Cocos Nucifera) : Bambusoideae

La Salle Green Hills, Mandaluyong Philippines
May 3, 2019
Effect of Varied Weave Diameter and Presence of Bamboo

(Bambusoideae) on the Effectivity of Coconut (Cocos nucifera) Soil
Erosion Logs in Barangay Cuyambay, Tanay

Matthew Derek V. Profeta1*, Jaime Tan2* , Gabriel Joseph E. Torres3*, Carlos Nicholo P. Villanueva 4*
1
La Salle Green Hills
2
3
4
*matthew.profeta060127@my.lsgh.edu.ph
*jaime.tan080392@my.lsgh.edu.ph
*gabriel.torres120434@my.lsgh.edu.ph
*carlos.villanueva080492@my.lsgh.edu.ph
Abstract: Soil erosion is a very big problem in agriculture as it degrades the quality of topsoil. It is also said that
this is not just a national concern but also an international one. Studies have shown that by adding fibre logs to
slopes, riverbanks, or even bare land, can help enrich the soil and thus lead to crop production. The aim of this study
is to ascertain whether or not the inclusion of Bambusoideae in Cocos nucifera Coir Erosion Logs and the
differences in weave diameter would affect its overall effectivity as an erosion mitigation tool. In order to determine
this, the researchers conducted tests to determine the log’s water absorption, tensile strength, and
erosion-preventive capabilities. A t-test for two sample means and ANOVA were utilized to determine whether the
hypotheses proposed were to be rejected or accepted. Results showed that the mean amount of water absorbed and
soil eroded of Bambusoideae augmented in Cocos nucifera coir logs are greater than that of Cocos nucifera coir
logs. However, the tensile strength testing showed that the normally-sized weave has a much stronger weight
bearing ability compared to the smaller weave. Also, a practical application was done in a small barangay called
Cayumbay located at Tanay, Rizal. Two residents of the community were given the coir logs and after twenty-one
days, they were interviewed about the products. Both stated that it was effective for their gardens. The researchers
then concluded that both Bambusoideae augmented in Cocos nucifera coir logs, even with differing weave diameter,
can be a type of coir log that can be implemented to lessen soil erosion however it can not be treated as a substitute.
Key Words: fibres; soil erosion; crop production; fibre logs; coir logs
1. INTRODUCTION
Soil plays an important role in agriculture and is a necessity for all life to survive (Balasubramanian, 2017).
In addition to this, soil makes up most of the Earth’s crust, which makes all living things to move on ground. Across
the surface of the earth, there are many types of soil and all of which enables plants and trees to cultivate on. Soil is
normally considered as the ne earth which covers land surfaces as a result of the weathering of rock materials or
the accumulation of mineral matter transported by water, wind, or ice. The distinctive feature of soil is that this
weathered mineral material is added organic material (Nortcliff, 2006).
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Knowing this, soil is very important for agronomy because the quality of soil is a big factor for healthy
crops. Two (2) types of erosion degrade the topsoil, wind and water erosion. Runoff is where soil particles from
sloping and bare lands move because the soil is too loose. Geologic erosion is a normal process of weathering that
generally occurs at low rates in all soils as part of the natural soil-forming processes. Magnitude and the impacts of
soil erosion on productivity depend on soil profile and horizonation, terrain, soil management, and climate
characteristics (Balasubramanian, 2017).
Soil erosion reduces productivity so slowly that the reduction may not be recognized until land is no longer
economically suitable for growing. Soil erosion reduces productivity first and foremost through loss of
plant-available soil water capacity. Lower soil water capacity subjects crops to more frequent and severe water
stress. Soil erosion degrades topsoil quality, thus making it harder for plants to cultivate on.
In the Philippines, soil erosion is seen as a serious threat to the sustainability of agriculture thus making it
one of the worst environmental problems (Olabisi, 2012). Many areas of the Philippines are considered as areas that
disadvantage the poor because of the distribution of lands (Riedinger 1995). An example would be Saccharum
officinarum (sugarcane) lands in Negros which are laboriously skewed in distribution leading Negros as an ideal
area for an erosion study. Another example is in Monkayo, Compostela Valley which is classified as a hilly area that
has mountains in the eastern and western edges that range from 30-50% (Paulin & Amplayo, 2008).
