Measurement Uncertainty

Resolution & Hysteresis

Error

Random errors

Systematic errors

Gross errors
1
 Measurement Uncertainty
The Q-Test for Rejecting Data

The quantity Q is the absolute

difference between the
questioned measurement (xq)
and the next closest
measurement (xn) divided by the
spread ().

Spread is the difference between

the largest and smallest
measurement of the entire set of
data.
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 Measurement Uncertainty
References
1. http://faculty.sites.uci.edu/chem1l/files/2013/11/RDGerroranal.pdf
2. Stephanie Bell, Measurement Good Practice Guide: A Beginner’s Guide to
Uncertainty of Measurement
(https://www.dit.ie/media/physics/documents/GPG11.pdf)
3. W.J. Dixon, Processing data for outliers Reference, J. Biometrics 9 (1953) 74-89.
4. D.B. Rorabacher, Statistical Treatment for Rejection of Deviant Values: Critical
Values of Dixon’s‘ Q’ Parameter and Related Subrange Ratios at the 95%
Confidence Level, Analytical Chemistry 63, no. 2 (1991): 139–46.

3
 Hardness Measurement
Definition of hardness?
Resistance to permanent deformation
Resistance to penetration
Resistance to wear
Resistance to scratching
Resistance to machining
Mean contact pressure
Related to plastic flow stress of materials

4
 Hardness Measurement
Scratch hardness
Abrasion hardness
Cutting hardness
Indentation hardness
Rebound hardness

Types of hardness testing

Static testing
Dynamic testing

Indentation hardness testing

Macroindentation
Microindentation
Nanoindentation
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Picoindentation
 Hardness Testing Methods
History-Chronological order

1722, Reaumur scratching bar testing

1822, Mohs scale of hardness (Friedrich Mohs, Germany)
1900, Brinell tester (Johann A. Brinell, Sweden)
1906, Shore scleroscope (A.F. Shore, New York)
1908, Meyer’s analysis
1919, Rockwell tester (Stanley P. Rockwell, New York)
1925, Vickers tester (R. Smith and G. Sandland, England)
1932, Rockwell superficial tester
1939, Knoop indenter-Tukon tester
1990, Depth-sensing indentation (Nanoindentation)
Vincent E. Lysaght, Indentation hardness testing, Reinhold Publishing Corp. (1949) 6
Mohs scale of hardness

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Mohs_scale_of_mineral_ha
rdness

[11]
S. Mukherjee, Applied
Mineralogy: Applications in
Industry and Environment,
Springer (2011)

7
 Comparison of hardness scales

G.F. Kinney, Engineering

properties and applications of
plastics, John Wiley & Sons
(1957)

Kodgire & Kodgire, Material

Science and Metallurgy for
Engineers, Everest Publishing
house (2011/2018)