Actividad de aprendizaje 15

Evidencia 5: Summary “Export-import theory”

Tener los conocimientos necesarios para realizar un proceso de

exportación, requiere no solo de manejar habilidades lectoras
para comprender las normas y pasos a seguir, sino que es
necesario saber comprender y extraer los aspectos más
importantes de cada texto. Sobre el tema existe un buen número
de materiales en inglés, de los cuales se puede obtener
información relevante para lo cual es necesario fortalecer las
competencias en dicha lengua.

Para reforzar lo mencionado, realice las siguientes actividades:

1. Lea el siguiente texto:

Export-Import Theory1
Setting up the business
Whether it is a new or existing export-import business,
the legal form, or structure, will determine how the
business is to be conducted, its tax liability, and other
important considerations. Each form of business
organization has its own advantages and
disadvantages, and the entrepreneur has to select the
one that best fulfills the goals of the entrepreneur and
the business. Selection of an appropriate business
organization is a task that requires accounting and

1Belay, S. (2009). Export-Import Theory, Practices, and Procedures. (2a ed.). New York: Routledge.
legal expertise and should be done with the advice of a
competent attorney or accountant.
Ownership structure
In this section, we examine different forms of business
organizations: sole proprietorships, partnerships,
corporations, and limited liability companies.

Sole proprietorships
A sole proprietorship is a firm owned and operated by
one individual. No separate legal entity exists. There is
one principal in the business who has total control
over all export-import operations and who can make
decisions without consulting anyone. The major
advantages of sole proprietorships are as follows:

1. They are easy to organize and simple to control.

Establishing an export-import business as sole
proprietorship is simple and inexpensive and requires
little or no government approval. At the state level,
registration of the business name is required, while at
the federal level, sole proprietors need to keep
accurate accounting records and attach a profit or loss
statement for the business when filing individual tax
returns (Schedule C, Internal Revenue Service Form
1040). They must operate on a calendar year and can
use the cash or accrual method of accounting.

2. They are more flexible to manage than partnerships

or corporations. The owner makes all operational and
management decisions concerning the business. The
owner can remove money or other assets of the
business without legal or tax consequences. He or she
can also easily transfer or terminate the business.

3. Sole proprietorships are subject to minimal

government regulations versus other business
concerns.

4. The owner of a sole proprietorship is taxed as an

individual, at a rate lower than the corporate income
tax rate. Losses from the export import business can
be applied by the owner to offset taxable income from
other sources. Sole proprietors are also allowed to
establish tax exempt retirement accounts. (Harper,
1991; Cheeseman, 2006a)
The major disadvantage of running an export-import
concern as a sole proprietorship is the risk of unlimited
liability. The owner is personally liable for the debts
and other liabilities of the business. Insurance can be
bought to protect against these liabilities; however, if
insurance protection is not sufficient to cover legal
liability for defective products or debts, judgment
creditors’ next recourse is the personal assets of the
owner. Another disadvantage is that the proprietor’s
access to capital is limited to personal funds plus any
loans that can be obtained. In addition, very few
individuals have all the necessary skills to run an
export-import business, and the owner may lack
certain skills. The business may also terminate upon
the death or disability of the owner.

Establishing an appropriate business organization:

pointers
 Does the entrepreneur intend to be the sole owner of
the export-import business? If not, how many people
have an ownership interest?
 Does the entrepreneur need additional capital and/or
expertise?
 What legal form provides the greatest flexibility for
management?
  What legal form affords the most advantageous tax
treatment for the business concern and individual
entrepreneurs?
 Which legal structure is easy and less expensive to
establish and subject to a low degree of government
regulation?
 How important is it to limit personal liability of
owners?
 Which legal structure is the most appropriate in light
of the goals and objectives of the export-import
business? (Belay, 2009).

2. Elabore una lista de vocabulario sobre el texto, de por lo menos

15 palabras junto con su respectivo significado en español.

