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Research paper/Report
On
MPFI SYSTEM
For
By
The guidance of
CONTENTS
Abstract 3
1. Introduction 3
7. Results 13
8. Future scope 13
9. Conclusion 14
10. References 14
ABSTRACT
MPFI means Multi Point Fuel Injection system .Multiport fuel injection injects fuel into
the intake ports just upstream of each cylinder's intake valve, rather than at a central point
within an intake manifold. MPFI systems can be sequential, in which injection is timed to
coincide with each cylinder's intake stroke; batched, in which fuel is injected to the cylinders
in groups, without precise synchronization to any particular cylinder's intake stroke; or
simultaneous, in which fuel is injected at the same time to all the cylinders. In this system
each cylinder has number of injectors to supply or spray fuel in the cylinders as compared to
one injector located centrally to supply or spray fuel in case of single point injection system.
MPFI system injects fuel into individual cylinders, based on commands from the ‘on board
engine management system computer’ – popularly known as the Engine Control Unit/ECU.
These techniques result not only in better ‘power balance’ amongst the cylinders but also in
higher output from each one of them, along with faster throttle response. The electronic fuel
injection system supplies the combustion chambers with air/fuel mixture of optimized ratio
under widely varying driving conditions.
1. INTRODUCTION -
Air–fuel ratio (AFR) is the mass ratio of air to fuel present in an internal combustion engine.
It is highly desirable to vary the air-fuel ratio according to the load on the engine for better
fuel efficiency and mileage. But supplying the correct air-fuel ratio for a given speed is a big
challenge. Petrol vehicles uses device called carburetor for supplying the air fuel mixture in
correct ratio to cylinders in all rpm ranges. Due to construction of the carburetor is relatively
simple; it has been used almost exclusively on gasoline engines in the past. However in
response to recent demands for cleaner exhaust emission, more economical fuel
consumption, improved drivability, etc., the carburetor now must be equipped with various
compensating devices, making it more complex system. So In place of the carburetor,
therefore, the MPFI (multi point fuel injection) system is used, assuring proper air fuel ratio
to the engine by electrically injecting fuel in accordance with various driving conditions.
Because injection starts before the intake valve is open, there is a momentary pause in the air
flow, and the air velocity does not promote the needed mixing and evaporation enhancement.
When the valve then opens, the fuel vapor and liquid droplets are carried into the cylinder by
the on rush of air, often with the injector continuing to spray any backflow of hot residual
exhaust gas that occurs when the intake valve opens also enhances the evaporation of fuel
droplets.
3. SPECIAL FEATURES-
MAIN COMPONENTS OF MPFI SYSTEM:-
This system has four major components. They are:-
AIR INTAKE SYSTEM
FUEL DELIVERY SYSTEM
ELECTRONIC CONTROL SYSTEM
each combustion chamber. When the lAC valve is opened according to the signal from ECM,
the air bypasses the1hrottle valve through bypass passage and is finally drawn into the intake
manifold.
a. Throttle Body -
The throttle body consists of the main bore, air bypass passage and the following parts.
Throttle valve, which is interlocked with the accelerator pedal and controls the amount of the
intake air. TP sensor which detects the throttle valve opening and sends a signal to ECM. lAC
valve, which supplies the bypass, air depending on Engine condition.
b. Idle Air Control Valve -
The lAC valve controls opening of the bypass air passage. The air bypasses the throttle valve
through bypass passage and is finally drawn into the intake manifold. Opening and closing of
the valve itself is determined by operation of the magnet, which is connected to it. The
magnet operates according to electric current from ECM.
regulator intake manifold pressure and that to the lower chamber is fuel pressure. When the
fuel pressure rises more than 2,9Kg/cm2 higher than the intake manifold pressure, the fuel
pushes the valve in the regulator open and excess fuel return to the fuel tank through return
line.
C. Injector-
Each cylinder has one injector, which is installed between the intake manifold delivery pipes.
