CHAPTER – 1

Introduction

David Herbert Lawrence is one of the most important literary figures of

the modem contemporary world. In each & every literary genre, he is one of
the most outstanding authors. Generally, he comes in the category of those
writers who mostly writes about their own compulsion, about own psychology,
own attitude of life. Less or more his novels are autobiographical in the sense
that they deal with writer’s own experiences and his psychological traumas
which he gained from the very early period of his life. Lawrence took novel as
an important literary genre for himself. In his novels, he writes only about
those things which he feels himself. His novels deal with various kinds of
human relationships. He does not only describe the external appearance
rather exposes the inner forces of characters. As Lawrence knew very well
that human relationship is a permanent phenomenon. But it has the possibility
of changing. Although changes comes in the relationship but life always goes
on. To show the reality of life, his novels present a sentimental algebra as well
as psychological approach of human relationship. Through his novels, he tries
to tell the reality of the external world. He says that the world which we are
seeing is not true or real. On the other hand internal world is true or real. In all
his works, he tries to seek the visible from invisible. Lawrence describes the
inner core of an individual’s heart which automatically becomes the language
of the unconscious state. He has presented the unconscious debate through
the man-woman relationship and mundane affairs of abstractions, an
excellent use of symbols and images and human’s unending quest are widely
beautifully and realistically presented in his works through the psychological
probing as far as depths of human nature is concerned.
The author’s fame increased rapidly after his death. Today, he is known as an
excellent figure of modem literary world. As in this regard, E.M. Forester has
been remarked,
“The great imaginative novelist of our generation” (1)

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As the consequences of an admirable effort of the modern critics, he is known
as father of the psychoanalytical novel. He receives a great importance
among his contemporary writers such as Mann, Joyce, Proust, Kafka &
Faulkner.
David Herbert Lawrence was born in poor coal mining family of East Wood on
11th September, 1885. His father was a coal miner and his mother was a
superior lady as compare to his father. He was a frail but intensely studious
child by the birth. He started to write poetry or fiction from the very early
period of his life at the age of just seventeen.
As far as his childhood is concerned. It was not a happy one because of the
regular debate of his parents and grinding poverty. He started to receive the
bitter experiences of life from the very early period of his life. As Warren
Roberts and H.T. Moore have been remarked that,
“He always bore spiritual scars from those savage fights between his
parents”. (p. 12).
As the result of it he could not develop his personality as well. As J.M. Murry
has been remarked in this context that,
“D.H. Lawrence was a tortured soul throughout the full forty five years of his
life”. (p. 95)
The grinding poverty and hard or struggling life of cool miner and mutual
incompatibility in the relationship of his parents became the reason of
psychological traumas to the growing Lawrence. His father and mother were
totally different from each other. His father was a poor and robust man who
was habitual of taking drink on the way back home at the pub. It in furiated his
mother Lydia. His works are coloured with these quarrels especially his
remarkable or an autobiographical novel Sons and Lovers which is known as
the first or most significant novel as far as psychological analysis of 20th
century is concerned.
There are majority of such people who thinks that home’s influence restricted
up to be the early period of an individual. They also express their view in this
regard that cardinal influence puts a strongest effect up on individual’s
personality especially of parents and siblings. But these kinds of views have
been disapproved because there is no logic behind such ideas. But there is

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the strongest evidence, in this context that family’s influence determine the
concept of an individual’s self. From this point of view, we can say that
parents as well as siblings put a direct impact up on the personality of an
individual from the early years of his life. As Glasner remarks that,
“Personality is formed in the first instance within the womb of family
relationship”. (p. 291-293)
These are the very yearly experiences of life that the child receives his
attitude, his way of life and his socially behaviour. As Warnath states,
“That the home thus appears indeed to be as seat of learning for the
development of social skills, and perhaps of desire to participate in activities
with other individuals”. (pp. 346-348)
His poem entitled “Red Herring” gives a fine expression of his pain which is
the result of his parental differences. He has recorded this pain and its direct
impact up on him especially in his childhood,
My father was a working man
And a collier was he,
At six in the morning they turned him down,
And they turned him up for tea.
My mother was a superior lady
A superior soul was she,
Cut out to play a superior role
In the God damn bourgeois.
We children were the in between.
Little non-descripts were we
Indoor we called each other ‘you’
Outside it was ‘tha’ and ‘thee’ (36)
With intellectual tastes Lydia was a ‘superior lady’. She was refined and
educated. At the same time occupies a high social standing. As Geoffery
Trease has stated,
“She hated the rough working class in to which she had married.She felt
superior to her neighbours. She resented having to live among people whom
she looked down up on as uncouth and uneducated. She hated the Breach. In
fact she had a permanent grievance against life.”(p. 19)