vocabulario significado
Advantages: Circumstance Ventajas: Circunstancia o
or situation that gives situación que da
superiority in something. superioridad en alguna
cosa.
Disadvantages: Desventajas:
Circumstance of being Circunstancia de ser peor
worse or being in a worse o estar en peor situación
situation one thing with una cosa respecto a otras
respect to others of the de la misma naturaleza con
same nature with which it is la que se compara.
compared. Less favorable Situación menos favorable
situation in which a person en que se halla una
or thing is with respect to persona o cosa respecto a
others with which it is otras con las que se
compared. compara.
Attorney: Person legally Abogado: Persona
authorized to advise and legalmente autorizada para
defend the rights and asesorar y defender los
interests of another person derechos e intereses de
in legal matters and otra persona en materia
represent it in a lawsuit. jurídica y representarla en
un pleito.
Without: Indica falta o Sin: Indicates lack or lack
carencia de alguna cosa of something material or
material o inmaterial. immaterial.
Proprietorships: Property Propietarios: Derecho de
rights propiedad, en el derecho,
In the right, the domain or el dominio o propiedad, es
property, is the direct and el poder directo e
immediate power over an inmediato sobre un objeto
object or good, by which is o bien, por la que se
attributed to its owner the atribuye a su titular la
ability to dispose of it, capacidad de disponer del
without further limitations mismo, sin más
than those imposed by law. limitaciones que las que
imponga la ley.
Returns: The return is the Devoluciones: La
act of giving something devolución es el acto de
back to someone. It is a entregar algo nuevamente
process that is based on a a alguien. Es un proceso
right of possession of a de se sustenta en un
certain person with respect derecho de posesión de
to a certain good that was una determinada persona
delivered with some type of con respecto a un
specific objective. determinado bien que fue
entregado con algún tipo
de objetivo específico.
Applied: That puts effort, Aplicado: Que pone
interest and perseverance esfuerzo, interés y
in the accomplishment of a constancia en la
work or in the development realización de un trabajo o
of an activity, especially in en el desarrollo de una
the study. actividad, en especial en el
estudio.
Loans: A loan is an Prestamos:
operation by which a Un préstamo es una
financial institution puts at operación por la cual una
our disposal a certain entidad financiera pone a
amount of money through a nuestra disposición una
contract. cantidad determinada de
dinero mediante un
contrato.
Skills: The ability is the Habilidades:
innate aptitude, talent, skill La habilidad es la aptitud
or ability that a person innata, talento, destreza o
holds to carry out and of capacidad que ostenta una
course with success, persona para llevar a cabo
certain activity, work y por supuesto con éxito,
determinada actividad,
trabajo
Losses: Small amount of Pérdidas: Cantidad
blood or discharge from the pequeña de sangre o flujo
womb that is abnormally procedente de la matriz
expelled outside of the que se expulsa
menstrual period. anormalmente fuera del
período menstrual.
Upon: Heritage prefix of Sobre: Prefijo patrimonial
Latin origin that enters the de origen latino que entra
formation of names with en la formación de
the meaning of 'above', nombres con el significado
'besides'. de ‘por encima de’,
‘además de’.
Judgment: Faculty of Juicio: Facultad del
understanding, by virtue of
which man can distinguish
good from evil and true
from false.
Income: Amount of money
earned or collected.
Little: That has a smaller
size than normal.
Sole: It applies to one or
several things of which or
of whose species there are
no others.
entendimiento, por cuya
virtud el hombre puede
distinguir el bien del mal y
lo verdadero de lo falso.
Ingresos: Cantidad de
dinero ganada o
recaudada.
Pequeño: Que tiene un
tamaño menor de lo
normal.
Único: Se aplica a una o
varias cosas de las cuales
o de cuya especie no hay
otras.

3. Escriba las ideas principales de cada párrafo, ya sea en

presente simple o presente progresivo, en inglés.

 How to carry out a business

 There are different forms of commercial organizations

 The director controls all export and import operations

 The sole proprietors are simple and low in costs

 The owners are in charge of making all the decisions

 The individual companies are governamental

 The individual owners have a lower rate than the tax rate

The owners are responsible for their business

4. Organice las ideas en un solo resumen, de manera que se
conecten coherentemente, en 15 líneas.

How to carry out an export and import business, in different forms

of commercial organizations since the director controls all export
and import operations, where the sole proprietors are simple and
low in cost and make all the decisions in front of the business.
Individual companies are governmental and have a lower rate
than the tax rate, thus carrying the responsibility of the business

Knowing well that each legal form in which the company has its
legal bases will apply different processes why you should know
what you should apply to have greater knowledge and not have
legal consequences in the environment even with a single
administrator or boss immediately co-author all the legal health
and tax aspects for a better export or import in order to provide
the company with better quality and good recognition at the
international level and to conquer or reach large countries for its
advertising and industry growth.

Nota: para el desarrollo de esta evidencia se debe tener en cuenta

el material de formación “Using simple present and progressive
to export” asociado a esta actividad de aprendizaje.

Desarrolle esta evidencia con la herramienta de su preferencia y

envíe el archivo al instructor a través de la plataforma virtual de
aprendizaje.

Pasos para enviar la evidencia:

1. Clic en el título de la evidencia.

2. Clic en Examinar mi equipo y buscar el archivo previamente
guardado.
3. Dejar un comentario al instructor (opcional).
4. Clic en Enviar.
Nota: esta evidencia es de carácter individual. Recuerde revisar la
guía de aprendizaje con el fin de verificar que ha realizado todas
las actividades propuestas, saber cómo desarrollarlas y
entregarlas correctamente.
 Criterios de evaluación

Realiza resúmenes de la información relevante y detallada de un

texto técnico en inglés.