Chemistry For Civil Engineers: Why This Subject To Be Taught in Civil Engineering?

3/11/2019
CHEMISTRYFORCIVILENGINEERS
(CE-110)
Dr. Tehmina Ayub

AssociateProfessor
Department of Civil Engineering
NEDUniversityof EngineeringandTechnology
Why thisSubject tobetaught inCivil Engineering?

A Civil Engineer comes across various materials
during the execution of project.
Therefore, Chemistry is an important fundamental
topic for civil engineers. In Civil Engg., chemistry is
involved in understanding the
• properties of building materials,
• the natural environment (atmosphere and
solutions) and
• the reaction of building materials with the
environment (corrosion of metals, durability).
The course intends to teach the fundamentals of chemistry (see table
of contents) with a focus on these applied topics.
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CourseOutline
• Electrochemistry: Laws of electrolysis, E.M.F Series, Corrosion 3 Classes
(Theories,Inhibition&Protection)
• Cement&Aggregates:chemicalcomposition,Hydration,Structure
of hydrated cement, Influence of the compound composition on 4 Classes
the properties of cement, Alkali-silica reaction in aggregates,
Alkali-carbonatereaction,Testsforaggregatereactivity
• Durabilityof concrete: Diffusionandabsorption, Carbonation, Acid 4 Classes
attackonconcrete,Sulfateattackonconcrete,Effectofseawater
onconcrete
• Water-relatedChemistry:pH,Chloride,TDS,Hardness 2 Classes
• Soil-related Chemistry: Chemical formation of soil, pH, Organic 3 Classes
content,Saltcontent,Micacontent
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40Sessional Marks
MID-TERM EXAM QUIZ & TEST

(20 Marks) (20 Marks)
REFERENCEBOOKS
No Reference Book)no
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LECTURE#01
Introductionto
Electrochemistry
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Electrochemistry - What is Electrochemistry?

The relationship between chemical reaction and electricity
1. Certain chemical reactions can create electricity. e.g. Battery
The chemicals inside

the battery reacts to
create electricity
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The relationship between chemical reaction and electricity
2. Electricity can make certain chemical reactions happen that

wouldn’t happen otherwise.
Let’s see the examples of

both situations


ELECTRICTY:
Often, when we talk about electricity that means

we talk about the movement of electrons
through wire or light bulb or battery
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Electrochemistry - ElectrochemicalProcess
Oneof manyexamplesiswhenzincmetal isplacedinasolutionof copper sulfate, the

copper isreducedandappearsasablackcoatingonthezinc.
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Oxidation-reduction reaction

Electrical energy
ELECTRICTY:
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It is the branch of chemistry that deals with
electricity and its relation to chemical
reactions.
TYPES
If a chemical reaction is driven by an external
applied voltage, it is called electrolysis,
or
if a voltage is created by a chemical reaction, as
in a battery, it is an electrochemical reaction.
Let’s see the examples of both
cases
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GALVANICSERIES
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HOW
ELECTRICITY
CAN BE
CREATED
THROUGH
THIS
GALVANIC
CELL?
Dr Tehmina Ayub

In electrochemistry, we often want to describe what is happening
inside this galvanic cell using oxidation and reduction reaction
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O I L R I G
X E S A
S O
I D I
S
D U N
S
A C
T T
I I OF
OF
O O
N e-
N e+
ANODE Dr Tehmina Ayub
CATHODE
Oxidation Oxidation number is increased
Reduction Oxidation number is reduced
Oxidation Oxidation number is increased
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Electrochemistry - Applications
Gold Electroplating Metal processing
Extracting Al 3+ ions from the soil

and turning it into pure Al metal
Batteries
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Electrochemistry - GalvanicandElectrolyticCell
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What is Redox Reaction?
Redox is Abbreviation of Reduction-Oxidation Reaction
Gain of Electron
Loss of Electron
Oxidation state/number
• A (+) or (-) whole number assigned to an element in a molecule or ion on the basis of
a set of formal rules; to some degree it reflects the (+) or (-) character of that atom
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Salt Bridge
What is Cathode and Reduction? CopperPlate
If the electronic conductor gives up
ZincPlate
electrons to the ionic conductor then the
electrode is called as a cathode and the
reaction is called as a cathodic reaction.
The flow of electrons and ions at a

cathode is shown in the figure. The copper
strip is the electronic conductor that
gives up electrons to the ionic conductor
which is the copper sulfate solution. CATHODE ANODE
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What is Cathode and Reduction?
The chemistry that takes place in the cathode is
reduction.
Cu2+ (aq) +2e-  Cu(s)
During reduction, copper is deposited on the

metal strip. Solid metal appears as a product.
This process of depositing a metal on a conducive

surface is used in the electroplating of silver into
jewelry and flatware.
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What is Anode and Oxidation?
A reaction occurring at an anode is an anodic
reaction, and the resulting chemical change
is called oxidation.
Zinc atoms are oxidized as they lose

electrons at the anode. The metal strip
dissolves as the reaction proceeds.
Reduction reactions always occur with
oxidation reactions. The electrons used in
reduction must come from an oxidation
reaction.
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What is Anode and Oxidation?
An anode is an electrode at which electrons are generated.
A reaction occurring at the anode is anodic reaction.

Electrons flow in the opposite direction to the
positive electric current .
The figure shows the reaction of zinc atoms to

form zinc ions according to the following
reaction
Zn(s)  Zn2+ (aq) + 2e-
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LECTURE#02
LAWSOFELECTROLYSIS
(AlsocalledasFaraday’sLawof Electrolysis)
Therelationshipbetweenthequantityof electricchargepassedthroughanelectrolyteandtheamount of the
substancedepositedattheelectrodeswaspresentedbyFaradayin1834,intheformoflawsofelectrolysis.
Dr Tehmina Ayub
Reference Source: https://www.slideshare.net/sqjafery/faraday-laws-of-electrolysis
Electrochemistry - LawsofElectrolysis
Michael Faraday investigated electrolysis

quantitatively and found that, the quantities of
substances liberated at electrodes depends upon 3
factors:
1. Theamount of Current passed

2. Timedurationof passingthecurrent at auniform
rate Cu2+ (aq) +2e-  Cu(s)
3. Chargeontheionsbeingdeposited Zn(s)  Zn2+ (aq) + 2e-
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Dr Tehmina Ayub Spontaneous Redox Reaction
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Ampere
kg seconds
Unit of Z = kg/ coulomb

Ampere - second
Dr Tehmina Ayub Spontaneous Redox Reaction
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m=ZxIxt
m=ZxIxt
(I)
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ElectromotiveForceSeries
(EMFSERIES)
https://www.corrosionpedia.com/definition/443/electromotive-force-series-emf-series
Dr Tehmina Ayub
Electrochemistry - EMFSERIES
What is EMF Series?
• An electromotive force series (EMF series) is a metal's
ranking in respect to inherent reactivity.
• The metals located at the top of the series are considered

the most noble, with the highest level of positive
electrochemical potential.
• The metal that can be found at the bottom is the most active
and contains the highest amount of negative
electrochemical potential. Dr Tehmina Ayub
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Dr Tehmina Ayub
Tendency to corrode
and act as “ANODE”
highest level of positive
electrochemical potential.
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GALVANICSERIES
Tendency to
corrode
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Electrochemistry- EMFVS.GALVANICSERIES
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Electrochemistry- CORROSION
Both EMF and Galvanic series are based on thermodynamic analysis of
potentials.
The potential difference between two dissimilar metals is the driving force
for galvanic corrosion.
Despite of being the first recorded form of corrosion some 200 years ago,
Galvanic corrosion continues to be one of the most commonly
encountered engineering problems.
Read more on Brainly.in - https://brainly.in/question/3202242#readmore
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What is EMF Series?
• EMF series can be most useful in evaluating the possible occurrence
of galvanic corrosion.
• It is essential that accurate values are utilized or identified for the

right temperature and solution.
• Essentially, the anode’s relative area in comparison to the cathode

highly influences the rate of corrosion.
• The bigger the cathode portion in relation to the anodic area, the
faster the rate of corrosion will be.
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Example of EMF Series
• For instance, bolts made of steel placed through a copper
sheet which is nobler will corrode faster than the copper
sheet in an identical environment.
• So, the principle is that galvanic corrosion can take place

when two alloys or metals come in contact with each other
within an electrolyte. Between the two, the less noble metal
will undergo corrosion.
https://www.corrosionpedia.com/definition/443/electromotive-force-series-emf-series
Dr Tehmina Ayub
Tendency to corrode
and act as “ANODE”
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LECTURE#03
Corrosion
(Theories, Inhibition&Protection)
https://www.slideshare.net/SheamaT/theories-of-corrosion-2
Dr Tehmina Ayub
Electrochemistry -TheoriesofCorrosion
Definition
Corrosion is defined as the destruction of metals or alloys by
the surrounding environment through chemical and
electrochemical changes. The chemical composition of rust is:
Fe2O3·xH2O
There are 3 theories of corrosion:

