INTRODUCTION

This study focuses on energy and climate technologies, but does not
consider other (nonclimate change) pollution reducing technologies (e.g.
soil and water pollution) or recycling technologies.
In the field of energy technologies, the report investigates:
• Green technologies for energy-intensive industries, in particular
iron/steel, cement, pulp and paper, aluminium and selected chemicals;
• Green technologies for less energy-intensive industries, in particular
cross-cutting industrial technologies such as electric motors and smart
grid technologies for load management in industry.
In the field of climate change technologies, the report examines:
• CCS technologies for industry;
• Renewable energy sources for the manufacturing sector;
• Specific technologies to reduce industrial gases such as PFs or SF6.
Technological change brought about by EGTs is relevant for both
developed and developing countries. According to the WEF (2013), “so
far, economists have devoted most of their efforts to trying to understand
the way economic growth impacts the quality of the environment or
income distribution within a country and vice versa. However, little is
known about how these aspects of sustainability relate to
competitiveness and productivity.” In the past, EGTs were associated
with additional costs and burdens. There is increasing evidence,
however, that EGTs offer numerous opportunities to develop new
industries, particularly for countries whose industries are still
developing. The worldwide demand for EGTs will inevitably increase
1
due to the rising pressure on the environment. Countries will only be
able to take full advantage of economic growth if environmental
sustainability is ensured. The manufacturing sector in particular has
negative impacts on the environment, especially in developing countries,
but it is also the sector that can provide solutions to problems relating to
sustainability through the development of new business opportunities. In
this report, we therefore focus on how EGTs in the manufacturing sector
can provide solutions to environmental problems while enhancing
countries’ competitiveness. We focus on middle-income countries
(MICs) because they are in a phase of development which has the
highest environmental impact while they have already reached an
institutional and organizational level which allows them to benefit from
the competitive advantages the solutions they develop provide.

2
WHAT IS GREEN TECHNOLOGY?
The term "technology" refers to the application of knowledge for
practical purposes.
The field of "green technology" encompasses a continuously evolving
group of methods and materials, from techniques for generating energy
to non-toxic cleaning products.
The present expectation is that this field will bring innovation and
changes in daily life of similar magnitude to the "information
technology" explosion over the last two decades. In these early stages, it
is impossible to predict what "green technology" may eventually
encompass.
The goals that inform developments in this rapidly growing field
include:
Sustainability - meeting the needs of society in ways that can continue
indefinitely into the future without damaging or depleting natural
resources. In short, meeting present needs without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
"Cradle to cradle" design - ending the "cradle to grave" cycle of
manufactured products, by creating products that can be fully reclaimed
or re-used.
Source reduction - reducing waste and pollution by changing patterns
of production and consumption.
Innovation - developing alternatives to technologies - whether fossil
fuel or chemical intensive agriculture - that have been demonstrated to
damage health and the environment.

3
Viability - creating a center of economic activity around technologies
and products that benefit the environment, speeding their
implementation and creating new careers that truly protect the planet.

Examples of green technology subject areas

Energy
Perhaps the most urgent issue for green technology, this includes the
development of alternative fuels, new means of generating energy and
energy efficiency.
Green building
Green building encompasses everything from the choice of building
materials to where a building is located.
Environmentally preferred purchasing
This government innovation involves the search for products whose
contents and methods of production have the smallest possible impact on
the environment, and mandates that these be the preferred products for
government purchasing.
Green chemistry
The invention, design and application of chemical products and
processes to reduce or to eliminate the use and generation of hazardous
substances.
Green nanotechnology
Nanotechnology involves the manipulation of materials at the scale of
the nanometer, one billionth of a meter. Some scientists believe that
mastery of this subject is forthcoming that will transform the way that
everything in the world is manufactured. "Green nanotechnology" is the

4
application of green chemistry and green engineering principles to this
field.
RECYCLING
Renewable energy
Renewable energy is the energy that can be replenished easily. For years
we have been using sources such as wood, sun, water, etc. for means for
producing energy. Energy that can be produced by natural objects like
wood, sun, wind, etc. is considered to be renewable.
Water purification
Water purification: The whole idea/concept of having
dirt/germ/pollution free water flowing throughout the environment.
Many other phenomena lead from this concept of purification of water.
Water pollution is the main enemy of this concept, and various
campaigns and activists have been organized around the world to help
purify water.

Air purification
Air purification: Basic and common green plants can be grown indoors
to keep air fresh because all plants remove CO2 and convert it
into oxygen. The best examples are: Dypsis lutescens, Sansevieria
trifasciata, and Epipremnum aureum. It should also be noted that
besides using the plants themselves, some species of bacteria can also be
added to the leaves of these plants to help remove toxic gases, such as
toluene

5
Sewage treatment
Sewage treatment is conceptually similar to water purification. Sewage
treatments are very important as they purify water per levels of its
pollution. The most polluted water is not used for anything, and the least
polluted water is supplied to places where water is used affluently. It
may lead to various other concepts of environmental protection,
sustainability etc.
Environmental remediation
Environmental remediation is the removal of pollutants or contaminants
for the general protection of the environment. This is accomplished by
various chemical, biological, and bulk methods.
Solid waste management
Solid waste management is the purification, consumption, reuse,
disposal and treatment of solid waste that is undertaken by the
government or the ruling bodies of a city/town.
eGain forecasting
Egain forecasting is a method using forecasting technology to predict the
future weather's impact on a building.] By adjusting the heat based on
the weather forecast, the system eliminates redundant use of heat, thus
reducing the energy consumption and the emission of greenhouse gases.
Energy conservation
Energy conservation is the utilization of devices that require smaller
amounts of energy in order to reduce the consumption of electricity.
Reducing the use of electricity causes less fossil fuels to be burned to
provide that electricity.