Mostly, soil erosion is apparent in areas that are mostly composed of hills and wherein siltation is
discernible. Generally, what causes soil erosion naturally are factors such as glaciers, surface runoffs, river and
stream waters, and rainfalls (Admania, 2014) however in the Philippines, it is its natural setting which includes the
sheer topography, heavy rain events, maintenance rain-fed farming and deforestation in hilly areas. Not only is this
caused naturally but also with human activities which are consistently unsupported soil, deforestation, and
urbanization (Admania, 2014). With these causes come the effects such as the deposition of silt in the water courses
and in the paths through which water flows, the ability and capacity of plants and crops to grow, air pollution, and
desertification (n.a., 2014).
Statistics show that nearly 5.2 million hectares are seriously degraded which resulted to 30 to 50% decrease
in soil productivity as reported by The National Action Plan (NAP) (Asio, 2010). Research by Schmitt (2007) states
that the Philippine Forest Management Bureau (1998) estimated that between 71 and 84 million tons of soils are
eroded from the country’s agricultural lands every year (Paulin & Amplayo, 2008). The Updated Philippine National
Action Plan (2004) showed that nearly 45% of the arable lands in the Philippines have been either fairly or seriously
eroded.
The Global Environmental Institute (GEI) provides products that address soil erosion, stormwater
management, and maintain compliance regulations. An example of a product of GEI is coir logs made of natural
fibres which are designed to provide stabilization and support along river banks, slopes, streams, hillsides and other
erosion-prone areas (n.a., 2018). A prominent fibre that is used for coir logs is coconut fibre. These coconut coir
logs bring about different kinds of benefits such as it is biodegradable, it utilizes strength materials, it is resistant to
water flows, it provided a sturdy barrier, and lastly, it creates an area for vegetation to grow. The Department of
Public Works and Highways (DPWH) has been using these coconut coir logs. As said by Edilberto Carabbacan,
these coconut coir logs were chosen for it is affordable and it is considered as a natural solution most especially to
continually damaged roads, drainage systems, and bridges and mountainsides in most of the hilly regions in the
Philippines.
Natural fibres are long substances that are produced by plants and animals that may be used in the creation
of filaments, thread, and rope (FAO, 2009). Most of the time, the differing fibres significantly contribute to the
May 3, 2019
structural performance of the plant and also it has the ability to supply reinforcement to the plant if used for plastic
composites (Clemons & Caulfield, 2005). Also, they are mostly composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin
(Clemons & Caulfield, 2005) and are the basic components of crude biomass (Deng & Xiong 2016). Natural fibres
can be differentiated according to where they came from. The vegetable which is a cellulose-based class includes
essential fibres such as cotton, jute, and flax (Augustyn & Bauer, 2018). One of the reasons why fibers are utilized
for commercial purposes is primarily because of its properties such as length, strength, pliability, elasticity, abrasion
resistance, absorbency, and various surface properties (Augustyn & Bauer, 2018).
Bambusoideae are very unique and versatile natural resources. In Asia, it has been utilized for many
different kinds of reasons which include cooking, construction, transport, medicines, and textiles (Naveen & Prasad,
2013). Basically, Bambusoideae are significantly beneficial to both humans and the environment. Bambusoideae
are naturally abundant and resilient plants which do not need any fertilizers to boost its growth and pesticides
because bamboos are pest-resistant (Roy, 2009). Also, Bambusoideae do not require chemicals and very a little
amount of water to grow which makes it eco-friendly (Naveen & Prasad, 2013). Bambusoideae are also known for
its biodegradability since it is a natural plant.
Bambusoideae fibers are cellulosic fibers derived from Bambusoideae plants. These are natural textiles
that is well-known for its quality and its environmental friendliness (Zhakikhani & Zahari, 2014). These are bast
fibers and natural nanocomposites that are found in the lignin and hemicellulose of the plant (Afrin, Tsuzuki &
Wang, 2010). There are two (2) methods to make these fibers, first is the mechanical method which is similar in
producing Linum usitatissimum (flax) fibers and second chemical method which have two (2) types, bamboo
viscose rayon & bamboo lyocell. Bamboo viscose rayon produces Bambusoideae fibers the same way as viscose
