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Methdology
This chapter contains the research design, data gathering tools and procedure, and data
analysis used in the study. It will also cover the profile of the participants in the study.
Research Design
This research applied phenomenological study method to find out the passiveness of
Adventist adults in choir singing. Phenomenology studies people’s conscious experience of their
life-world; that is their “everyday life and social action”. Van Manen (as cited in Merriam &
Tisdell, 2016) explains it further by saying: “phenomenology is the way of access to the world as
lived experiences of a concept or phenomenon. It focuses on describing what all participants have
Thus, this research explored the human experience or phenomena “passiveness of the
Adventist adults in joining an adult choir” even though such choir is accessible in their very own
church. Furthermore, this research intended to find out the shared “essences” of the said
phenomenon as understood and experienced by the participants. The researchers gathered facts
from the perspective of the persons involved to find answers on the phenomena stated above, thus
A purposive sampling was done to determine the participants of this study. Purposive
sampling intentionally samples a group of people that can best inform the researcher about the
This study focused on five participants from two selected Seventh-day Adventist Churches
that have an existing adult choir; two (2) from Frisco Seventh-day Adventist Church and three (3)
from Puting Kahoy Seventh-day Adventist Church. All the participants satisfy the criteria that the
researchers were looking for which are: Adventist adults aged fifty and above (50+), and are not
The participating individuals were given pseudonyms to protect and maintain their privacy
Nancy F 53
Jonel M 67
Teresa F 58
Lyndo M 57
Marie F 61
Data Gathering Tools
phenomenological interview is the primary method of data collection to get at the essence or basic
underlying structure of the meaning of an experience. DeMarrais (2004) defines research interview
related to a research study, with person-to-person as the most common form of interview”. These
questions usually ask participants for their thoughts, opinions, perspectives, or descriptions of
specific experiences. As Patton explains, “we interview people to find out from them things we
cannot directly observe. . . . We cannot observe feelings, thoughts and intentions. The purpose of
interviewing, then, is to allow us to enter into the person’s perspective” (Merriam & Tisdell, 2018).
According to Dexter, “interviewing is the preferred tactic of data collection when . . . . it will get
better or more data, and depending on the topic, interviewing is sometimes the only way to get
This research paper used the semi-structured type of interview based on the description of
Merriam & Tisdell (2018) wherein the interview questions are more flexibly worded or is a mix
of more or less structured questions. Secondary tools like voice recorder and/or video camera
android application will also be used to store the data for easy data recollection to be used for the
passiveness of Adventist adults in joining the church choir. First, the researchers thought of a
church with an adult choir and purposely chose members of the church that are not part of the choir
to be participants for the study. The participants were then asked for their availability to be
interviewed. Three interviews were done in the comforts of their home while the other two were
done right after the church service. Before the interview started, the informed consent and the
purpose of the study was discussed, together with the use of an audio recording device for further
reference.
To build rapport, the researchers first asked some opening questions and the demographic
profile of the participant. Once the participant feels comfortable, the researcher then proceeded
with the interview using the semi-structured guideline and asked follow-up questions when
needed. The participants used the local tagalog language and were given the time they needed to
respond freely and so the interview duration vary from each participant. After the interview, the
Data Analysis
This study used the Colaizzi Method (1978) in analyzing the data gathered. The five audio-
recorded interviews were transcribed and translated to English with the help of language experts
to ensure the translations were transcribed rightfully. The researchers then proceeded with the
analyzation using the Colaizzi method. Firstly, the researchers familiarized themselves with the
transcript by reading it several times to make sense of the content. Any personal thoughts and
prejudices were bracketed in order for the phenomenon to be experienced by the researchers.
According to Gearing (2004), bracketing is a scientific process in which the researcher must be
honest and vigilant about her own perspective, pre-existing thoughts and beliefs and developing
hypothesis…engage in the self-reflective process of “bracketing”, whereby they recognize and set
aside (but do not abandon) their priori knowledge assumption, with the analytic goal of attending
from the transcript. Next, the researchers identify and formulate meanings from the statements.
Each meaning was coded in one category. To ensure consistency of the coded meanings, the
researchers compared the formulated meaning with the original transcript with the help of a
research consultant. These identified meanings that are common on all the accounts were then
clustered into themes. The researcher then merged all themes on the phenomenon “passiveness of
Adventist adults in joining the choir” and writes descriptions incorporating all the themes
produced. A validation to this exhaustive description was confirmed with the research supervisors.
The researchers then condensed the description down to a short, dense statement that captures the
aspects essential to the structure of the phenomenon. And finally, the researchers asked for
verification from the participants if the extracted essences from their experience were correct.
Ensuring Trustworthiness
the study validity and reliability in all stages including data collection, data analysis and
descriptions
Ethical Considerations
Ethical considerations are vital in this type of research. Hence, the following steps are
considered since the involved individuals have integrity and dignity to protect.
Confidentiality – the researcher will maintain confidentiality all throughout the interview
process.
Voluntary Participation – the participants will not be forced to answer the questions but
are encouraged to take their time. The researcher will wait patiently until they willingly comply.
Autonomy – the participants will have the freedom to speak their own minds accordingly
Professionalism – since the age gap of the researchers and the participants are wide, it is
important that the researchers adhere to the cultural value of respecting the elderly but at the same
Chapter 4
The purpose of this study is to find out the reasons behind the passiveness of Adventist
adults in joining the choir. This chapter will focus on the results of the gathered data. It includes
the