What is Durability Of Concrete

Durability of concrete may be defined as the ability of concrete to

resist:

1 2 3
Weathering Chemical Abrasion
Action Attack
Factors affecting Durability
 Durability
Aggressiveness of
Concrete system
Environment

Material Process Physical Chemical

•Binder Type Mixing Abrasion
•Binder Content Transporting Dissolution
Erosion
•Aggregates Compaction Leaching
Cavitation
•Admixture Curing Expansion
•Mix Design Temperature
Freeze-Thaw
Workmanship
Why Durability
Problems..??
Typical Section of Heart -Create
Create
Cover -Create

an RC Member
Durability
Strength
Why Durability Problems.??
• Concrete
- Hydrated Cement Phase (HCP)
- Aggregate phase
- Interstitial Transition Zone (ITZ)
• Gel pores, Capillary pores, Air voids
• Permeability and porosity
Aggressive species
- Moisture, Sulphates, Chlorides, Carbon
dioxide, Oxygen, Alkalies etc.
 Recommendations For Different exposures as per
IS-456-2000
Sr # Exposure Plain Concrete Reinforced Concrete

Min cement Min grade of

Min cement Max free Min grade of Max free w/c ratio
content kg/m3 concrete
content kg/m3 w/c ratio concrete

1 Mild 220 0.6 -------- 300 0.55 M20

2 Moderate 240 0.6 M15 300 0.5 M25

3 Severe 250 0.5 M20 320 0.45 M30

Very
4 260 0.45 M20 340 0.45 M35
severe

5 Extreme 280 0.4 M25 360 0.40 M40

Table # 01
Note: The minimum cement content and max. w/c ratio apply to 20 mm nominal maximum size of aggregate.
Adjust of Min cement content for other
aggregate sizes than 20mm

Sr # Nominal maxm size of Agg Adjustment of min cement content

in Table # 01 kg/m3
1 10 +40
2 20 0
3 40 -30

Table # 02
 Permeability
Permeability of
concrete is defined
as the property that
controls the rate of
flow of fluids
through a porous
solid.
 Typically Affects
Dams

Tunnel Linings

Liquid Retaining Structures

Submerged offshore structures

 Influencing Factors
Environmental
Pressure Gradient
Conditions

Permeability
Aggregate Type
Capillary Size &
Interconnectivity
W/C Ratio

W/C Ratio
Hydrate Structure
Note:
_______ Primary Parameter Cement Type
----------- Secondary Parameter
Co-Efficient
Efficient of Permeability
Permeability of cement paste
Age ( Days) Permeability (cm/s 10^-11)
10^

FRESH 20,000,000

5 4,000

6 1,000

8 400

13 50

24 10

Ultimate 6
Permeability of cement paste
• When porosity decreases from 40 to 30%, the permeability drops from 110
to 20 x 10-12 cm/sec.
• However, a decrease in porosity from 30% to 20% results in a small drop
in permeability.
• Reasons:
- Large pores are reduced in size and number.
- There is creation of tortuosity
Permeability of
Aggregate
Type of Rock Permeability (cm/s 10^-11)

Dense Trap 2.47 x 10^-12

Quartz Diorite 8.24 x 10^-12

Marble 2.39 x 10^-10

Granite 5.35 x 10^-9

Sand Stone 1.23 x 10^-8

Absorption
The process by which
concrete takes in
liquid, normally water
or aqueous solution
by capillary action.
 Influencing Factors
Environmental Moisture
Conditions Gradient

Aggregate Type
Capillary Size &
Interconnectivity
W/C Ratio

Absorption

W/C Ratio

Hydrate Structure

Cement Type

Pore Fluid Degree of

Note: Content Saturation
_______ Primary Parameter
----------- Secondary Parameter
Reinforcement
Corrosion

Types
Carbonation Chloride
induced induced
corrosion corrosion
 Factors Influencing Corrosion of Steel
Reinforcement
Temperature &
Relative
Humidity Severity of
Chlorides
exposure

Cover to the
Carbonation
Reinforcement

Formation of
Oxygen
Cracks

Moisture Quality of
concrete

Initial curing
PH Value Corrosion condition
Carbonation induced
Optimum
corrosion Condition

NO
Carbonation
IF RH<40% (Concrete DRY)

NO Carbonation

IF RH >90%(fully WET)

IF RH 40-90%(Carbonation occurs)
Cement paste contains 25-50 wt% The carbonation process requires
(Ca(OH)2) pH ≈13 the presence of water because CO2
The pH of a fully carbonated paste dissolves in water forming H2CO3.
is < 9. CO2+H2O H2CO3 carbonic acid
Factors influence depth of carbonation
 01 Depth of cover.

