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Answer:
i) Low-pass refers to a channel with a bandwidth that
starts from zero while a bandpass is a channel with a
bandwidth that does not start from zero.
ii) Low-pass has one threshold frequency. Band-pass
has two threshold frequencies.
iii) A low-pass channel has bandwidth with frequency
between 0 and infinity where band-pass channel has
bandwidth with frequency between f1 and f2.
iv)Low-pass is used in base-band and bandpass is
used in broadband.
Chapter-4
Q4-7. Difference Between Serial and Parallel
Transmission.
Chapter-6
Q6-1. Distinguish between synchronous and statistical
TDM.
Parameter Synchronous Statistical TDM
TDM
Working In Synchronous In Statistical TDM
TDM data flow of slots are allotted
each input dynamically. i.e.
connection is input line is given
divided into units slots in output frame
and each input if and only if it has
occupies one output data to send
time slot
No. of slots In Synchronous In Statistical TDM,
TDM no. of slots in No. of slots in each
each frame are frame are less than
equal to no. of input the no. of input lines.
lines. equal to no. of
input lines.
Buffers Buffering is not Buffering is done
done, frame is sent and only those
after a particular inputs are given
interval of time slots in output frame
whether someone whose buffer
has data to send or contains data to
not. send
Addressing Slots in Slots in Statistical
Synchronous TDM TDM contain both
carry data only and data and address of
there is no need of the destination.
addressing.
Synchronization and
pre assigned
relationships
between input and
outputs that serve
as an address.
Synchronization Synchronization bits No synchronization
are used at the bits are used.
beginning of each
frame.
capacity Max. Bandwidth The capacity of link
utilization if all inputs is normally is less
have data to send. than the sum of the
capacity of each
channel.
Data separation. In Synchronous In Statistical TDM
TDM de-multiplexer de-multiplexer at
at receiving end receiving end
decomposes each decomposes each
frame, discards frame by checking
framing bits and local address of
extracts data unit in each data unit. This
turn. This extracted extracted data unit
data unit from frame from frame is then
is then passed to passed to
destination device. destination device.
Q6-4. Define the digital hierarchy used by telephone companies and list
different levels of the hierarchy?
Answer: To maximize the efficiency of their infrastructure, telephone
companies have traditionally multiplexed digital signals from lower data
rate lines onto higher data rate lines. The digital hierarchy uses DS-0 (64
Kbps), DS-1 (1.544 Mbps), DS-2 (6.312 Mbps), DS-3 (44.376 Mbps), and
DS-4 (274.176 Mbps).
Q6-6. Which of the three multiplexing techniques are used to combine
analog signals? Which of the three multiplexing techniques are used to
combine digital signals?
Answer: FDM and WDM are used to combine analog signals; the
bandwidth is shared. TDM is used to combine digital signals; the time is
shared.
Q6-7.which of the three multiplexing techniques is common for fiber-
optic links? Explain the reason.
Answer: