
occurred or well was not designed and constructed as intended. The
process of well integrity management is to understand the risks and
address these by managing the well barriers within its operating
limits to prevent loss of containment.
Well integrity management system life
cycle:
Storage of petrol diesel and kerosene
The storage of petrol diesel and kerosene in tank
capacity is approx. 4000KL there are generally stored in
tank to come the oil in Jamnagar refinery there are
generally in connected in series in three.
There is generally used for cooled the oil in used
Colling water to cool down the water.

Storage the oil to distributes in different

palace: -
There is storage the tank in every day 600 tank in
capacity is 2000 litre. There are also including to
storage of oil in 16 officer and 15 staff that most of
the equipment is automatic operate.
There are fill the tank to transport the different-
different location. And then every tank to detect to
gate and every truck to give a number to detect
sincere and passed to the under the industry. They
are fast feed the tank in location to place in city
To distribute it. There is every truck to tank in
three section and feed different-different oil to
close the valve used to pressure and filled the oil to
automatic close the valve used pneumatic box.

There are also used for 10% ethanol in diesel and

petrol.

Bottling plant (to feed the LPG gas)

LPG bottling plant is a plant where LPG is filled into bottles
(cylinders) for storage and distribution among various LPG
distributors. The plant has the facility to receive bulk LPG
by Tank trucks (of various capacities e.g. 12MT, 17MT etc)
or pipeline from a reliable source e.g. Refinery or any other
LPG Bottling Plant. After receipt of Bulk LPG, filling of
LPG into cylinders is done. Here we shall discuss the filling
operations in LPG Bottling Plant.
OVERVIEW OF PRIMARY OPERATIONS:
Primary Operations in a Bottling plant are main line
activities, directly associated with filling of LPG cylinders.
Any obstruction in these activities will hamper Plant
production. Some activities are Cylinder receipt, filling,
Check scale weighing, Tightness testing etc. These are
described below:
STAGE - I: RECEIPT OF CYLINDERS
(i)New cylinders from manufactures
(ii) Cylinders in circulation from distributors (empty, under-
filled, defective).
(iii) Cylinders received from Statutory Testing Plants, duly
tested.
(iv) Repaired cylinders received from the approved repairers.
STAGE -II: VISUAL INSPECTION/SEGREGATION
I. Cylinders for Statutory Testing (to be sent to testing
Plant).
ii. Under-filled cylinders received from distributors, duly
tagged (for further processing).
iii. Leaky/defective cylinders received from the distributors,
duly tagged (for further processing)
iv. Spurious cylinders (for investigation/scrap).
v. Cylinders found unfit for filling (beyond repairs) on visual
inspection (e.g. heavily rusted or heavily dented).
vi. Cylinders found defective, but repairable such as:
a. Cylinders having twisted valve spindle (to be segregated
for valve replacement)
b. Cylinders having broken/bent foot ring/valve protection
ring (to be segregated for cold/hot repairs depending upon
the condition). (To be rejected as scrap after closer re-
examination).
vii. Cylinders owned by other marketing companies, wrongly
mixed with own cylinders. (to be segregated for handing
over to OMC).
viii. Empty cylinders fit for filling. (to be sent for filling).
(b) Visual inspection of the cylinders should be done.
(c) Under-filled cylinders received from the distributors
should be weighed to verify the extent of under-filling.
(d) Reasons for leaky/defective cylinders received from
distributors should be verified as marked on the
tag attached to the cylinder.
(e) Extra care should be exercised to check for spurious
cylinders and efforts made to identify the source of receipt.
Spurious cylinders must be segregated for scraping.
(f) New cylinders or cylinders received from Statutory
Testing Plant or any cylinder which has undergone
pneumatic test must be purged before they are taken up for
filling.
(g) Cylinders due for Statutory Testing must not be taken
up for filling but sent to testing Plant.

