TOILET FACILITIES

Purpose of proper human waste disposal:

1. To prevent contamination of ground and water sources
2. Avoid possible breeding sites for flies and mosquitoes which may carry infection
3. Not to attract domestic animals and vermin
4. Unpleasant environment (odor and sight)
5. Reduce the incidence of excreta-related communicable diseases:
✓ Cholera
✓ Typhoid
✓ Dysentery
✓ Diarrhea
✓ Hookworm
✓ Schistosomiasis
✓ Filariasis

Toilet classification:
a. Unimproved toilet
-pit w/o concrete slab
-no septic tank
-no facilities
-bucket or hanging toilet
-facility poses substantial risk of contamination of groundwater
b. Hygienic toilet
-pit w/ concrete slab
-has septic tank
-pit sewer system
-facility does not pose substantial risk of contamination of groundwater

Two general methods of disposing excreta:

1. Surface system- open defecation
2. Use of privies and latrines

Types of Toilet Facilities

Level I: Non-water carriage toilet (pit latrine, ventilated improved pit, and borehole latrine) & toilet facilities
requiring small amounts of water to wash into the receiving space (ex. water-sealed latrine)

• Pit Latrine - fecal matter is stored in a pit and left to decompose; do not require periodic emptying; once a
pit is full it is sealed and a new pit is dug

• Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP) latrine - an improvement to overcome the disadvantages of the simple pit
latrines. The main problems associated with traditional simple pit latrines, i.e. fly and mosquito nuisance
and unpleasant odors are effectively minimized by the action of a vent pipe, fly screen and a squatting
cover in the VIP latrines.

• Borehole latrine - most appropriate in situations where boring/drilling equipment is readily available,
where a large number of latrines must be constructed rapidly, and where pits are difficult to excavate,
either due to ground conditions or lack of a suitable labor force.

• Over-hung latrines (Antipolo type) (Inappropriate toilet)- A superstructure and floor built over water. A
squat hole in the floor allows excreta to fall directly into the water below.
 Receiving water must be sufficiently deep throughout the year, preferable saline to prevent human
consumption and should flowing away from settlements.

• Pour Flush latrines (Appropriate)- Rely on water to act as a hygienic seal and to help remove excreta to a
wet or dry disposal system.

Most simple pour-flush latrines use a latrine pan incorporating a shallow U-ben which retains the water.

After defecation, a few liters of water must be poured into the bowl in order to flush the excreta into the
pit or sewerage system below.

May be constructed directly above a pit or may be offset.

Level II: On-site toilet of water carriage type with water-sealed (flush type) with septic tank

• Septic tank - a form of on-site sanitation that provides the convenience of a sewerage system; usually
linked to flush toilets and can receive domestic wastewater (or sullage). The tank is offset from the house
and linked to the toilet and domestic wastewater by a short drain.
- designed to hold solids and is linked to a soakaway to dispose of liquid waste (effluent)
-not less than 25m from any well, spring, or other sources of drinking water supply
- not less than 1.5 m (5ft) from any water service line
-not less than 3 m (10ft) away from water main
-shall be locates such that desludging equipment can have access to the opening manholes conveniently
-shall not be located under the building
-shall be inspected at least once a year

Level III: Water carriage type connected to sewerage system to treatment plant

• Sewerage systems- collect excreta and domestic wastewater and transport them away from homes to a
treatment and/or disposal point. All sewerage systems require water for flushing waste away.
✓ All wastes in sewerage or septic tank systems require treatment before disposal, so that surface
water and groundwater sources are not contaminated and communities are not exposed to health
risks from untreated sewage.

✓ Make us of existing sewerage systems by constructing toilet blocks directly over or slightly offset from
sewers.

✓ Adequate quantity of water (20-40L/user/day) is also required for flushing.

COMMUNAL AND FAMILY LATRINE

▪ Household toilets are toilets used only by a single household, typically a single family or extended family.
However, facilities classified as “household toilets” often serve very large households, or they may be
regularly used by neighbours.
▪ Shared toilets are toilets shared between a group of households in a single building or plot. This can cover
very different situations: for example, a toilet shared by 20. Tenant families each occupying one room in a
large building; or a toilet shared by 3 related families living within a single plot or compound.
▪ Community toilets are toilets shared by a group of households in a community. In some cases each
household will have a key to one of the toilets within a block: this may be one toilet per household or one
toilet for a group of households. Communal toilets may be owned by the group of households.
▪ Public toilets are toilets open to anybody, in public places or in residential areas: typically there will be a
charge for each use. Sometimes charging will be monthly: each user pays for a monthly ticket. Users of
public toilets will generally feel less “ownership” than users of communal toilets.

EPIDEMIOLOGY
• Philippines met its Millennium Development goal to
increase access to safe sources of drinking water
o From 73% of population is 1990 to
86.5% of population by 2015
o Claiming to have reached 83% of the
access target
• In 2008
o Visayas have the greatest number of
families who are still practicing open
defecation particularly REGION 7
followed by Mindanao and Luzon.
• In 2014
o 94.1% of families have access to
sanitary toilet facilities
• In 2015
o Only 7% the population are connected
to a sewer system.
o 26 million out of 101.5 million that is 1
out of 4 people are still without
sanitary toilet facility and use
unimproved facilities like buckets and
open pit latrienes.
o 7 million Filipinos are forced to open
defecation in city streets, esteros,
fields and bushes.
o To date, around 1,062 barangays have been declared
open defecation free and 20 municipalities were able
to eliminate OD completely.
o Open defecation is a dangerous practice that results to
people being at risk of getting diarrhea, cholera, and
other waterborne diseases; intestinal worm infections;
and malnutrition and stunting of children.
• Exposed human excreta can cause food contamination
through vectors and may washed into wells, streams or
any water sources that can be source of drinking water
when it rains which is a threat for increasing access to
safe sources of drinking water (MDG).
TOILET PROGRAMS
Zero Open Defecation Program adopted by DOH
2006: Sustainable Sanitation in East Asia (SuSEA) Philippines Program
National Sustainable Sanitation Plan (NSSP)
2008: Development of National Sustainable Sanitation Promoting
Program (NSSPP)
2010: Development of Sustainable Sanitation Roadmap
DOH Admin Order on National Sustainable Sanitation Program
National Sewerage and Septage Management Program
2015: First National Sanitation Learning Exchange in partnership with
WHO, Unicef, and World Bank’s Water and Sanitation Program
• Sustainable Sanitation in East Asia (SuSEA) Philippines
Program
Promote increased access to sanitation services among the
Filipino poor through interventions focused on:
o Testing, Learning and Developing tools for
scaling-up interventions
o Capacity and Institution building of local
government units in implementing appropriate
sanitation solutions
o Improvement of National Sanitation Policy and
Programs
EFFECTS:
NATIONAL LEVEL
o Led the development of National
Sustainable Sanitation Plan (NSSP)
LOCAL LEVEL
o Improve environmental health and
quality of life particularly benefiting
low income households in the six
partner LGU’s
▪ Municipality of Bauko
▪ Dagupan City, Pangasinan
▪ Municipality of Guian,
Eastern Samar
▪ General Santos City
▪ Municipality of Polomolok,
South Cotabato
▪ Municipality of Alabel,
Saranggani
o OPEN DEFECATION WAS IDENTIFIED
AS COMMON CONCERN!
PHILIPPINE DEVELOPMENT FORUM: Water Supply and
Sanitation Action Plan 2008-2009
 National Water Resources Board Strengthening
• National Sustainable Sanitation Plan (NSSP)  Resolution of injunction of EO 279
 Formulate a Philippine Water Supply Sector
Roadmap (PWSSR)
 Develop a National Sustainable Sanitation
Program (NSSP)
 Build capacity of LGUs on -ring-fencing -
benchmarking -master planning -performance
contracting.
 Consolidated database on Water Supply,
Sanitation and Sewerage
 Develop advocacy program and identify
appropriate champions
 Develop a National Sustainable Sanitation
Communication Plan (NSSCP)
• By 2012: 9.5 million was reduced roughly by 3
million

• National Sustainable Sanitation Promotion Program

“To change the current mindset: Sustainable sanitation
should be seen as resource not as a cost center”
It hopes to fulfill the following objectives:
• Promote behavior change in the
individual/household and community levels on
the following:
o Stop Practice of Open Defecation
o Proper Use of Sanitary Toilets
o Handwashing
COMMUNITY-LED TOTAL SANITATION (CLTS): an • Promote Behavior change in the institutional
integrated approach to achieve and sustain ZERO OPEN level in order to generate support on sustainable
DEFECATION (ZOD). sanitation from all key factors:
Facilitate Communities to o Local Governments to plan and invest in
1. Analyze their Sanitation Profile Sustainable Sanitation, Water Quality
2. Defecation Practices and Adverse Consequences Management Area and Septage Management
3. Plan or Action to Address Problem Program.
o Local Developers to make sewage treatment
part of basic housing and development
services

Philippine Sustainable Sanitation Roadmap (PSSR) also
intends to provide the umbrella framework that links all
the other initiatives (such as solid waste, for instance)
relating to the broader sustainable sanitation framework.
It will specifically build on the following: initiatives:
a) The National Sewerage and Septage
Management Program (NSSMP) The NSSMP’s
primary focus is the larger infrastructure projects
that local implementers (mainly LGUs, Water
Districts, and private service providers/utilities)
will develop to collect and treat wastewater
from densely populated urban centers.
b) The National Urban Development and Housing
Plan (NUDHP) The NUDHP housing plan is the
development of low cost housing including the
construction of household level toilets and
community sanitation facilities.
TARGETS:
• By 2015, Achieving 83.8% of total households
provided with sanitary toilets
• By 2016, the following have been achieved
At least 70% of LGUs have local sanitation
plans and budgets in place under their
PIPH/AIPH/CIPH plans
Improved basic sanitation coverage in 92
priority cities/province by achieving at least
85% of population with sanitary toilets.
Sewerage and or septage management in 57
highly urbanized cities (NSSMP targets)
• By 2028:
universal access (100%) to safe and adequate
sanitary facilities have been provided
behavioral change and proper hygiene
practices are accepted norms within the
families and communities
mechanisms for sustainable sanitation (i.e.,
linkage with health, agriculture and
environment) are institutionalized.
First National Sanitation Learning Exchange
The Local Governments
✓ Passed ordinances
✓ Created technical working groups
✓ Crafted Wash Plans
✓ Pioneered innovative ways to address poor
sanitation condition in their areas.