Review exercise 2

1 The equation of the line is: 5 a The gradient of l1 is 3.

y − y1 x − x1 So the gradient of l2 is − 13 .
=
y2 − y1 x2 − x1 The equation of line l2 is:
y −8 x + 2 y − 2 =− 13 ( x − 6 )
=
6−8 4+ 2 y − 2 =− 13 x + 2
y −8 x + 2
= y=
− 13 x + 4
−2 6
3y − 24 = −x − 2 b =
y 3x − 6
x + 3y − 22 = 0
y=− 13 x + 4
2 y − ( − 4=
) 1
( x − 9) 3x − 6 =− 13 x + 4
3
3 x + 13 x =4 + 6
y + 4= 3 ( x − 9)
1

3 y + 12 =x − 9
10
3 x = 10
x − 3 y − 21 =0 x=3
a = 1, b = −3, c = −21 = y ( 3 × 3) −
= 6 3
x=3
3 Using points A and B: y=3×3−6=3
y − y1 x − x1 The point C is (3, 3).
=
y2 − y1 x2 − x1
y −3 x−0 c
=
5−3 k −0
y −3 x
=
2 k
ky − 3k = 2x

Substituting point C into the equation:

k(2k) − 3k = 2(10)
2k2 − 3k − 20 = 0
(2k + 5)(k − 4) = 0
k = − 52 or k = 4

4 a Using points (160, 72) and (180, 81):

y −y
Gradient = 2 1
x2 − x1
81 − 72
= Where l1 meets the x-axis, y = 0:
180 − 160 0 = 3x − 6
9 3x = 6
=
20 x=2
= 0.45 The point A is (2, 0).
Where l2 meets the x-axis, y = 0:
b l = kh, where k is the gradient. 0 = − 13 x + 4
So l = 0.45h 1
3 x = 4

c The model may not be valid for young x = 12

people/children who are still growing. The point B is (12, 0).

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5 c 8 Equation of circle with centre (−3, 8)
and radius r:
(x + 3)2 + (y − 8)2 = r2

r = distance from (−3, 8) to (0, 9)

r2 = (0 + 3)2 + (9 − 8)2 = 9 + 1 = 10

The equation for C is:

(x + 3)2 + (y − 8)2 = 10

AB = 12 − 2 = 10 9 a Rearranging:
The perpendicular height, using AB as the x2 − 6x + y2 + 2y = 10
base is 3.
Area of triangle ABC = 12 × base × height Completing the square:
= 12 × 10 × 3 (x − 3)2 − 9 + (y + 1)2 − 1 = 10
= 15 (x − 3)2 + (y + 1)2 = 20
a = 3, b = −1, r = 20
6 Substituting y = 2x into 5y + x − 33 = 0:
5(2x) + x − 33 = 0 b The circle has centre (3, −1) and
11x − 33 = 0 radius 20 .
x=3
y=2×3=6 10 a Rearranging 3x + y = 14:
The point P is (3, 6). y = 14 − 3x
Distance from origin = 32 + 62
Solving simultaneously using substitution:
= 45
(x − 2)2 + (14 − 3x − 3)2 = 5
=3 5 (x − 2)2 + (−3x + 11)2 = 5
x − 4x + 4 + 9x2 − 66x + 121 − 5 = 0
2

y2 − y1 10x2 − 70x + 120 = 0

7 Gradient of line =
x2 − x1 x2 − 7x + 12 = 0
−4 − 8 (x − 3)(x − 4) = 0
= So x = 3 and x = 4
7−5
= −6
1
x = 3: y = 14 − 3 × 3 = 5
Gradient of the perpendicular bisector is 6 x = 4: y = 14 − 3 × 4 = 2
 x + x y + y2  Point A is (3, 5) and point B is (4, 2).
Midpoint of line =  1 2 , 1 
 2 2 
b Using Pythagoras’ theorem:
 5+7 8−4
= ,  Length AB = (4 − 3) 2 + (2 − 5) 2
 2 2 
= (6, 2) = 10

Equation of the perpendicular bisector is: 11 The equation of the circle is x2 + y2 = r2.
y − y1 = m(x − x1)
y − 2 = 16 (x − 6) Solving simultaneously using substitution:
y = 16 x + 1 x2 + (3x − 2)2 = r2
x + 9x − 12x + 4 − r2 = 0
2 2