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The married life of Mr Lawrence and Mrs. Lawrence was completely failure
one. Regular quarrel between them created a gap between them. This
ultimately becomes the reason of the emotional separation of the children.
Herry T. Moore and Warren Robert have been remarked in this regard that,
“Mrs. Lawrence disappointed in her marriage, turned her strong love upon her
sons” (p. 13)
Lydia’s nature was over possessive. First she shifts her love towards her
eldest son Ernest who was the most promising person. But after the death of
his eldest son her love falls on D.H. Lawrence. The love of his mother
becomes a barrier in his relationship. Ultimately, he fails to establish a healthy
relationship with any one only because of over possessive nature of his
mother.
His permanent object was sexual psychology which reflects in various kinds of
human relationships whether they are between woman and men, children and
parents and between the same sexes. Lawrence’s description regarding the
phenomena belongs to Freudian context. Although a direct impact of Freud’s
psychology can be noticed up on D.H. Lawrence. But he invented his own
mechanism and formulated his own psychology of the emotions which gives a
fine expression of psychoanalytical approach in “Psychoanalysis and the
Unconscious and Fantasia of the Unconscious”.
Lawrence had a great interest in complex psychology of men and women’s
relationship. Because the inner life affects the male-female relationship.
The dynamic approach of psychoanalytical study reveals the fact that the
individual’s behaviour can be driven by strongest inner forces. In this sense,
the individual’s actions are occurred by these biological or social drives.
Anxiety, guilt, tension, frustration, conflicts are the fire of human’s functioning
such as fuel and coal. Inner forces motivate the outer behaviour. Because
psychodynamic approach of psychoanalytical study gives stress on this fact
that motivation is a kind of dynamic theory.
According to Sigmund Freud; Lawrence as a true psychoanalyst gives his
own unconscious of the characters. Moreover, descriptions of situations are
highly significant in his novels. Freudian’s interpretation regarding the
literature applied in the works of D.H. Lawrence becomes ingenious and

4
convincing in explaining the ‘return of repressed’ Beside portraying the
psychology of characters, his novels reveal the ‘Conscious’ (‘Overt’) and
Unconscious (‘Covert’) state of writer’s himself.
A psychoanalytical exploration of the selected novels of D.H. Lawrence
is the theory of the dynamics of personality development and a theory of
personality organization that guides psychoanalysis which is a clinical method
for treating psychopathology. Sigmund Freud originated it for the first time in
the late 19th century. No doubt, many modifications have been done in his
psychoanalytical theory since its inception. In the last third of the 20th century
,several decades after Freud’s death, the theory for psychological treatment
came to full prominence as part of the flow of critical discourse; But it can be
accepted the fact that the theory as well as its validity is now rejected or
widely disputed. In accordance with the belief of Freud, Lawrence as an
author pours in his own unconscious into the characters and situation
depicted in most of his works specifically in his novels. Lawrence’s novels
become ingenious and convincing in explaining the ‘return of the repressed’
only than when Freudian interpretation of literature applied to Lawrence’s
works. In this respect, Lawrence has made the base of his psychology.
Besides the exposing of various dynamics of personality, Lawrence has
worked a lot on the unconscious mind. As Freud said, “it is the unconscious
that exposes the true feelings, emotions, and thoughts of the individual. There
are varieties of psychoanalytical techniques which are used to access and
understand the unconscious ranging from methods like dream analysis, and
free association.” (Freud) In accordance with Freud’s belief, dreams allow
individual to explore the unconscious, they are “the royal road” (Freud) to the
unconscious.
Dreams are manifest content as well as composed of latent. On one
hand, in the hidden meaning of a dream when a person wakes up, it may not
be remembered; On the other hand, evident content is the content which is
remembered by a person when he/she wakes up from the dream and that can
be analyzed by a psychoanalytical psychologist D.H. Lawrence. In order to
exploring and understanding the manifest content of dreams can inform the
individual’s complexes or disorder that may be under the surface of their

