PROBLEM 5.

1
KNOWN: Electrical heater attached to backside of plate while front surface is exposed to
convection process (T∞,h); initially plate is at a uniform temperature of the ambient air and suddenly
heater power is switched on providing a constant q′′o .

FIND: (a) Sketch temperature distribution, T(x,t), (b) Sketch the heat flux at the outer surface,
q′′x ( L,t ) as a function of time.

SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) One-dimensional conduction, (2) Constant properties, (3) Negligible heat
loss from heater through insulation.
ANALYSIS: (a) The temperature distributions for four time conditions including the initial
distribution, T(x,0), and the steady-state distribution, T(x,∞), are as shown above.
Note that the temperature gradient at x = 0, -dT/dx)x=0, for t > 0 will be a constant since the flux,
q′′x ( 0 ), is a constant. Noting that To = T(0,∞), the steady-state temperature distribution will be
linear such that
T − T ( L,∞ )
q′′o = k o = h T ( L,∞ ) − T∞  .
L
(b) The heat flux at the front surface, x = L, is given by q′′x ( L,t ) = −k ( dT/dx ) x=L . From the
temperature distribution, we can construct the heat flux-time plot.

COMMENTS: At early times, the temperature and heat flux at x = L will not change from their
initial values. Hence, we show a zero slope for q′′x ( L,t ) at early times. Eventually, the value of
q′′x ( L,t ) will reach the steady-state value which is q′′o .
 PROBLEM 5.9
KNOWN: Diameter and radial temperature of AISI 1010 carbon steel shaft. Convection
coefficient and temperature of furnace gases.
FIND: Time required for shaft centerline to reach a prescribed temperature.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) One-dimensional, radial conduction, (2) Constant properties.

PROPERTIES: AISI 1010 carbon steel, Table A.1 ( T = 550 K ) : ρ = 7832 kg / m 3 , k = 51.2
-5 2
W/m⋅K, c = 541 J/kg⋅K, α = 1.21×10 m /s.
ANALYSIS: The Biot number is

hro / 2 100 W/m ⋅ K ( 0.05 m/2)

2
Bi = = = 0.0488.
k 51.2 W/m ⋅ K
Hence, the lumped capacitance method can be applied. From Equation 5.6,
T − T∞   hAs    4h 
= exp  −   t  = exp  − t
Ti − T∞   ρ Vc    ρ cD 
 800 − 1200  4 × 100 W/m 2 ⋅ K
ln   = −0.811 = − t
 300 − 1200  7832 kg/m 3 ( 541 J/kg ⋅ K ) 0.1 m
t = 859 s. <
COMMENTS: To check the validity of the foregoing result, use the one-term approximation to the
series solution. From Equation 5.49c,
To − T∞ −400
=
Ti − T∞ −900
= 0.444 = C1 exp −ς12 Fo ( )
For Bi = hro/k = 0.0976, Table 5.1 yields ς1 = 0.436 and C1 = 1.024. Hence

− ( 0.436)
2
(1.2×10−5 m2 / s) t = ln (0.434) = −0.835
( 0.05 m ) 2
t = 915 s.
The results agree to within 6%. The lumped capacitance method underestimates the actual time,
since the response at the centerline lags that at any other location in the shaft.
 PROBLEM 5.15
KNOWN: Thickness and properties of furnace wall. Thermal resistance of film on surface of wall
exposed to furnace gases. Initial wall temperature.
FIND: (a) Time required for surface of wall to reach a prescribed temperature, (b) Corresponding
value of film surface temperature.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Constant properties, (2) Negligible film thermal capacitance, (3) Negligible
radiation.
3
PROPERTIES: Carbon steel (given): ρ = 7850 kg/m , c = 430 J/kg⋅K, k = 60 W/m⋅K.
ANALYSIS: The overall coefficient for heat transfer from the surface of the steel to the gas is
−1 −1
−1 1   
+ 10−2 m2 ⋅ K/W 
1
U = ( R′′tot ) =  + R′′f  = = 20 W/m 2 ⋅ K.
h   25 W/m 2 ⋅ K 
Hence,
UL 20 W/m 2 ⋅ K × 0.01 m
Bi = = = 0.0033
k 60 W/m ⋅ K
and the lumped capacitance method can be used.
(a) It follows that
T − T∞
= exp ( − t/ τ t ) = exp ( −t/RC ) = exp ( −Ut/ ρ Lc )
Ti − T∞

ρ Lc T − T∞ 7850 kg/m3 ( 0.01 m ) 430 J/kg ⋅ K 1200 −1300

t=− ln =− ln
U Ti − T∞ 20 W/m 2 ⋅ K 300 − 1300

t = 3886s = 1.08h. <

(b) Performing an energy balance at the outer surface (s,o),
( ) (
h T∞ − Ts,o = Ts,o − Ts,i / R ′′f)
hT∞ + Ts,i / R′′f 25 W/m 2 ⋅ K ×1300 K + 1200 K/10-2 m2 ⋅ K/W
Ts,o = =
h + (1 / R′′f ) ( 25 +100 ) W/m2 ⋅ K
Ts,o = 1220 K. <
COMMENTS: The film increases τ t by increasing Rt but not Ct.
 PROBLEM 5.49
KNOWN: A long cylinder, initially at a uniform temperature, is suddenly quenched in a large oil bath.
FIND: (a) Time required for the surface to reach 500 K, (b) Effect of convection coefficient on surface
temperature history.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) One-dimensional radial conduction, (2) Constant properties, (3) Fo > 0.2.
ANALYSIS: (a) Check first whether lumped capacitance method is applicable. For h = 50 W/m2⋅K,

hLc h ( ro 2 ) 50 W m ⋅ K ( 0.015 m / 2 )
2
Bic = = = = 0.221 .
k k 1.7 W m ⋅ K
Since Bic > 0.1, method is not suited. Using the approximate series solution for the infinite cylinder,

( ) ( ) ( )
θ * r* , Fo = C1 exp −ζ12 Fo × J 0 ζ1r* (1)

Solving for Fo and setting r* = 1, find

1  θ* 
Fo = − ln  
ζ12  C1J 0 (ζ1 ) 
T ( ro , t o ) − T∞ (500 − 350 ) K
where θ * = (1, Fo ) = = = 0.231 .
Ti − T∞ (1000 − 350 ) K
From Table 5.1, with Bi = 0.441, find ζ1 = 0.8882 rad and C1 = 1.1019. From Table B.4, find J0(ζ1) =
0.8121. Substituting numerical values into Eq. (2),
1
Fo = − ln [0.231 1.1019 × 0.8121] = 1.72 .
(0.8882 )2
From the definition of the Fourier number, Fo = α t ro2 , and α = k/ρc,

r2 ρc
t = Fo o = Fo ⋅ ro2
α k
t = 1.72 ( 0.015 m ) × 400 kg m3 × 1600 J kg ⋅ K 1.7 W m ⋅ K = 145s .
2
<
(b) Using the IHT Transient Conduction Model for a Cylinder, the following surface temperature
histories were obtained.
Continued...
 PROBLEM 5.49 (Cont.)

1000

Surface temperature, T(K)

900

800

700

600

500

400

300
0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Time, t(s)

h = 250 W/m^2.K
h = 50 W/m^2.K

Increasing the convection coefficient by a factor of 5 has a significant effect on the surface temperature,
greatly accelerating its approach to the oil temperature. However, even with h = 250 W/m2⋅K, Bi = 1.1
and the convection resistance remains significant. Hence, in the interest of accelerated cooling,
additional benefit could be achieved by further increasing the value of h.

COMMENTS: For Part (a), note that, since Fo = 1.72 > 0.2, the approximate series solution is
appropriate.
 PROBLEM 5.51
KNOWN: Sapphire rod, initially at a uniform temperature of 800K is suddenly cooled by a convection
process; after 35s, the rod is wrapped in insulation.
FIND: Temperature rod reaches after a long time following the insulation wrap.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) One-dimensional radial conduction, (2) Constant properties, (3) No heat losses
from the rod when insulation is applied.
3
PROPERTIES: Table A-2, Aluminum oxide, sapphire (550K): ρ = 3970 kg/m , c = 1068 J/kg⋅K, k =
-5 2
22.3 W/m⋅K, α = 5.259×10 m /s.