10x2 − 12x + 4 − r2 = 0
This line crosses the x-axis at y = 0:
1
6
x+1=0 Using the discriminant for no solutions:
x = −6 b2 − 4ac < 0
(−12)2 − 4(10)(4 − r2) < 0
The point Q is (−6, 0). 144 − 160 + 40r2 < 0
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11 40r2 − 16 < 0 13 a AC2 = (8 − 2)2 + (3 − 1)2
When 40r2 − 16 = 0 = 62 + 22 = 40
8(5r2 − 2) = 0
2 Using Pythagoras’ theorem:
r2 = AB2 + BC2 = 32 + 8 = 40 = AC2
5
Therefore, ∠ABC is 90°.
2
r= ±
5 b As triangle ABC is a right-angled triangle,
AC is a diameter of the circle.

c AC is a diameter of the circle, so the

midpoint of AC is the centre.

 x + x y + y2 
Midpoint =  1 2 , 1 
 2 2 
 2 + 8 1+ 3 
= , 
 2 2 
= (5, 2)
2 2
− <r< Radius = 1
× AC
5 5 2

However, the radius cannot be negative. = 1

2 × 40
2 = 1
× 2 10
So 0 < r < 2
5
= 10
12 a Equation of circle with centre (1, 5)
The equation of the circle is:
and radius r:
(x − 5)2 + (y − 2)2 = 10
(x − 1)2 + (y − 5)2 = r2

r = distance from (1, 5) to (4, −2) 2 x 2 + 20 x + 42 x 2 + 10 x + 21

14 =
r2 = (4 − 1)2 + (−2 − 5)2 224 x + 4 x 2 − 4 x3 112 x + 2 x 2 − 2 x 3
= 9 + 49 ( x + 3)( x + 7)
=
= 58 −2 x( x 2 − x − 56)
( x + 3)( x + 7)
The equation for C is: =
(x − 1)2 + (y − 5)2 = 58 −2 x( x + 7)( x − 8)
( x + 3)
=
b Gradient of the radius of the circle at P −2 x( x − 8)
y −y −2 − 5 7 a = 3, b = −2, c = −8
= 2 1 = = −
x2 − x1 4 −1 3
15 a Using the factor theorem:
Gradient of the tangent = 73
f( 12 ) = 2( 12 )3 − 7( 12 )2 − 17( 12 ) + 10
Equation of the tangent at P: = 14 − 74 − 172 + 10
y − y1 = m(x − x1) =0
y + 2 = 73 (x − 4)
3x − 7y − 26 = 0 So (2x − 1) is a factor of
2x3 − 7x2 − 17x + 10.
13 a AB2 = (6 − 2)2 + (5 − 1)2
= 42 + 42 = 32
BC = (8 − 6)2 + (3 − 5)2
2

= 22 + 22 = 8

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 x 2 − 3 x − 10 3 x 2 + 10 x − 8
15 b 2 x − 1 2 x3 − 7 x 2 − 17 x + 10 16 c x − 3 3 x3 + x 2 − 38 x + 24
2 x3 − x 2 3x3 − 9 x 2
−6 x 2 − 17 x 10 x 2 − 38 x
−6 x 2 + 3 x 10 x 2 − 30 x
−20 x + 10 −8 x − 24
−20 x + 10 −8 x + 24
0 0

2x3 − 7x2 − 17x + 10 3x3 + x2 − 38x + 24

= (2x − 1)(x2 − 3x − 10) = (x − 3)(3x2 + 10x − 8)
= (2x − 1)(x − 5)(x + 2) = (x − 3)(3x − 2)(x + 4)

c (2x − 1)(x − 5)(x + 2) = 0 17 a g(x) = x3 − 13x + 12

So x = 12 , x = 5 or x = −2 g(3) = (3)3 − 13(3) + 12
= 27 − 39 + 12
So the curve crosses the x-axis at =0
( 12 , 0), (5, 0) and (−2, 0). So (x − 3) is a factor of g(x).

x 2 + 3x − 4
When x = 0, y = −1 × −5 × 2 = 10
So the curve crosses the y-axis at (0, 10). b x − 3 x3 − 0 x 2 − 13 x + 12
x3 − 3x 2
x → ∞, y → ∞
x → − ∞, y → − ∞
    3 x 2 − 13 x
3x 2 − 9 x
− 4 x + 12
− 4 x + 12
0

g(x) = x3 − 13x + 12
= (x − 3)(x2 + 3x − 4)
= (x − 3)(x + 4)(x − 1)