6
ALTERNATIVE FUELS
Alternative fuels, known as non-conventional and advanced fuels, are
any materials or substances that can be used as fuels, other than
conventional fuels like; fossil fuels (petroleum (oil), coal, and natural
gas), as well as nuclear materials such as uranium and thorium, as well
as artificial radioisotope fuels that are made in nuclear reactors.
Some well-known alternative fuels include bio-diesel, bio-
alcohol (methanol, ethanol, butane), refuse-derived fuel, chemically
stored electricity (batteries and fuel cells), hydrogen, non-fossil methane,
non-fossil natural gas, vegetable oil, propane and other biomass sources.
Biofuel
Bio-fuels are also considered a renewable source. Although renewable
energy is used mostly to generate electricity, it is often assumed that
some form of renewable energy or a percentage is used to create
alternative fuels. Research is ongoing into finding more suitable bio-fuel
crops and improving the oil yields of these crops. Using the current
yields, vast amounts of land and fresh water would be needed to produce
enough oil to completely replace fossil fuel usage.
Biomass
Biomass in the energy production industry is living and recently
dead biological material which can be used as fuel or for industrial
production. It has become popular among coal power stations, which
switch from coal to biomass in order to convert to renewable energy
generation without wasting existing generating plant and infrastructure.
Biomass most often refers to plants or plant-based materials that are not
used for food or feed, and are specifically called nitrocellulose biomass.

7
As an energy source, biomass can either be used directly via combustion
to produce heat, or indirectly after converting it to various forms of bio-
fuel.
Algae-based fuels
Algae-based bio-fuels have been promoted in the media as a potential
panacea to crude oil-based transportation problems. Algae could yield
more than 2000 gallons of fuel per acre per year of production. Algae
based fuels are being successfully tested by the U.S. Navy Algae-based
plastics show potential to reduce waste and the cost per pound of algae
plastic is expected to be cheaper than traditional plastic prices.
Bio-diesel
Bio-diesel is made from animal fats or vegetable oils, renewable
resources that come from plants such as atrophy, soybean, sunflowers,
corn, olive, peanut, palm, coconut, safflower, canola, sesame,
cottonseed, etc. Once these fats or oils are filtered from their
hydrocarbons and then combined with alcohol like methanol, diesel is
brought to life[from this chemical reaction. These raw materials can
either be mixed with pure diesel to make various proportions or used
alone. Despite one’s mixture preference, bio-diesel will release a smaller
number of pollutants (carbon monoxide particulates and hydrocarbons)
than conventional diesel, because bio-diesel burns both cleanly and more
efficiently. Even with regular diesel’s reduced quantity of sulfur from
the LSD (ultra-low sulfur diesel) invention, bio-diesel exceeds those
levels because it is sulfur-free.
Alcohol fuels
Methanol and ethanol fuel are primary sources of energy; they are
convenient fuels for storing and transporting energy. These alcohols can

8
be used in internal combustion engines as alternative fuels. Butane has
another advantage: it is the only alcohol-based motor fuel that can be
transported readily by existing petroleum-product pipeline networks,
instead of only by tanker trucks and railroad cars.
Ammonia
Ammonia (NH3) can be used as fuel. Benefits of ammonia include no
need for oil, zero emissions, low cost, and distributed production
reducing transport and related pollution.
USES & Future Scope
The Goals Of The Technology
The important goals of the green technology include
 Conservative use of the natural resources
 Creation of products that are reusable or recyclable
 Bringing change in the production pattern to reduce waste and
pollution
 Finding alternatives to the practices which adversely affects the
environment and humans
This will ensure less pollution to the environment and better living
conditions for humans in the future.

9
The Areas Where Green Technology Is UsefuL
The main areas where green technology can be used include energy
production, green chemistry, construction of environmentally friendly
buildings, sewage treatment etc. the use of green technology in these
areas can reduce the stress on the natural resources, economy and
environment. This will play a major role in maintaining the ecological
balance. Reducing pollution can prevent global warming and the
greenhouse effect. There will be few occurrences of natural calamities
and the weather will become more predictable. Sewage treatment by
using green technology makes the water resources less polluted. It will
allow the use of recycled water for various purposes. Green chemistry
ensures chemical products that are safe for the environment. Health
problems due to pollution will decrease. The world will be a better a
better place to love for all the living beings.
Green Energy Production
This is an area where green technology has the major applications. The
green technology uses the creation of energy from new sources using
new methods as well as bringing energy efficiency. It also includes the
development of different alternative sources of energy to reduce the use
10
of fossil fuels which are damaging the environment. Green energy
production from sources which are renewable can reduce the
dependency on the natural resources like petroleum, coal etc. it also
finds non-polluting methods to produce energy from various alternate
sources like wind, biomass sunlight etc. Green technology is used to
improve the energy efficiency of the buildings using appropriate design
and location for the construction of buildings.
The Future Of Green Technology
It is expected that in the coming years the use of green technology will
extend into more areas. The future economic activities will depend on
creating products that are safer and more beneficial to the environment.
The governments of various countries are recognizing the need for using
green technology and promote the use and purchase of items produced
using green technology or that is environmentally friendly. There will
be new careers opening up which are centered on green technology.
Creating awareness among people about the use of green energy and
environmentally friendly products will improve the scope of this
technology.

11