Permeability of 02
concrete

03 Grade of concrete

% %
Time 04

05 Environmental
Influence.
Chloride Induced
Corrosion
Chlorides are generally acidic
in nature and can come from
a number of different sources,
the most common being, de-
icing salts, use of unwashed
marine aggregates, sea water
spray, and certain accelerating
admixtures (their use is now
prohibited).
Control Measures

• Chlorides in cement is to be less than 0.1 % max

• Chlorides in water to be less than 2000mg/litre

2000mg/ for PCC & below 500

mg/liter for RCC.

• Chloride free admixture are generally preferred.

Control Measures for Corrosion
Provide proper concrete cover

Make dense , impermeable and waterproof concrete.

Limit the chlorides in water , cement, and superplasticizers.

Proper and timely maintenance of structures.

Bond Strength
The resistive force ,
against the pulling
out of a steel bar
from concrete
mass, developed
per unit surface
area of a reinforcing
bar
Bond strength developed by

Chemical adhesion Ribs of bars

 Development
Length

It is the embedded
length of bar that is
sufficient to develop
maximum expected
force in the bar.
What is pull-out
test
The test equipment
designed to a specific
geometry will produce
results (pull-out
forces) that closely
correlate to the
compressive strength
of concrete.
Types
i. LOK test
ii. CAPO
test (Cut and
Pull out Test)
LOK Test
• to obtain a reliable estimate of the
in-place strength of concrete in
newly cast structures
• Performed According to ASTM C900,
BS 1881:207, or EN 12504-3
• In the 1960s, Peter Kierkegaard-
Hansen of Denmark initiated the
development of a pull-out test
named the LOK-test Kierkegaard-
Hansen, 1975.
• A steel disc, 25 mm in diameter at a depth of 25 mm, is pulled
centrally against a 55 mm diameter counter pressure ring bearing
on the surface.

• The force F required to pullout the insert is measured.

• The concrete in the strut between the disc and the counter
pressure ring is subjected to a compressive load.

• Therefore the pullout force F is related directly to the compressive

strength.
CAPO test (Cut
and Pull out
Test)

• The TEST permits performing pullout

tests on existing structures without
the need of preinstalled inserts.
• CAPO-TEST provides a pullout test
system similar to the LOK-TEST
system for accurate on-site estimates
of compressive strength.
• Procedures for performing this test
are included in ASTM C900 and EN
12504-3.
• When selecting the location for a CAPO-TEST,
CAPO ensure that reinforcing
bars are not within the failure region.

• The surface at the test location is ground using a planning tool and a
18.4 mm hole is made perpendicular to the surface using a diamond-
diamond
studded core bit.

• A recess (slot) is routed in the hole to a diameter of 25 mm and at a

depth of 25 mm.

• A split ring is expanded in the recess and pulled out using a pull
machine reacting against a 55 mm diameter counter pressure ring.
 Relation
Directly
related to
compressive
strength
Applications
• Determine in-situ
situ compressive strength of the concrete
• Ascertain the strength of concrete for carrying out post
tensioning operations.
• Determine the time of removal of forms and shores based on
actual in-situ
situ strength of the structure.
• Terminate curing based on in-situ
situ strength of the structure.
• It can be also used for testing repaired concrete sections.
References
• http://www.engineeringenotes.com/concrete
http://www.engineeringenotes.com/concrete-
technology/concrete/durability-of-concrete
concrete-definition-and-significance-
concrete-technology/31619
• https://www.slideshare.net/rajesh83196/durability-of-concrete
https://www.slideshare.net/rajesh83196/durability
• https://theconstructor.org/concrete/corrosion-steel-reinforcement-
https://theconstructor.org/concrete/corrosion
concrete/6179/
• https://theconstructor.org/concrete/pullout-lok-capo-test-hardened-
https://theconstructor.org/concrete/pullout
concrete/2861/
• file:///F:/Durability%20of%20concrete/Pull-out%20testing%20by%20LOK-
file:///F:/Durability%20of%20concrete/Pull
test%20and%20CAPO-test.pdf
• 2015-11-23_Durability_Fahim03
• durability by Washington
• paper0501_by_albert_kwan