16 f(x) = 3x3 + x2 − 38x + c 18 a Example:

When a = 0 and b = 0, 02 + 02 = (0 + 0)2.
a f(3) = 0
3(3)3 + (3)2 − 38(3) + c = 0 b (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
3 × 27 + 9 − 114 + c = 0 When a > 0 and b > 0, 2ab > 0
c = 24 Therefore a2 + b2 < (a + b)2
When a < 0 and b < 0, 2ab > 0
b f(x) = 3x3 + x2 − 38x + 24 Therefore a2 + b2 < (a + b)2
f(3) = 0, so (x − 3) is a factor of When a > 0 and b < 0, 2ab < 0
3x3 + x2 − 38x + 24. Therefore a2 + b2 > (a + b)2
When a < 0 and b > 0, 2ab < 0
Therefore a2 + b2 > (a + b)2
The conditions are a > 0 and b > 0
or a < 0 and b < 0.

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19 a p = 5: 52 = 25 = 24 + 1 22 (1 + 2x)5
p = 7: 72 = 49 = 2(24) + 1 = 15 +  14 (2 x) +  13 (2 x) 2 + . . .
p = 11: 112 = 121 = 5(24) + 1 5 5
p = 13: 132 = 169 = 7(24) + 1 1  2
   
p = 17: 172 = 289 = 12(24) + 1 5(4)
p = 19: 192 = 361 = 15(24) + 1 = 1 + 5(2 x) + (2 x) 2 + . . .
2
b 3(24) + 1 = 73 and 73 is not a square = 1 + 10x + 40x2 + . . .
number. (2 − x)(1 + 2x)5
= (2 − x)(1 + 10x + 40x2 + . . .)
20 a Rearranging: = 2 + 20x + 80x2 + . . . − x − 10x2 + . . .
x2 − 10x + y2 − 8y = −32 = 2 + 19x + 70x2 + . . .
Completing the square: ≈ 2 + 19x + 70x2
(x − 5)2 − 25 + (y − 4)2 − 16 = −32 a = 2, b = 19, c = 70
(x − 5)2 + (y − 4)2 = 9
(x − 5)2 + (y − 4)2 = 32 23 (2 − 4x)q
q −1
x term =   2 (− 4 x)
1
a = 5, b = 4, r = 3
 q 
 q − 1
b Centre of circle C is (5, 4).  
Centre of circle D is (0, 0). = q × 2q − 1 × −4x
Using Pythagoras’ theorem: = −4 × 2q − 1qx
q−1
Distance = (5 − 0) 2 + (4 − 0) 2 = 41 −4 × 2 q = −32q
2q − 1 = 8
q−1=3
c Radius of circle C = 3 q=4
Radius of circle D = 3
Distance between the centres = 41 24 Using the sine rule:
3 + 3 < 41 b c
=
Therefore, the circles C and D do not sin B sin C
touch.
b 5
=
21 a (1 − 2x)10 sin 45° sin 30°
10  10  5 sin 45°
= 110 +  19 (−2 x) +  18 (−2 x) 2 b=
1  2  sin 30°
10  5×
2
+  17 (−2 x)3 + . . . 2
3  b= 1
10(9) 2
= 1 + 10(−2 x) + (−2 x)
2 b = 10
10(9)(8) AC = 10  cm
+ ( −2 x ) + . . .
3

6
= 1 − 20x + 180x2 − 960x3 + . . . 25 a Using the cosine rule:
a 2 + c2 − b2
b (0.98)10 cos B =
2ac
= (1 − 2(0.01))10
(2 x − 3) 2 + 52 − ( x + 1) 2
= 1 − 20(0.01) + 180(0.01)2 − 960(0.01)3 cos 60° =
+... 2(2 x − 3)(5)
= 0.817 (3 d.p.) 1 4 x 2 − 12 x + 9 + 25 − ( x 2 + 2 x + 1)
=
2 10(2 x − 3)
5(2x − 3) = 3x − 14x +33
2

3x − 24x +48 = 0
2

x2 − 8x + 16 = 0

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25 b x2 − 8x + 16 = 0 27 b Using the cosine rule:
(x − 4)2 = 0 a 2 + c2 − b2
x=4 cos B =
2ac
( )
2
c Area = ac sin B 102 + 102 − 360
a=2×4−3=5 =
2(10)(10)
c=5
100 + 100 − 360
Area = 12 × 5 × 5 × sin 60° =
200
= 10.8253...
4
= 10.8 cm2 (3 s.f.) = −
5
26 B = 143.13010...
Angle ABC = 143.1° (1 d.p.)