(a) Wherever tare weight stencilling is not legible on the cylinder

shoulder, mark tare weight on the cylinder shoulder after checking
punched tare weight marking on the cylinder.
(b) For accuracy of filling, especially in case of filling through
overall-weight-system, the correct and legible marking of tare
weight on the cylinder body is essential. To ascertain the accuracy of
tare marking on the incoming LPG cylinders, few cylinders should
be weighed at random. This exercise should invariably be carried out
on the new cylinders. In case any major discrepancies are observed in
a particular lot the matter should be taken up with the manufacturer.
(c) Tare weight, in case of cap type cylinders, is exclusive of the
weight of the cap. In case of cylinders with shroud or ring as valve
protection means, the tare weight includes the weight of the shroud
or the ring as they form integral part of the cylinder. STAGE - III:
CYLINDER safety cap in case of 'SC' type valve (Self Closing Valve).
(c) Blow the cavity of 'SC' type valve with air to remove any dust
particles or water and also check for the presence of 'O'-ring fixed on
the valve outlet.
STAGE - IV: TARE WEIGHT MARKING
Explanation:
FOR FILLING.
Explanation:
(a) Remove valve protection cap wherever provided on the
cylinder.
(b) Remove
STAGE - V: FILLING OPERATION
Explanation:
(a) Cylinder with 'SC' type valve.
I. Fix appropriate filling head on to the valve.
ii. Start filling.
iii. Make tare-weight adjustment.
iv. Remove filling head on automatic shut-off the filling operation.
(b) Each filling machine should be checked against standard
weight at least once during a shift.
(c) The above sequence of operations of operations has been
described for filling machines having adjustment for 'tare weight' as
well as 'specific weight" for the product (i.e. LPG)
(d) In case the filling machines operate on 'gross weight' principle,
the adjustment required on the machine would be for gross weight
only.
(e) In case the filling machines operate on 'tare-off' principle, no
adjustment may be required. However, in this case it must be
ensured that the cylinders are evacuated or safely drained before
putting on to the filling machine.
STAGE - VI: CHECK WEIGHING
Explanation:
(a) Weigh all filled cylinders coming out of the carousel, (i.e. ensure
100% check weighing)
(b) Check-weighing is performed to verify that the cylinder has been
filled correctly within the permissible limits. This check is very
important from safety point of view.
(c) The permissible limit of variation is  2% of the specific weight
of the product to be filled in the cylinder. Accordingly, for the
quantity of 15 kg of LPG, the cylinder would be termed under-filled
if the product weight is less than 14.7 kg and it would be termed as
over-filled if the product weight is more than 15.3 kg.
(d) All the cylinder coming out from the filling machines must be
check-weighed to ensure 100% checks.
(e) In case of change of composition of LPG to be filled in cylinder,
the correct safe weight of the product that can be filled will to be
worked out.
(f) Over-filling, if not detected, subjects cylinders to very high
pressure (due to increase in ambient temperature, liquid in the
cylinder would expand and hydrostatic pressure developed may at
times burst the cylinder): The danger point is reached when liquid
expands to occupy fully the volumetric capacity of the cylinder,
leaving no space. Once this point is reached there would be pressure
rise at the rate of 24 kg/cm2 for every 1C rise in temperature. It
may be noted that max. working pressure for a LPG cylinder is 16.9
Kg/cm2 (1.66 Mega Pascal), Hydraulic Test pressure is 25.35
Kg/cm2 (2.45MPa), normal working pressure is approx. 7Kg/cm2 &
burst pressure is approx. 100 kg/cm2.
(g) Likewise, under-filling, if undetected, shakes consumer's
confidence.
(h) In case any cylinder is heavily covered with mud, the same may
result in under-filling when the method of overall filling is followed.
It is, therefore, necessary that such cylinders are washed before
filling. Particular care should be exercised to inspect the joint
between foot ring and dished ends of the cylinder as there is greater
possibility of accumulation of mud there.
Over-filled cylinder must be sent for immediate evacuation of
excess quantity.
(j) Each filling machine should be allotted serial no. at the Plant.
Periodically, this number should be marked on the cylinder under
filling on respective machine. When these cylinders are checked on
the check-scales, record of actual observations should be made. This
process helps to identify a filling machine giving incorrect filling.
(k) Check-scales should be certified by the Weights and Measures
Department, and must be tested against standard weights at least
once during the shift.
STAGE - VII: SEGREGATION - II
Explanation:
(a) Cylinders rejected at check-weighing are segregated as below:
I. Overfilled cylinders are segregated and sent to evacuation unit for
removing excess quantity.
ii. Under-filled cylinders are segregated and sent for topping up on a
separate stationary weighing scale having a filling point.
(b) Cylinders having apparent leaks should also be segregated at this
stage and corrective action taken to stop the leak. If leak cannot be
stopped, the cylinders should be sent for evacuation.

Pipelines and transportation

Pipeline transport is the long-distance transportation of a liquid or gas
through a system of pipes a pipeline typically to a market area for consumption.
The latest data from 2014 gives a total of slightly less than 2,175,000 miles
(3,500,000 km) of pipeline in 120 countries of the world. The United States had
65%, Russia had 8%, and Canada had 3%, thus 75% of all pipeline were in these
three countries.

Conclusion
❖ There is good experience in short-term course of malaviya
national institute of technology and three days lecture and two
days plant visit in storage and distribution of petrol diesel and
kerosene and bottling plant (they are storage the LPG in
cylinder used in homes).
❖ There is mostly good experience in plant visit.