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• Voltage across a parallel circuit remain same i.e. VT = VR1 = VR2 = VR3.
• At node-4; I5 – 20 mA – 30 mA = 0 OR I5 = 50 mA.
• At node-3; I4 + 40 mA – 60 mA –I5 = 0 OR I4 = 70mA.
• At node-2; I1 – I4 + I6 = 0 OR I6 = – 10 mA.
• Exercise 2.4; Find the unknown currents in the circuits drawn below?
• Fig (a), I1 = 6 mA.
• It states that “algebraic sum of the voltages around any loop is zero”.
• Recall Source Voltage in a loop (i.e. series circuits) divides across the
loads (the resistive parts of the circuit) in the path of current.
• Hence sum of all voltage drops must equal source voltage in a loop.
• Voltage drop across a load resister has a polarity, which not only
indicates the direction of current flow but also energy transfer status.
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• It is important to keep track of the voltage polarity, as we traverse a
loop and appreciate energy transfer status of elements in the loop.
• In applying KVL to any loop in network we must sum to zero the
increase and decrease in energy levels just as we kept track of currents
entering and leaving a node while writing a KCL equation.
• We have a choice here too to treat increase in energy level as positive
or negative and vice versa.
• In this course we will always consider decrease in energy level as
positive and increase in energy level being negative.
• As we move around a loop we will add plus sign to voltage that we
counter if it represent decrease in energy level.
• Conversely we will add minus sign to encountered voltage if it
represent increase in energy level.
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• Let us apply KVL to a given loop and draw loop or KVL equations.
• Example 2.9; Find VR3 in the
drawn network, if VR1 & VR2 are
18 V and 12 V respectively?
• Answer; Starting at point a and
traversing loop in clockwise
direction, we find.
• 18 – 5 +12 – 15 + VR3 – 30 = 0.
• Hence VR3 = 20 V.
• Example 2.10; Let us draw loop
equations in drawn network?
• This network has three loops.
• KCL equation for left loop is VR1 + VR4 – 16 – 24 = 0.
• For right loop is VR2 + VR3 + 8 +16 – VR4 = 0.
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• For the outermost loop it is VR1 + VR2 + VR3 + 8 – 24 = 0.
Single Loop Circuits
• Single loop circuit is a series circuit where source voltage divides
across the resistors in direct proportion to their resistances.
• Applying KCL to every node in a single loop circuit confirms that
only one current flows through the entire loop.
• Let’s apply “KVL and Ohm’s law” to find unknown circuit
parameters in a single loop circuit.
• We will always assume that current in a loop flows in clockwise
direction, sign with computed current will reveal true direction.
• In essence given the applied voltage (V) and total resistance (RS) in a
loop we can find the voltage drop (VRi) across any resistor Ri
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employing the “voltage divider rule” i.e. VRi = Ri/RS x V.
• Single loop multiple source and/OR resistor networks, are easier to
solve once simplified into simple circuit.
• Let us see first how can multiple sources be combined together.
• A single loop multiple source and resistor network is shown here.
• As decided earlier we assume the current to
be flowing in clockwise direction.
• KVL equation for the loop can be written as,
• VR1 + V2 – V3 + VR2 + V4 + V5 – V1 = 0.
• OR; VR1 + VR2 = – V2 + V3 – V4 – V5 + V1.
• OR; (R1 + R2)I = V where V = V1 + V3 – (V2 + V4 + V5).
• Thus sum of voltage sources in series can be replaced by one source
whose value is algebraic sum of individual sources.
• Expressed in equivalent circuit it is shown here.
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• It can be generalized to circuit with N-sources.
• Now consider a single loop circuit with N resistors as shown here.
• KVL equation for the loop can be written
as V = VR1 + VR2 + … + VN. OR
• V = IR1 + IR2 + …+IRN. OR
• V = IRS where RS = R1 + R2 + ... + RN.
• Thus equivalent resistance of N resistors
in series is simply the sum of individual
resistances as is evident from the
equivalent circuit drawn on right.
• Example 2.15; Find series current I and
power absorbed by 30 k resistor in
network shown here.
• Also find voltage drop across the 20 k
resistor of the circuit by employing
voltage division rule? 16
• We can find the current either by Ohm’s Law or applying KVL.
• Recall we applied CDR of the form IR1 = IT{R2 / (R1 + R2)}, which is
applicable to circuit with only two branches, as shown above.
• Class Work; Solve the series – parallel circuits shown on next slide?
Answer; R3,5 = 50 + 30 = 80 , R3,4,5 = (80 x 80)/(80+80) = 40 ,
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R2,3,4,5 = 60 + 40 = 100 and RT = (200 x 100) / (200 + 100) = 66.7 .
• Example 2.20; Find resistance RAB in the network drawn below?
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