DEMON DESIGN ON THE BORNEAN SHIELD: A HERMENEUTIC POSSIBILITY By NENO2O UTSURIKAWA N the front of the shieldsof the Kayan, Kenyah, and Kleman- tan tribes of central Borneo, almost invariably appears a demon design, a large demon face with a pair of wide- staring eyes, indicated by concentric circles colored in red and black, and with a double row of teeth with two pairs of tusk-like canines (fig. 24,0-d, ). Sometimes the monstrous face alone is de- picted, but in a majority of cates it surmounts a diminutive human body whose limbs are highly distorted and often lost in an intricate design. Covering the design are rows and tufts of human hair, ccut from the heads of slain enemies. On the interior surface are usually standing figures of men and women with hands up. Of these, W. H. Furness tells us chat they are “painted there so that the warrior may be constant'y reminded of his wife and family at home, for whose benefit and honor he is striving to bring back a fresh head." In regard to the meaning of the monster design fon the exterior, Furness does ot offer any explanation. To Hose and MeDougall, however, the face seems to be human, for ‘‘al- though in some shields there is nothing to indicate this interpreta tion, in others the large face surmounts the highly conventionalized outline of a diminutive human body."* H. L. Roth? with all his sumptuous illustrations is terse and uncommunicative on this point; he only says ‘it is oftes colored with red ochre, or painted some elaborate design or fantastic pattern.” In the east of Borneo, the realistic human figures, crocodiles, and the like constitute the shield designs, while practically all shields from western Borneo have floral designs. "WH Fura, The Home Life of Borneo Hood Haste, Pildephle 1902; Howe and W. MeDourl, The Pason Tries of Born, rt, vl 8.15, STL. L Roth: The Nai of Sorawsond Dik Nob Borne, Letom. 1896 9-038 138140 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST —— (8.8.23, 1931 It is Prof, Alois Raimund Hein who has taken most pains in an effort to explain the origin oF this design in his celebrated book.* ‘After a long and erudite discussion, he concludes that it has its origin in the Chinese tiger and dragon shields, but that itis treated in a manner characteristic of Dyak art. His conclusion rests fon the following facts observed by him: that there is mention of dragon shields and their illustration in the fictitious Chinese History of the Three Kingdoms; that many such dragon and tiger shields have been in use among the Chinese soldiers, and that the Chinese settlers in Borneo must have employed these shields in their defense against hostile natives; that the dragon faces in China, Japan, India, and the East Indies are all alike, and hence the abjogenesis ‘of Bornean form is unthinkable; that the Balinese Rakasa has horns too strongly developed for a Dyak model; that the Dyak paintings contain an isolated symbol and ornamental motive directly related to the Chinese Yin and Yang symbol (see fig. 24 g, at a). ‘Throughout his volume, he endeavors to show how strongly the Chinese influence must have been felt in Borneo. ‘There are some phases of Bornean art which reflect China and the conclusion Prof. Hein arrived at elicits no small sympathy In this particular case, however, Iam inclined to differ with him. To decorate with such a fearinspiring design is a universal human habit not confined to any particular race. As is clear from the comparative study of Bornean masks, the double rows of teeth with large tusk-like canines are typical in the southeast of Borneo. ‘The same holds true in regard to the shield designs. Most typical demon headsare to be seen in the shields from the Kuta and Band- jermasin districts of Borneo; :hese, filtered into the north, it would ‘be more reasonable to ascribe to an introduction by the Kayans, or Kenyahs, who are considere] immigrants into Sarawak through central Borneo? So far as we know, the early as well as large ‘Chinese settlement was in the extreme north, and in the northwest ‘of Borneo? while the Dyak-Chinese intercourse in the Band- jermasin district in the south vas largely commercial in its character. Tis well known that the souchern coast of Borneo bears the brant 2 hile p40. 16,57; 0 te 2