rayon production while bamboo lyocell produces the fibers the same way as lyocell/tencel production production
(Kiron, 2018). Bambusoideae fibers are used for many things such as bed linen, bathrobes, flannels, bath mats,
towels, and many more.
Bamboo is a hygroscopic material which means that it will absorb moisture from or to its surroundings
until an equilibrium is reached. The moisture content varies according to the properties of the surrounding air. Water
is held in bamboo in two ways; free water which is retained in the cell cavities, and bound water which is retained in
the cell walls themselves. The moisture content of the culm is higher in the inner portion than in the outer portion.
The nodes have lower values than the internodes. These differences can be up to 25%. During drying bamboo loses
free water until its moisture content is about 15%. The bamboo will shrink if the remaining water is driven out, but
the bamboo can swell again after drying when moisture is recovered from the relative humidity of the surrounding
air. (Schroder, S, 2016)
In the rainy season bamboo absorbs large amounts of water, it stores the water both in its rhizomes as in the
stems and in its culm. This means that bamboo has a high water storage capacity. Later on, due to the effects of
concentration, the water is returned to the soil, rivers and streams during the dry season. (Schroder, S. 2012)
Cocos nucifera is one of the most cultivated plants in the whole world and one of the most essential plant
for humans. Cocos nucifera L. (coconut fruit) is made up of thick, brown, and hairy shell that contains white,
fibrous, and oily meat (Interempresas, 2018). It is primarily important in Pacific Islands since it serves as a source of
food and money. According to Courteau (2011), Cocos nucifera are known for its versatility when it comes to
different uses such as domestically, commercially, and industrially. It was reported in 2009 that Cocos nucifera were
produced commercially in 80 countries and the leading producers were the Philippines, Indonesia, and India, having
a total production of 61 million tons of Cocos nucifera (Kew, 2011). Cocos nucifera fibers are acquired from
mesocarp or the fibrous husk of the Cocos nucifera. These fibers are mostly composed of high lignin content and
thus a low cellulose content making it very durable and resilient (Versicherungswirtschaft, 2018).
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2. METHODOLOGY
An experimental research design will be utilized by the researchers to simulate the effects of varied Cocos
nucifera net weave and inclusion of Bamboo (Bambusoideae) on the erosion mitigation capability of Coconut
(Cocos nucifera) erosion Logs..Factors which make an Erosion log effective (water absorptive capability, Weave
Tensile Strength and soil displacement mitigation) will be tested and compared to determine whether these
additions/changes would make a significant impact on the log’s effectivity.
The theoretical testing of the logs will take place in both La Salle Greenhills and in a residential space in
Cubao while the practical application will be in barangay Cuyambay in Tanay Rizal. This community was
specifically chosen for its location (mountainous and exceptionally susceptible to soil erosion) and the agricultural
inclination of the people which live there. Furthermore, testimonies from residents of said barangay have explicitly
stated in conducted interviews that soil erosion is a major issue which prevails most especially during the rainy
seasons. Anecdotal data from the residents of Cuyambay will be gathered through video interview.
The Bamboo (Bambusoideae) augmented Coconut (Cocos nucifera) coir log aims to benefit barangay
Cuyambay in Tanay, Rizal. One of their most vital jobs is farming, and as previous studies shown, soil erosion
decreases nutrient properties (Balasubramanian, 2017). A resident of barangay Cuyambay stated that rainfall in their
area causes soil erosion due to the positioning of their garden which is on a mountain. Also according to a study of
Tehrani, Shabani, Javier, & Kumar (2017), it was said that the locations of rivers change when it rains and
consequently, the risk of soil eroding in the area.
The researchers will conduct three (3) trials for each test, which would ensure accurate and reliable data.
The researchers will use convenience sampling, in order to obtain the raw materials, as it would be impractical to
use random sampling on the bamboos and coconut coir which will be sourced from a farm and the DPWH
respectively.
The researchers will be conducting two (2) tests for the Regular Weave Diameter Bamboo (Bambusoideae)