ANALYSIS: First calculate the Biot number with Lc = ro/2,

h Lc h ( ro / 2 ) 1600 W/m ⋅ K ( 0.020 m/2)
2
Bi = = = = 0.72.
k k 22.3 W/m ⋅ K
Since Bi > 0.1, the rod cannot be approximated as a lumped capacitance system. The temperature
distribution during the cooling process, 0 ≤ t ≤ 35s, and for the time following the application of
insulation, t > 35s, will appear as

Eventually (t → ∞), the temperature of the rod will be uniform at T ( ∞ ) . To find T (∞ ) , write the
conservation of energy requirement for the rod on a time interval basis, E in − E out = ∆ E ≡ E final − E initial .

Using the nomenclature of Section 5.5.3 and basing energy relative to T∞, the energy balance becomes
−Q = ρ cV ( T ( ∞ ) − T∞ ) − Qo

where Qo = ρcV(Ti - T∞). Dividing through by Qo and solving for T (∞ ) , find

T ( ∞ ) = T∞ + ( Ti − T∞ )(1 − Q/Qo ) .
From the Groeber chart, Figure D.6, with
hr 1600 W/m 2 ⋅ K × 0.020m
Bi = o = = 1.43
k 22.3 W/m ⋅ K

( ) (
Bi 2Fo = Bi 2 α t/ro2 = (1.43 ) 2 5.259 × 10-6 m 2 /s × 35s/ ( 0.020m ) 2 = 0.95. )
find Q/Qo ≈ 0.57. Hence,
T ( ∞ ) = 300K + ( 800 − 300 ) K (1-0.57 ) = 515 K. <
COMMENTS: From use of Figures D.4 and D.5, find T(0,35s) = 525K and T(ro,35s) = 423K.
 PROBLEM 5.83
KNOWN: Initial temperature of copper and glass plates. Initial temperature and properties of
finger.
FIND: Whether copper or glass feels cooler to touch.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) The finger and the plate behave as semi-infinite solids, (2) Constant
properties, (3) Negligible contact resistance.
3
PROPERTIES: Skin (given): ρ = 1000 kg/m , c = 4180 J/kg⋅K, k = 0.625 W/m⋅K; Table A-1
3
(T = 300K), Copper: ρ = 8933 kg/m , c = 385 J/kg⋅K, k = 401 W/m⋅K; Table A-3 (T = 300K),
3
Glass: ρ = 2500 kg/m , c = 750 J/kg⋅K, k = 1.4 W/m⋅K.

ANALYSIS: Which material feels cooler depends upon the contact temperature Ts given by
Equation 5.63. For the three materials of interest,

( kρ c )1/2
skin (
= 0.625 ×1000 × 4180 )1 / 2 = 1,616 J/m 2 ⋅ K ⋅s1/2
( kρ c )1/2
cu = ( 401 × 8933 × 385 )
1/2
= 37,137 J/m 2 ⋅ K ⋅ s1/2
( kρ c )1/2
glass (
= 1.4 × 2500 × 750 )1/2 = 1,620 J/m 2 ⋅ K ⋅ s1/2.

Since ( kρ c )1/2 >> ( kρ c )1/2 , the copper will feel much cooler to the touch. From Equation
cu glass
5.63,

( kρ c )1/2
A TA,i + ( kρ c ) B TB,i
1/2
Ts =
( kρ c )1/2
A (
+ kρ c )1/2B
1,616 ( 310 ) + 37,137 ( 300 )
Ts( cu ) = = 300.4 K <
1,616 + 37,137
1,616 ( 310 ) + 1,620 ( 300 )
Ts( glass ) = = 305.0 K. <
1,616 + 1,620
COMMENTS: The extent to which a material’s temperature is affected by a change in its thermal
1/2
environment is inversely proportional to (kρc) . Large k implies an ability to spread the effect by
conduction; large ρc implies a large capacity for thermal energy storage.