Journal of Applied Mechanics and Technical Physics, Vol. 55, No. 1, pp. 74–80, 2014.

Original Russian Text 

c R.V. Goldstein, S.E. Aleksandrov.

EFFECT OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE ELASTIC MODULUS

AND PLASTIC STRAIN ON RESIDUAL STRESSES

AND STRAINS IN A TUBE

R. V. Goldstein and S. E. Aleksandrov UDC 539.374

Abstract: A semi-analytical solution of the problem of compression of a tube by an outer pressure

with subsequent unloading is obtained. The effect of the relationship between the shear modulus and
plastic strain on the residual stress and strain was evaluated using experimental data, according to
which at an accumulated plastic strain of 0.25, the shear modulus decreases by 20%. It is found that
despite the significant decrease in the shear modulus, its dependence on the accumulated strain has
no significant effect on the residual strain. The effect of this dependence is manifested mainly in the
distribution of the residual radial stress, but, in this case, too, it is extremely weak. The obtained
general solution can be used to evaluate the effect of the relationship between the shear modulus
and the accumulated plastic strain on the residual stress and strain for other materials.
Keywords: elastoplastic body, large deformations, residual stress and strain, dependence of elastic
moduli on accumulated strain.
DOI: 10.1134/S0021894414010106

INTRODUCTION

The elastic moduli of metallic materials can depend on the accumulated plastic strain, and for the strain
values achieved in experiments, the decrease in the elastic modulus is significant. It is of interest to study the effect
of this material properties on the distribution of residual stresses and strains. Elastic springback after removal
of a load has a significant effect on the quality of metal forming products. An overview of simulation studies of
elastic springback during metal forming is presented in [1]; a significant effect of plastic anisotropy and (for some
materials) the Baushinger effect on residual stresses was noted in [2] and [3], respectively. Currently, most simulation
studies of metal forming processes are performed using the finite element method. However, it is known that the
accuracy of prediction of the final shape of a product is affected by numerical schemes, which are not relevant to
the forming process and material properties [4]. Thus, in studying the effect of particular material properties on the
product shape after unloading, one needs to construct analytical or semi-analytical solutions of the model problems.
Furthermore, these solutions can be used to verify the accuracy of numerical solutions prior to the use of numerical
methods in practice [5].
In this paper, we investigate the effect of the relationship between the elastic modulus and plastic strain
on the distribution of residual stress and strain in a hollow cylinder subjected to external pressure and subsequent
unloading. The effect of plastic strain on the elastic moduli was determined in [6, 7]. The boundary-value problem
considered is a classic one. Its solution in an elastoplastic formulation for different loading conditions and constant
elastic modulus is given in most papers devoted to the theory of plasticity (see, e.g., [8–11]).

Ishlinskii Institute for Problems in Mechanics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119526 Russia;
goldst@ipmnet.ru. Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 55, No. 1, pp. 91–98,
January–February, 2014. Original article submitted June 11, 2013.
74 0021-8944/14/5501-0074 
c 2014 by Pleiades Publishing, Ltd.
MATERIAL MODEL

One approach widely used in the construction of elastoplastic models for arbitrary large strains is based on
the decomposition of the strain rate tensor D into an elastic component De and a plastic component Dp [12]:
D = De + Dp . (1)
This decomposition can be obtained by sequentially generalizing the corresponding decompositions used in the
theory of small elastoplastic strains. In particular, the tensor of small elastoplastic strains ε is represented as the
sum of an elastic component εe and a plastic component εp : ε = εe + εp . Differentiating this relation with respect
to time t, we obtain
ε̇ = ε̇e + ε̇p . (2)
Equation (1) is a generalization of Eq. (2) by replacing the time derivatives of small strains by the corre-
sponding strain rates. In the theory of small elastic deformations, the tensor εe is related to the stress tensor by
Hooke’s law. In what follows, we neglect the elastic change of the volume. In this case,
εe = τ /(2G) (3)
(τ is the stress deviator and G is the shear modulus). If the shear modulus is constant, then, differentiating (3)
with respect to time, we obtain
ε̇e = τ̇ /(2G). (4)
A possible generalization of this law to the case of large deformations has the form
De = τ 0 /(2G). (5)
0
Here τ is some objective derivative τ . Substitution of (5) into (1) yields
D = τ 0 /(2G) + Dp . (6)
For some materials, the Young’s modulus and, hence, the shear modulus depend on the accumulated plastic strain
εpeq [6. 7]. The quantity εpeq is given by the equation
dεpeq p
= ξeq , (7)
dt
p
where d/dt is the material derivative and ξeq is the equivalent plastic strain rate:

ξeq = 2/3 (Dp : Dp )1/2 .
p
(8)
Equation (3) remains valid for G(εpeq ), but differentiating it with respect to time, instead of (4), we obtain
τ̇ τ dG p
ε̇e = − ξ . (9)
2G 2G2 dεpeq eq
In the mechanics of elastoplastic media with evolving faults, it is assumed that G depends on the damage
parameter. Therefore, differentiation of (3) with respect to time also gives rise to an additional term (in contrast
to the case G = const), which by definition is the time derivative of the damage strain [13]. Extending (9) to the
case of large deformation, we have
τ0 τ dG p
De = − ξ . (10)
2G 2G2 dεpeq eq
Substitution of (10) into (1) yields
τ0 τ dG p
D= − ξ + Dp . (11)
2G 2G2 dεpeq eq
With isotropic hardening taken into account, the von Mises yield criterion has the form
√
(τ : τ )1/2 = 2 k0 Φ(εpeq ). (12)
Without loss of generality, we can assume that Φ(0) = 1. Then, k0 is the initial yield for pure shear. The tensor
Dp is determined from the associated flow law
Dp = λτ, λ  0. (13)
In the case of elastic unloading, relation (3) holds, in which the stress and strain must be replaced by
corresponding increments. In this case, the shear modulus is a known function of the coordinates and is given by
the distribution and εpeq at the end of the loading process.
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