augmented Coconut (Cocos nucifera) coir logs and the Smaller Weave Diameter Bamboo (Bambusoideae)
augmented Coconut (Cocos nucifera) coir logs.
First test will be the water absorption to be done by dipping the fiber log in water for 5 minutes and after
will be weighed. The weight before contact with water will be compared to the weight after this process. This will
tell the researchers whether the fiber logs can be placed beside river banks, slopes, and other erosion prone areas.
The lower the water absorption percentage then the more the fiber logs can not be placed beside river banks, and
other bodies of water (Xu, 1995).
Formula
Water Absorption = (Wet weight - Dry weight)/ Dry weight
where wet weight = weight after sample was dipped in water - weight before
Second test will be amount of soil eroded when poured with water. This will be done by using a inclined
plane and a box with soil. At the end of the inclined plane, the fiber log will be placed there and to start the process,
the researchers will be pouring water onto the box. The soil that will be passing through the fiber log will be
measured. This test will tell the researchers whether fiber log has the capacity to hold off the soil eroded by a
common natural agent which is water. No formula will be used in this testing.
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The final test that would be done is a tensile strength test to be done by using a strand from the fiber logs
and be hanged and tied. At the other end of the strand, a bag will be hanged to it and weight will be put into the bag
until the fiber breaks. The tensile strength test can determine what fiber log will be more durable when compacting
soil (Fragata, 2016).
Formula:
s=P/a
where s is the breaking strength, and P is the force that can cause it to break
The data gathered from all three (3) trials will be utilized for the formulas stated above and then statistical
calculations done will be placed in tables. The mean for each testing will be obtained by adding all the values and
dividing this with the number of values. Hypothesis testing will be done in order to find out whether the varying
properties have a difference or not. This will be calculated using excel.
The statistical tools that will be utilized are a t-test for two sample means assuming that the variances are
not equal and a One-way Anova. Hypothesis testing will be done to all testing to find out whether their means have
a difference or not. As to why the researchers will be using these primarily because it tells whether both population
means have a difference or not. The means that will be used are the calculated means of the different testings that
were done on all logs from the 3 trials.
After the results have been acquired from the comparative testing between traditional and
bamboo-augmented coir logs, the researchers will be able to determine the feasibility of aforementioned logs to the
people of Cuyambay, Tanay, Rizal. Considering the innate slope-like structure of the terrain in the Rizal province,
the logs may provide a more efficient alternative to counteract landslides and soil erosion. Considering the
biodegradable nature of the logs, it will also aid in the development of much-needed flora such as grass and trees
once the logs decompose.
3. RESULTS
This section of this chapter presents the results of the experiment done by the researchers. Also, the
researchers will examine and analyze the data gathered. Included in the analysis of data will be the rejection or
acceptance of hypotheses proposed and the guide questions, to fully understand the topic, raised by the researchers.
Table 4.1
It can be seen in table 4.1 above the specifications of each fiber log that were utilized as a basis for the
computations of the 3 testings that were done. The weight of the fiber logs were gathered using the triple beam
balance. From table 4.1, the difference between the weights of the fiber logs were shown. In getting the length,
width, and height, the tape measure was used. Also from table 4.1, that each facet of the logs are made to be as
similar as possible as to allow accurate scientific and statistical testing to be done on them.
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The tables below show the different values from the three test of the three properties (water absorption,
tensile strength, water erosion) that were tested and calculated using the formulas. Furthermore, all statistical
calculations were done on microsoft excel to ensure accuracy and reliability of data.
Table 4.2
Testing the properties of Cocos nucifera f ibers and Bambusoideae f ibers (Trial 1)
Variables Water Absorption Soil Erosion
Traditional Log .70 64.3 grams
Regular Weave Diameter .74 59.1 grams