28 Using the sine rule in triangle ABD:

sin ∠BDA sin 40°
=
4.3 3.5
4.3sin 40°
sin ∠BDA =
3.5
= 0.78971…
∠BDA = 52.16°

Using the angle sum of a triangle:

∠ABD = 180° − (52.16° + 40°)
a Using the cosine rule = 87.84°
x2 = 82 + 122 − 2 × 8 × 12 × cos 70°
= 142.332… Using the sine rule in triangle ABD:
x = 11.93 km AD 3.5
=
The distance of ship C from ship A is sin 87.84 sin 40°
11.93 km. AD = 5.44 cm

b Using the sine rule: AC = AD + DC

sin 70° sin A = 5.44 + 8.6
=
11.93 12 = 14.04 cm
sin A = 0.94520…
A = 70.9° Area of triangle ABC
The bearing of ship C from ship A is = 12 × 4.3 × 14.04 × sin 40°
100.9°. = 19.4 cm2

27 a If triangle ABC is isosceles, then two of 29 a (x − 5)2 + (y − 2)2 = 52

the sides are equal. (x − 5)2 + (y − 2)2 = 25
AB = (6 + 2) 2 + (10 − 4) 2 = 100 = 10
b Substituting x = 8 and y = k into the
BC = (16 − 6) 2 + (10 − 10) 2 = 100 = 10 equation of the circle:
AC = (16 + 2) 2 + (10 − 4) 2 = 360 (8 − 5)2 + (k − 2)2 = 25
9 + k2 − 4k + 4 − 25 = 0
= 6 10 k2 − 4k − 12 = 0
AB = BC (k + 2)(k − 6) = 0
Therefore ABC is an isosceles triangle. k = −2 or k = 6
k is positive, therefore k = 6.

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29 c XY = (10 − 1) 2 + (2 + 1) 2 = 90 31 b The curve y = sin (x + 45°) crosses the
y-axis when x = 0.
YZ = (8 − 10) 2 + (6 − 2) 2 = 20 2
sin 45° =
XZ = (8 − 1) 2 + (6 + 1) 2 = 98 2
 2
Using the cosine rule:  0, 
 2 
x2 + z 2 − y 2
cos Y =
2 xz 32 Each of the four triangular faces is an
20 + 90 − 98 equilateral triangle.
=
2 1800
12 Area of one triangle
= = 12 ac sin B
60 2
1 = 12 × s × s × sin 60°
=
5 2 s2 3
= ×
2 2
Rationalising the denominator: 3s 2   2
2 = cm
cos Y = 4
10
2 Total area
So cos ∠XYZ = = area of 4 triangles + area of square
10
3s 2
= 4× + s2
30 a 4
= 3s + s 2
2

= ( )
3 + 1 s2

The total surface area of the pyramid is

( )
3 + 1 s 2  cm2.

b There are two solutions in the interval 33 a sin θ = cos θ

0 ≤ x ≤ 360°. sin θ
=1
cos θ
31 a The curve y = sin x crosses the x-axis at So tan θ = 1
(−360°, 0), (−180°, 0), (0°, 0), (180°, 0)
and (360°, 0). b When tan θ = 1
y = sin (x + 45°) is a translation of θ = 45° or 225°
 −45°  So sin θ = cos θ when θ = 45° or 225°
 
0  34 3 tan2 x = 1
so subtract 45° from the x-coordinates. 1
tan x = ±
The curve crosses the x-axis at 3
(−405°, 0), (−225°, 0), (−45°, 0), (135°, 0) For tan x =
1
and (315°, 0). 3
(−405°, 0) is not in the range, so x = 30°
(−225°, 0), (−45°, 0), (135°, 0) and
(315°, 0)

