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0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 General Background
A structure may fail to support its load when a connection snaps, or it bends
until it is useless, or a member in compression crushes and crumbles, or, finally, if
a member in compression buckles, that is, moves laterally and shortens under a load
it can no longer support. Buckling is characterized by a sudden sideways deflection
of a structural member. Commonly ,there are several types of end condtion such as
pinned ends, fixed ends, pinned-fixed end and fixed-fixed end.
In this laboratory,we investigate the effect of three type of end condition,that is
pinned ends, fixed ends, pinned -fixed ends.The Euler Bucking formula
will be use to predict the buckling load and to prove the formula.
𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼
𝑃𝑐𝑟 =
(𝑘𝐿)2
Where;
Pcr = Critical axial load
E = Modulus of elasticity
I = Moment of Inertia
L = Length of column/strut
1 1
K = (𝑛)2 factor accounting based on the end restrained condition
The elasticity of the material of the strut and not the compressive strength of the
material of the strut determines the strut’s buckling load.The buckling load is
directly proportional to the second moment of area of the cross section.
The inflection points in the deflection shape of the column are the points at which
the curvature of the column changes sign and are also the points at which the
column's internal bending moments of the column are zero.
3.0 METHODOLOGY
Part 1
1. The bottom chuck was fitted to the machine and the top chuck was removed (
to give two pinned ends).The shortest strut,strut number 1 were measured by
using vernier caliper and the second moment of inertia of the strut was
calculated.
2. The position of sliding crosshead was adjusted to lock off the slider.The locking
screw was then tighten.
3. The handwheel was carefully back off to sure that the strut is at rest and not
transmitting any load.The force meter was set to zero by using the front panel
control.
4. The strut was carefully start to load.If the strut begin to buckle to the left,’flick’
the strut to the right and vice versa.The hand wheel was turned until there is no
further increase in load.
5. The final load is recorded in Table 1.The procedure were repeated with strut
number 2,3,4, and 5. The cross head were adjusted as required to fit the strut.
Part 2
struts.
3. The top chuck with two cap head screws was fitted and both ends of the
specimen was clamped (to make a pinned-pinned end condition).The new
1
values of was calculated.
𝐿2
4.1 RESULTS
‘s
=7.98 𝑥 10−12 𝑚4
1. Pinned-Pinned End condition (k = 1.0 )
𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼
𝑃𝑐𝑟 =
(𝑘𝐿)2
𝜋 2 𝑥 69x109 𝑥7.98𝑥10−12
=
(1.0𝑥0.32)2
=53.07 N
𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼
𝑃𝑐𝑟 =
(𝑘𝐿)2
𝜋 2 𝑥 69x109 𝑥7.98𝑥10−12
=
(0.7𝑥0.32)2
=108.31 N
𝜋 2 𝑥 69x109 𝑥7.98𝑥10−12
=
(0.5𝑥0.32)2
=212.28N
b) Strut Number : 2
Length of strut : 0.37 m
E : 69×109 Nm
𝑏𝑑3
I= 12
(0.0185)(0.00173)3
= 12
=7.98 𝑥 10−12 𝑚4
1. Pinned-Pinned End condition (k = 1.0 )
𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼
𝑃𝑐𝑟 =
(𝑘𝐿)2
𝜋 2 𝑥 69x109 𝑥7.98𝑥10−12
=
(1.0𝑥0.37)2
=39.69 N
𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼
𝑃𝑐𝑟 =
(𝑘𝐿)2
𝜋 2 𝑥 69x109 𝑥7.98𝑥10−12
=
(0.7𝑥0.37)2
=81.01N
𝜋 2 𝑥 69x109 𝑥7.98𝑥10−12
=
(0.5𝑥0.37)2
=158.78N
c) Strut Number : 2
Length of strut : 0.42 m
E : 69×109 Nm
𝑏𝑑3
I= 12
(0.0185)(0.00173)3
= 12
=7.98 𝑥 10−12 𝑚4
1. Pinned-Pinned End condition (k = 1.0 )
𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼
𝑃𝑐𝑟 =
(𝑘𝐿)2
𝜋 2 𝑥 69x109 𝑥7.98𝑥10−12
=
(1.0𝑥0.42)2
=30.81N
𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼
𝑃𝑐𝑟 =
(𝑘𝐿)2
𝜋 2 𝑥 69x109 𝑥7.98𝑥10−12
=
(0.7𝑥0.42)2
=62.87N
𝜋 2 𝑥 69x109 𝑥7.98𝑥10−12
=
(0.5𝑥0.42)2
=123.23N
5.0 DISCUSSION
Part 1 :
𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼
𝑃𝑐𝑟 =
(𝑘𝐿)2
We can see that 𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼 are values that are constant throughout the entire
experiment,therefore a relationship ca be establishes from this condition ,
1
𝑃𝑐𝑟 ∝
𝐿2
Part 2 :
48−17.0
Gradient = 8.5−3.0
= 5.636
101−33
Gradient = 9.2−3
= 10.968
208−90
Gradient = 9.7−4.2
= 21.455
2)
Pinned-pinned Pinned-fixed Fixed-fixed
Experimental Gradient 5.636 10.968 21.455
Experimental Ratio 1 1.946 3.807
Theoretical ratio 1 2 4
Experimenal ratio :
Pinned-Pinned End condition
5.636
Experimental ratio = 5.636
= 1
10.968
Experimental ratio = 5.636
= 1.946
21.455
Experimental ratio = 5.636
= 3.807
Theoroetical ratio :
Pinned-Pinned End condition
𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼 𝐿2 1
Theoretical ratio = 𝑋 𝑋 𝜋2 𝐸
𝐿2 𝐼
= 1
2𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼 𝐿2 1
Theoretical ratio = 𝑋 𝑋 𝜋2 𝐸
𝐿2 𝐼
= 2
Fixed-Fixed End condition
4𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼 𝐿2 1
Theoretical ratio = 𝑋 𝑋 𝜋2 𝐸
𝐿2 𝐼
= 4
6.0 CONCLUSION
A conclusion from the above is that the buckling load of a column may be increased
by changing its material to one with a higher modulus of elasticity (E), or changing the
design of the column's cross section so as to increase its moment of inertia.
Based on the theory value of Buckling of strut, we can consider that when L is
bigger, Pcr will be small, therefore the buckling load and the length of strut is inversely
proportional in linear condition.
As a recommendation,be sure that the struts are in fit condition for the
experiment and not causing any error in the properties of strut.Other than that,the
buckling should immediately stop when constant value is obtained.Lastly,the
arrangement and the tight of struts should screwed well to obtain good results.
7.0 Appendix
Picture 1 :The complete buckle of the strut & the condition when the load start
to apply at the strut
Picture 2 : The struct start to buckle to the left when the load strts to apply