5
personality. Therefore, dreams provide access to the unconscious portion of
mind that is not easily accessible. While analyzing literary texts, Lawrence has
used his own psychoanalytical theory to decipher or interpret the concealed
meaning within a text, or to better understand the intention of the author.
Through the analysis of motives, Lawrence has used his own
psychoanalytical theory to help clarify the meaning of writing as well as the
action of the characters within the text. His novels explore the psychology of
characters which are also taken as the conscious or ‘Overt’ interpretation of
the ‘Covert’ or the unconscious of the author himself.
To have a better view of how Lawrence’s characters develop their
personality, Freudian psychoanalytical approach to the gradual changes of his
characters have been applied. The significance of the analysis lies in the
understanding of the personality development of characters. Thus, in this
respect, the essence of Lawrence’s philosophical idea of “balance of two
sexes” in relation to its surrounding as well as healing effects of harmonious
relationship between men and women in the distorted industrialized society
has been observed.
The psychodynamics proves the fact that all conditions which influence
relationship between an individual and personality development of family
members unquestionably ranked first. The home is the person’s primary
environment from the time he/she is born until he/she dies. While it may
change over years, birth and death of members, the family unit, and the
patterns of living that meet the needs of the members of family remain
relatively constant. The way of finding the true pristine unconscious of
Lawrence which is denied by the Freudians is to, in effect, peel away
everything in one which is the product of the working of the conscious mind,
authentic self. As he says that it is “where our life bubbles up in us, prior to
any mentality.” (20) Lawrence called it is also an expression of a primal life
force but often “the life mystery”. The concept is strongly influenced by
Schopenhauer’s theory of the “will in nature” (20).
It would not be a distortion to refer to Lawrence’s idea of the
unconscious as being a primal, animal self within us. “As selves, we are not
aware of ourselves in the unconscious Lawrence expresses this conviction

6
almost from the very beginning of his writing career . . . Lawrence’s discussion
of the unconscious suffers from confusing use of terminology. He understands
the unconscious to involve a more primal form of unconsciousness. According
to the views of the author, “unconscious is that part within us that knows but in
a pre-conceptual, intuitive fashion.” It seems to me that Lawrence’s
unconscious is unconscious because the intellect is unconscious of it, or
incapable of really fathoming it, not because it itself is literally not
unconscious. In reality, Lawrence’s firm belief lies in conscious of the world in
very important ways. So keeping this view in mind, his terminology makes
sense.
Hence, the researcher’s use of “unconscious” should be taken to be
Lawrence’s, though sometimes will instead refer to the “primal self” in the
state of unconscious we may locate all that which the organism does
automatically to sustain life-which requires no deliberate willing by the
conscious, mental self. Lawrence’s theory of the unconscious remains
uncontroversial which includes respiration, growth, digestion, healing etc.
Whereas Lawrence considers that the unconscious brings forth “tissue and
organs” and that it is “the spontaneous life motive in every organism” (22)
Lawrence says that there is the primal part of us which has its own way
of relating to the world and to other living beings; that it has its own
fundamental ways of knowing. He goes on to claim that over the course of
human history we have become progressively detached from pre-reflective
ways of being in the world. Through the denigration as well as an over
emphasis up on intellect fear of everything in us that has not come about
through conscious choice; everything that is not under our direct, mental
control.
In his psychoanalytical theory the unconscious aspect of the human
psyche is his starting point of discussion. By recognizing the importance of the
unconscious mind, he notes that there are three parts of human psyche still
interrelated seemingly independent. These are called the conscious, the
subconscious and the pre-conscious. The first one constitutes a tip of an
iceberg, while the sub conscious is deeper under the surface. The pre-
conscious becomes part of the conscious that is ready to come out of the