It is an electromagnetic type injection nozzle, which injects fuel into the intake port of the
cylinder head according to the signal from ECM. When the solenoid coil of the injector is
energised by ECM, it becomes an Electro magnet and attracts the plunger. At the same time,
the ball valve which is incorporated with the plunger opens and the injector which is under
the fuel pressure injects fuel. As the lift stroke of the ball valve of the injector is set constant,
the amount of fuel injected at one time is determined by the length of the time during which
the solenoid is energized.
The electronic control system consist of various sensors which detect the state of engine and
driving conditions, ECM which controls various devices according to the signals from the
sensors and Various controlled devices.
The systems are -
Fuel Injection Control System
Idle Speed Control System
Fuel Pump Control System
Ignition Control System
Radiator Fan Control System
the injection time are the basic injection time which is calculated on the basis of the engine
speed and the intake manifold pressure and various compensation which are determined
according to the signals from various sensors that detect the state of the engine and driving
conditions.
trouble area in ECM back-up memory. The memory is kept as it is even if the trouble was
only temporary and disappeared immediately and it is not erased unless the power to ECM is
shut off for specified time 60 sec. or longer. ECM also indicates trouble area in memory by
means of flashing of malfunction indicator lamp at the time of inspection.
This sensor senses pressure change in the intake manifold and converts it into voltage
Change. It consists of a semi-conductor type pressure converting element, which converts a
pressure change into an electrical change and, an electronic circuit which amplifies and
corrects the electric change. The ECM sends a 5-volt reference voltage to the pressure sensor.
As the manifold pressure changes, the electrical resistance of the sensor also changes By
monitoring the sensor output voltage ,ECM knows the manifold pressure, ECM uses the
voltage signal from the pressure sensor as one of the signals to control fuel injector.
If the Oxygen concentration on the inside surface of the zirconium element differs greatly
from that on the outside surface at high temperatures, the zirconium element generate a
voltage when the air-fuel mixture is lean there is lot of oxygen in the exhaust gas, so there is a
little difference between oxygen concentration inside and outside the sensor element. Thus
the voltage generated by the zirconium element is low if the air-fuel mixture is rich; the
oxygen in the exhaust has almost disappears. This creates a large difference in the oxygen
concentrations inside and outside the sensor and voltage generated by the zirconium element
is large. The ECM uses this signal to increase or reduce the injection volume to keep the air-
fuel ratio at an even value near the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio.
converts changes in the magnetic flux caused by rotation of the signal rotor into electric pulse
signals, Using this signal and the signal from the CKP sensor (if equipped), ECM identifies
the cylinder whose piston is in the compression stroke.
7. RESUTS –
In this system the fuel is injected into the intake port of each cylinder just before the inlet
valve. It requires one or more injectors per cylinder. The advantages of this system are
improved power and torque through improved volumetric efficiency and more uniform fuel
distribution to each cylinder and rapid response to the changes in the throttle position and
hence an appreciable fuel economy.
8. FURURE SCOPE-
The performance of MPFI engines is always better than the Carburetor SI engine. MPFI SI
engine as well as Carburetor SI engines and reduced the exhaust emissions. Performance
parameters for MPFI SI engine are better and recommended for the automobile vehicles. It
can be best right solution to oil crisis. The MPFI engine performed satisfactorily on Ethanol
& without any hardware modification. Ethanol reduces the environmental impacts of
transportation, reduce the dependence on crude oil imports and offer business possibilities to
agricultural enterprises for periods of excess agricultural production.
9. CONCLUSION -
Almost all vehicles in India are changing to the mpfi because of law emissions, improved
mileage and drivability since the engine is controlled by micro computer more accurate
amount of a/f mixture will be supplied and as a result complete combustion will take place.
This leads to effective utilization of fuel supplied and hence low emission level. It reduces
wastage of fuel by the use of sensors and other control systems.
10. REFERENCES-
I.C.Engine- V. Ganeshan
www.wikipedia.com
www.ijser.org
www.ijirset.com
www.ijfeat.org
www.ijera.com
www.howstuffworks .com
www.indiacar.com