Bamboo Augmented Log
Smaller Weave Diameter .66 68.0 grams

Table 4.2 above shows us the results of the first trial of the experiment and the data that was gathered
which were calculated using the aforementioned formulas. The .70 value for water absorption for the Traditional
Log means that 70% of the water from the basin was absorbed by the coir log. Subsequently, the .74 reading seen on
the table for the Regular Weave Diameter Bamboo Augmented Log would also indicate that 74% of the water in the
basin was absorbed by the log. This holds true as well for the Smaller Weave Diameter Bamboo Augmented Log
which absorbed 66% of the water from the basin. As for soil eroded, the Regular Weave Diameter Bamboo
Augmented Log appears to have prevented the most erosion with the least amount of soil displaced at 59.1 grams.
Coming in secondly is the Traditional Log with 64.3 grams of soil displaced and lastly the Smaller Weave Diameter
Bamboo Augmented Log w ith the most amount of soil displaced at 68.0 grams.
Table 4.3
Testing the properties of Cocos nucifera f ibers and Bambusoideae f ibers (Trial 2)


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Table 4.3 above shows us the results of the second trial of the experiment and the data that was gathered
Table 4.4
Testing the properties of Cocos nucifera f ibers and Bambusoideae fibers (Trial 3)


Table 4.4 above shows us the results of the third trial of the experiment and the data that was gathered
Table 4.5
Mean of all trials

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As from what can be seen from table 4.5, the means of each sample and tests concluded visibly distinct.
With further interpretation a pattern can be seen in the data. For water absorption, it appears that the Regular Weave
Diameter Bamboo Augmented Log relatively performs the best compared to other variants of erosion log. This
could possibly attributed to its thicker and much more dense Cocos nucifera w eave which absorbs more water. This,
augmented by presence of water absorbing bamboo, make for great combination when looking at water absorptive
capability.Subsequently a stronger trend can be found in the results and data of the water erosion testing. The
Regular Weave Diameter Bamboo Augmented Log, which has already topped the water absorption test, has once
again consistently come out on top in the soil erosion tests. Boasting a mean score of 59.7 grams of soil eroded. It
has proven to repeatedly minimize the soil displaced. This could be because of its water absorptive capabilities
combined with its thicker netting allowing less soil to pass through
Table 4.6
Water Absorption Test Descriptive Statistics
Analyzing the results of each sample with each other we are able to get their descriptive statistics. As can
be seen in Table 4.6 above, the count, sum average and variance of each sample is displayed.
Table 4.7
Water Absorption Test Anova
As can be seen in table 4.7, the P-value of the Anova is 0.4678, which is value higher than the alpha level
the researcher set (α=0.05) which means that statistically, there is no difference between the three samples. Due to
this, there is no more reason to conduct a post HOC test which was initially planned, as there statistically is no
difference.
Table 4.8
Soil Erosion Test Descriptive Statistics
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Analyzing the results of each sample with each other we are able to get their descriptive statistics. As can
be seen in Table 4.8 above, the count, sum average and variance of each sample is displayed.
Table 4.9
Soil Erosion Test Anova
As can be seen in table 4.7, the P-value of the Anova is 0.1189, which is value higher than the alpha level
the researcher set (α=0.05) which means that statistically, there is no difference between the three samples. Due to
this, there is no more reason to conduct a post HOC test which was initially planned, as there statistically is no
difference.
Table 4.10
Weave Tensile Strength
Variables Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Average
Normal Weave (0.8 cm) 4.66 N/in² 4.77 N/in² 4.75 N/in² 4.726667 N/in²
Smaller Weave (0.5 cm) 3.67 N/in² 3.80 N/in² 3.76 N/in² 2.8075 N/in²
As evident in Table 4.10 above, the normal sized weave inherently has a much stronger weight bearing
ability compared to the smaller weave. With an average of 4.72N/in², it is much more capable of being weight
compared to the smaller weave, with an average of 2.8075 N/in². This can be attributed to the the much more
massive and capable thick fiber which is more than capable of holding up a weight compared to the thinner, less
dense smaller weave.
Table 4.11
Weave Tensile Strength t-Test
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As seen above in table 4.11, the P one tail value is greater than the t critical value, meaning that the null
hypothesis would be rejected, indicating a significance difference between the samples. Simply, the normal weave
outperformed the smaller weave by a statistically significant margin.
4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

