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I | dL || ( r − r ' ) | sin
| dH |=
4 r −r '
3
• Remarks:
• Magnitude is inversely proportional to
square of distance from differential element
to test point
• Direction follows the right-hand rule
EEE 23: ELECTROMAGNETICS I 3
Magnetic Field due to Closed
Circuit
• Differential current element cannot
be isolated
I dL ( r − r ')
H= ( Ampere / meter )
4 r −r '
3
J ( r − r ') dv H =
K ( r − r ') dS
H=
4 r − r '
3
S
4 r −r '
3
vol
H dL
Similar to Gauss’s Law, this is useful
if we can exploit some symmetry of
the current distribution
I
H = H
2
I
I
H= a
2
EEE 23: ELECTROMAGNETICS I 9
Ampere’s Circuital Law
Example: Use Ampere’s Law to solve for H of a uniform sheet of surface
current
H • dL = I
(Hx1)L + (-Hx2)L = KyL
Hx1 – Hx2 = Ky
Due to symmetry:
Hx = ½ Ky for z > 0
Hx = - ½ Ky for z < 0
or H = ½ K x aN
where aN is a unit vector
normal to the current sheet
Field due to -K ay at z = h:
• ½ K ax at z < h
• -½ K ax at z > h
Field due to K ay at z = 0
• -½ K ax at z < 0
H = K ax 0 < z < h
• ½ K ax at z > 0
H = 0 z < 0, z > h
1 y 2
H 0 = H 0, x ax + H 0, y a y + H 0, z az
y
• Applying Ampere’s Circuital Law, we get:
H y H x
( )
4 3
H L = − xy = J z xy
x .
P
i = sides
i
x y
1 y 2
• For very small closed loop, we can
y
assume that current density is uniform
• Jz is the component scalar of the current
density and the direction is perpendicular
to the surface of closed loop
x
H dL = H −
H y H x H z H y H x
lim ax + − ay + − az
z
S → 0 S y z z x x y
A dL
( curl A ) N = lim
S N →0 S N
The curl of any vector is the limit of the quotient of the closed-line
integral of the vector about a small path in a plane normal to that
component desired and the area enclosed, as the path shrinks to zero.
•In terms of operator, the curl is expressed as:
curl A = A =
H = J
x x z For static electric fields:
Ax Ay Az
E dL = 0 → E = 0
EEE 23: ELECTROMAGNETICS I 17
Curl Operator (Physical
Interpretation)
1 H z H H H z 1 ( H ) 1 H
curl H = − a + − a + − az
z z
• Spherical:
1 ( H sin ) H 1 1 H r ( rH )
curl H = − ar + − a
r sin r sin r
1 ( rH ) H r
+ − a
r r
• Recall: I = J dS
H dL = ( H ) dS
S
• Therefore, we can rewrite Ampere’s Law as
S
•The evaluation of the line integral should follow the direction according
to the right-hand rule.
•This relates the closed line integral to a surface integral.
Stokes Theorem:
H dL = ( H )dS
S
4 0.3
( H )dS = (8.292 cos )(r sin ) d dr
S 2 0
4
2
0.3 r
= 2.5623sin 0
2
2
= 12.44 A
EEE 23: ELECTROMAGNETICS I 24
Magnetic Flux
• Measure of magnetic field strength present over a given area:
= B dS
Magnetic Flux (units is in
S
Webers , Wb)
• Magnetic Flux Density describes how Project flux density onto
magnetic flux lines are distributed over an area the differential surface area
vector then perform surface
• B = µ0H (units is in Telsa) integral
•NOTE: The magnetic flux lines are closed and do not terminate on a
“magnetic charge” (Magnetic Monopoles don’t exist (?))
• Using Divergence: B=0
EEE 23: ELECTROMAGNETICS I 25
Magnetic Flux
Example: A conductor along the x-axis is carrying 10 A of current in the –x
direction. Determine the magnetic flux passing through the area bounded by x
= 1, x = 3, y = 1 and y = 4 in the –z direction.
Solution:
• Magnetic field of a current along the
z-axis: I
H= a
2
•Magnetic flux of a current along the x-axis
(going to –x direction) on the xy-plane:
0I
B = 0H = − az
2y
Solution:
• Surface area vector can be expressed as:
dS = −2dy az
• Using Magnetic Flux Formula:
4 0I 4 10
0
= B dS = 2dy = 2dy
1 2y 1 2y
10 0 4
= ln y 1 = 5.55 Wb
E = −V
• Is there a scalar function similar to electric potential that can be used
to obtain the magnetic field? YES! ☺
• We defined a scalar magnetic potential Vm as:
H = −Vm
• Restriction: H = J = (−Vm ) but (−V ) = 0 for any
scalar function V. Thus,
H = - Vm is valid only if J=0 in the region of Vm.
I
H= a = −Vm
2
I in the inner conductor is flowing in the az
direction.
I 1 Vm
a = −Vm = − a
2
I 1 Vm
a = −Vm = − a
2
Vm I
=−
2
I
Vm = − +C
2
I
Vm = −
2
Note: Vm is multi-valued → non-conservative
B=0→ B dS = 0
S
• We note that the divergence of a curl of any vector is zero for any
vector field. As such, we can define some vector field A that satisfies
1
B = A → H = A
• Expressions for Magnetic vector potential: