Modal Analysis

Natural Periods
Mode Shapes
Effective Modal Masses

Decide number of modes to

include (cumulative 90%
contribution, or all modes with
5% contribution)

For each mode k:

Compute modal base shear

Obtain Spectral
acceleration Sd from Fb = Sd(Tk)Mk
design spectrum And seismic forces in main
direction (X or Y)

Modal Combination: For all

modes considered, use CQC or
SRSS to compute total base
shear Fb

Compute the seismic effects

due to the seismic action in
direction considered

Directional combination:
Combine the seismic effects
due to seismic actions in the
two main directions 100%:30%
rule
 Objectives of the research

To evaluate the To investigate the

To study the nature difference of steel
earthquake behaviour
and background of the reinforcement and
on chosen types of
earthquake in concrete required in
low- to mid-rise R/C
Malaysia. RC design with and
structural system.
without seismic
provision.
Literature Review and Desk Study

Data Collection Code Studies

Peak Ground Eurocode 2, Structural use of concrete

Acceleration
Eurocode 8, Design of structures for earthquake
resistance
Building
Importance Factor Malaysia National Annex

Classification of Modelling and Design of an 8 storey frame

Seismic Zone equivalent dual system RC building in
different seismicity regions in Malaysia
Behaviour Factor
Building Properties
Site Natural Period
& Response Modal Response Spectrum Analysis
Spectrum

Input
Software Simulation Case Studies:
Input values that define
the seismic condition of  Very Low Seismicity based on EC2
Malaysia  Low Seismicity Region based on EC8
under DCL
 Low to Moderate Seismicity Region
based on EC8 under DCM

Output 1 Output 2
Comparison of force – Comparison on the amount of
displacement curves concrete and streel reinforcement
whereFigure 3.1 Methodology of research
ddddddvvcvfds(Standard, 2004)Standard, E. (2004). En 1998-1, 1–229.