This study had three (3) trials with the different properties. In computing for the water absorbency and soil
erosion of both the fiber logs, table 4.1 was utilized as its basis. Formulas for both the water absorbency which is
water absorption = (wet weight - dry weight)/ mean weight (Xu, 1995) and tensile strength which is s=P/a (Fragata,
2016) were used to be able to compute for the values per trials. A study by Wischmeier and Smith supports the
belief of the researchers that there is no need to use a formula for the testing on the amount of soil eroded when
poured with water since the data gathered from the experiment were physically transferred from the table to the
measuring device. Hypothesis testings were done to the data gathered to be able to fully compare both fiber logs. In
this study, t-test for 2 sample means assuming the the variances are not equal was used since the sample is less than
30 and the SD or standard deviation was not given.
The first question is if the fabricated products are a feasible alternative to traditional (normal weave) coir
logs. In practicality, the bamboo-augmented regular weave coir logs performed better than the traditional weave coir
log in both tests (water absorption and soil erosion). Although, when analyzed statistically, it does not show a
significant difference between the results of all coir log variants. Therefore, it may not necessarily provide a
significant enough reason to replace the current coir log variant being implemented.
The second question is, if bamboo has a significant change in water absorption rate. According to Schroder
(2012), Bamboo has a high water absorption rate because of its hygroscopic property, meaning it's ability to absorb
water from moist airs. In this case, the water absorption test has shown that the Highest with water absorption rate is
the Regular weave with Bamboo augmented log, next is the Traditional log, then lastly the Small weave with
Bamboo augmented log. The regular weave with bamboo augmented log has given a mean of 77% absorption rate.
But the greatest factor that affects the water absorption rate is the diameter of the weave. As seen in table 4.7,
bamboo does not have a statistically significant impact on the water absorption rate of soil erosion logs. Although
practically, they have outperformed the traditional log during the testing, the results were not far enough from the
traditional logs to set itself apart statistically.
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The third question is if the diameter of the coir log weave will directly affect soil erosion mitigation
capability of the fabricated logs. As tensile strength is an important factor which directly correlates to how well an
erosion log performs, being able to handle heavy loads is an important factors which would dictate its overall
erosion mitigation capabilities. As seen in table 4.10 and 4.11, the tensile strength of the thicker weave correlated
with a better tensile strength score. Additionally, the thicker weave too correlated with a greater water absorptive
capability and soil erosion mitigation properties.
5. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The accomplishment of this paper was made possible attainable because of the hard work and dedication
of the researchers who share the same goal in providing progress, not only through education, but also in general.
Amidst all circumstances wherein opinions could differ, the researchers were able to overcome the complications
and work around on the challenges in order to share a part of themselves into the paper.
The writers would also like to accredit the authors of the sources used in the creation of this paper. This
paper would not have been completed without the help of the many valuable and important pieces of evidence and
research that made the writing of this paper meaningful.
Aside from this, the writers would also like to acknowledge and uphold the motto of their school, pursuing
a relevant and excellent academic program and promoting the enrichment of Filipino culture. The entirety of this
paper is offered to and for the Lord, through His guidance and the grace of the Holy Spirit, the authors were able to
surmount the many challenges they faced throughout writing the paper.
Finally, the researchers were able to complete the paper with the constant guidance and support of their
CAPSTONE adviser, Ms. Chato Dotimas, practitioner, Dr. Julius Leano, and content expert, Ms. Lilibeth Bilon.
Through their constant guidance and shared knowledge, the completion of this paper was made possible.
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Effect of Varied Weave Diameter and Presence of Bamboo

Variables Water Absorption Soil Erosion

Traditional Log .70 64.3 grams

Regular Weave Diameter .74 59.1 grams

Smaller Weave Diameter .66 68.0 grams

Variables Water Absorption Soil Erosion

Traditional Log .77 63.0 grams

Regular Weave Diameter .79 59.9 grams

Smaller Weave Diameter .68 67.4 grams

Variables Water Absorption Soil Erosion

Traditional Log .63 64.0 grams

Regular Weave Diameter .91 60.2 grams

Smaller Weave Diameter .92 67.0 grams

Mean of all trials

Variables Water Absorption Soil Erosion

Traditional Log .74 63.7 grams

Regular Weave Diameter .77 59.7 grams

Bamboo Augmented Log

Smaller Weave Diameter .65 67.6 grams

Weave Tensile Strength

Variables Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Average

4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

Applications. ​Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978 -3-319-07641-6_2

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Applications. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978 -3-319-07641-6_2