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34 36 a 2 cos2 x = 4 − 5 sin x
2(1 − sin2 x) = 4 − 5 sin x
2 − 2 sin2 x = 4 − 5 sin x
2 sin x − 5 sin x + 2 = 0 (as required)
  2 

b Let sin x = y
2y2 − 5y + 2 = 0
(2y − 1)(y − 2) = 0
So y = 12 or y = 2
When sin x = 12 , x = 30°
or x = 180° − 30° = 150°
So x = 30° or x = 210° sin x = 2 is impossible.
1
For tan x = − x = 30° or 150°
3
x = 330° (or −30°) 37 2 tan2 x − 4 = 5 tan x
2 tan2 x − 5 tan x − 4 = 0

Using the quadratic formula:

5 ± (−5) 2 − 4(2)(−4)
tan x =
2(2)
5 ± 57
=
4
5 + 57
When tan x = , x = 72.3°
4
or x = 72.3° + 180° = 252.3°
So x = 330° or x = 150° 5 − 57
So x = 30°, 150°, 210° or 330° 37 When tan x = , x = −32.5°
4
or x = −32.5° + 180° = 147.5°
35 2 sin (θ − 30°) = 3 or x = 147.5° + 180° = 327.5°
3 x = 72.3°, 147.5°, 252.3° or 327.5°
sin (θ − 30°) =
2
θ − 30° = 60° 38 5 sin2 x = 6(1 − cos x)
5 sin2 x + 6 cos x − 6 = 0
5(1 − cos2 x) + 6 cos x − 6 = 0
5 − 5 cos2 x + 6 cos x − 6 = 0
5 cos2 x − 6 cos x + 1 = 0
(5 cos x − 1)(cos x − 1) = 0
So cos x = 15 or cos x = 1
When cos x = 15 , x = 78.5°
or x = 360° − 78.5° = 281.5°
When cos x = 1, x = 0° or 360°
x = 0°, 78.5°, 281.5° or 360°
So θ − 30° = 60° or θ − 30° = 120°
39 LHS = cos2 x(tan2 x + 1)
When θ − 30° = 60°
θ = 60° + 30°  sin 2 x 
= cos 2 x  2
+ 1
= 90°  cos x 
When θ − 30° = 120° = sin2 x + cos2 x
θ = 120° + 30° = RHS
= 150°
So θ = 90° or 150°
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Challenge n n 
3 LHS =   +  
1 a Finding points B and C using y = 3x − 12:  k   k + 1
n! n!
When y = 0, x = 4 = +   
When x = 0, y = −12 k !(n − k )! (k + 1)!(n − k − 1)!
The point B is (4, 0) and n !(k + 1) n !(n − k )
the point C is (0, −12). = + 
(k + 1)!(n − k )! (k + 1)!(n − k )!
Using Pythagoras’ theorem to find the
n !((k + 1) + (n − k ))
length of the square: =
(k + 1)!(n − k )!
BC = (0 − 4) 2 + (−12 − 0) 2 = 160
n !(n + 1)
( )
2 =
Area of square = 160 = 160 (k + 1)!(n − k )!
(n + 1)!
=
b The point A is (−8, 4) and (k + 1)!(n − k )!
the point D is (−12, −8).  n + 1
y2 − y1 = 
The gradient of line AD =  k + 1
x2 − x1 = RHS
−8 − 4
=
−12 + 8
−12 4 2 sin3 x − sin x + 1 = cos2 x
= 2 sin3 x − sin x + 1 = 1 − sin2 x
−4
2 sin3 x + sin2 x − sin x = 0
=3
sin x(2 sin2 x + sin x − 1) = 0
The equation of line AD is:
sin x(2 sin x − 1)(sin x + 1) = 0
y − y1 = m(x − x1)
y − 4 = 3(x + 8) So sin x = 0, sin x = 12 or sin x = −1
y = 3x + 28 When sin x = 0, x = 0°, 180° or 360°
When y = 0, x = − 283 When sin x = 12 , x = 30°
The point S is ( − 283 , 0). or x = 180° − 30° = 150°
When sin x = −1, x = 270°
So x = 0°, 30°, 150°, 180°, 270° or 360°
2 Rearranging x2 + y2 + 8x − 10y = 59:
x2 + 8x + y2 − 10y = 59
Completing the square:
(x + 4)2 − 16 + (y − 5)2 − 25 = 59
(x + 4)2 + (y − 5)2 = 100
Both circles have the same centre at
(−4, 5). The radius of one circle is 8 and
the other is 10, so
(x + 4)2 + (y − 5)2 = 82 lies completely
inside x2 + y2 + 8x − 10y = 59.

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