 Acid theory of corrosion.
 Dry or chemical theory of corrosion.
 Galvanic or Electrochemical or Wet theory of corrosion.
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https://www.slideshare.net/SheamaT/theories-of-corrosion-2
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Acid Theory of Corrosion
Iron(II) Hydrogen Carbonate
Ferric hydroxide/ Iron(III) oxide-hydroxide
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2. Dry or Chemical Theory of Corrosion
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3. Wet or Electrochemical Theory of Corrosion
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Mechanism of Wet Corrosion by

Hydrogen Evolution
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Mechanism of Wet
Corrosion by Oxygen
Absorption
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Electrochemistry - CorrosionInhibition
• Changesin the composition of otherwise corrosive environmentstoreduce or prevent the
corrosionof metalsandalloysiswidelypracticedandhasresultedinanextensiveliterature
thatwillnotbereviewedhere.
• The process of reducing corrosion by adding a substance (named as inhibitor) to an
environment in a small concentration to effectively reduce the corrosion rate of a metal
exposedtothatenvironment.
Therearethreetypesof corrosioninhibitors:
•Anodicinhibition
•Cathodicinhibition
•Mixedinhibition
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4757-4825-3_6
Dr Tehmina Ayub
Anodic inhibitors usually act by forming a protective oxide film on the surface of the metal
causing a large anodic shift of the corrosion potential. This shift forces the metallic surface into
the passivation region. They are also sometimes referred to as passivators.
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Cathodic inhibitors either slow the cathodic reaction itself or selectively precipitate on cathodic
areas to increase the surface impedance and limit the diffusion of reducible species to these areas.
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Mixed inhibitors work by reducing both the cathodic and anodic reactions. They are typically film
forming compounds that cause the formation of precipitates on the surface blocking both anodic
and cathodic sites indirectly. ... Phosphates also require oxygen for effective inhibition.
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Chemistry For Civil Engineers: Why This Subject To Be Taught in Civil Engineering?

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3/11/2019

Dr. Tehmina Ayub

Why thisSubject tobetaught inCivil Engineering?

MID-TERM EXAM QUIZ & TEST

Electrochemistry - What is Electrochemistry?

The chemicals inside

Electrochemistry - What is Electrochemistry?

2. Electricity can make certain chemical reactions happen that

Let’s see the examples of

Electrochemistry - What is Electrochemistry?

2. Electricity can make certain chemical reactions happen that

Often, when we talk about electricity that means

Oneof manyexamplesiswhenzincmetal isplacedinasolutionof copper sulfate, the

Electrochemistry - What is Electrochemistry?

2. Electricity can make certain chemical reactions happen that

Electrochemistry - What is Electrochemistry?

Electrochemistry - What is Electrochemistry?

Electrochemistry - What is Electrochemistry?

Electrochemistry - What is Electrochemistry?

Electrochemistry - What is Electrochemistry?

Oxidation Oxidation number is increased

Reduction Oxidation number is reduced

Reduction Oxidation number is reduced

Oxidation Oxidation number is increased

Reduction Oxidation number is reduced

Gold Electroplating Metal processing

Extracting Al 3+ ions from the soil

The flow of electrons and ions at a

During reduction, copper is deposited on the

This process of depositing a metal on a conducive

Zinc atoms are oxidized as they lose

A reaction occurring at the anode is anodic reaction.

The figure shows the reaction of zinc atoms to

Michael Faraday investigated electrolysis

1. Theamount of Current passed

Dr Tehmina Ayub Spontaneous Redox Reaction

Unit of Z = kg/ coulomb

• The metals located at the top of the series are considered

Read more on Brainly.in - https://brainly.in/question/3202242#readmore

• It is essential that accurate values are utilized or identified for the

• Essentially, the anode’s relative area in comparison to the cathode

• So, the principle is that galvanic corrosion can take place

There are 3 theories of corrosion:

Iron(II) Hydrogen Carbonate

Ferric hydroxide/ Iron(III) oxide-hydroxide

Mechanism of Wet Corrosion by

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