7
surface. Because of the social forbidden, there are many labels and major
premises attached to certain sexual impulses, many of our desires and
memories are constrained in to a safe box. Freud’s study of Oedipus complex
is the prototype for Lawrence’s psychological approach, which tries to bring
modern insight about human behavior in to the study of how fictional people
act. Thus Lawrence’s psychoanalytical theory is closely related to the study of
literature, as Lawrence admitted that he has learned a great deal about
psychology from studying literature.
Lawrence describes the process by which a child forms a mantel idea
of its mother in fantasia of the unconscious. At first, child’s awareness
regarding the mother is pure, non-mental bodily awareness. But this is the
case of the womb. But when it is born the child can use its eyes to gaze up on
the mother as an independent of object. But gradually, a conception of the
object develops in the mind of the child. As Lawrence admits himself that
It develops as a result of the positive and negative reaction from the primal
centers of consciousness. From the first great centre of sympathy the child is
drawn to a lovely opening with the mother. From the first great center of will
comes the independent self-assertion which locates the mother as something
outside, something objective. (47)
Thus as an independent entity a conception of the mother is gradually
formed. Our fundamental conceptions of the world-those that we form
ourselves rather than have dictated to us-are constructed in this way. “The
development of the original mind in every child and every man always and
only follows from the dual fulfillment in the dynamic consciousness”.
Lawrence tries to offer a definitive description of the unconscious near
the end of psychoanalysis and the unconscious. According to him, it is the
unconscious which plays in giving birth to mentality. At last, what we get from
the sort of notion what the unconscious actually is. It is that active spontaneity
which rouses in each individual organism at the moment of fusion of the
parent nuclei, and which, in polarized connection with the external universe,
gradually evolves or elaborates its own individual psyche and corpus, bringing
both mind and body forth from itself. Thus it would seem that the term
unconscious is only another world for life. (48)

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 In the Fantasia of the unconscious Lawrence tells us that man can
know himself not by reason alone but his total personality comes in to play.
He most knows not only by the conscious but by the unconscious and even
the sub-conscious. Thus it becomes clear that Lawrence’s age also influenced
by his psyche. Because at that time, there was a complete breakdown of the
agrarian way of life and economy. Many problems rose because of rapid
urbanization and industrialization. There was a steep fall in the standards of
sexual morality. There was an increased withdrawal of the individual and
skepticism or antagonisms within his own shell. This inwardness was
accentuated by the new psychological theories of Jung, Bergson and Freud.
Generally; human beings are supposed to be rational because their conduct is
not guided and controlled by the conscious, rather it is at the mercy of the
forces lying buried deep within the unconscious and even the subconscious.
The moral attitudes of the writers influenced especially in matters of
sex. Freud’s theory of the Oedipus complex raised a sensation when it was
freely exploited by writers like D.H.Lawrence. The study of the unconscious
and even the sub-conscious is a major theme of modern literature. The major
psycho-dynamical concepts expressed in the novels (Sons and Lovers,
Rainbow, Women in Love and Lady Chatterley’s Lover) discussed in the study
which are directly related to psychology. There are few terms which are very
common in psychological study as a science. The psychological terms are-
‘Mother Fixation’, ‘Oedipus Complex’, ‘Infantile Sexuality’, ‘Sexual Instincts’,
‘Split Personality’, ‘Man-Woman Relationship’, ‘Parent Child Relationship’,
‘Man to Man Relationship’, ‘Relationship between Family Members’, etc.
discussed in the study. Here Lawrence has revealed the psychological trauma
of the 20th century man. He showed that natural instincts as well as passion
that clamored for satiation dithered and clashed with inhibitions and
restrictions imposed up on the modern man. The split personality and the
berated mind of an individual denied him deeper and vaster dimensions of
emotional experiences.
This kind of psychoanalysis which is based on the tripartite theory is
better than some metaphysical point of view. As far as metaphysical analysis
is concerned, it sounds erudite and mystical for common readers, but tripartite

9
theory is easier to grasp and more suitable for us to the analysis of other
characters beyond the novels of Lawrence. His permanent object was sexual
psychology which reflects in various human relationships whether it is
between women and men, children and parents, or between the same sexes;
Lawrence’s description regarding this phenomenon which belongs to Freudian
context. Although a direct impact of Freud’s psychology can be noticed up on
D.H. Lawrence.
D.H. Lawrence was greatly impressed by Hardy’s sensual appreciation
of the rich vitality of earth and his cynical views on the marriage which are
reflected in Sons and Lovers and in his later novels The Rainbow (1915),
Women in Love (1920). In study of Thomas Hardy in which he remarks that,
“every man comprises male and female in his being...A woman likewise
consists in male and female”(481). Lawrence had a great interest in complex
psychology of men and women’s relationship because the inner life affects the
male-female relationship.
The psychodynamic model is based on Sigmund Freud and his
psychological writings that put a great impact on the formulation of
psychology. Thus, dynamic approach expresses the idea that inborn instincts
and biological drives lead to direct behavior of an individual. Hence, the
individuals are dominated by aggressive as well as sexual urges. The Society
is always against in the exposure of these urges which captures the infant as
well as young child in a crosscurrent. We all are depended on our inherited
urges as well as early parental training experiences. Individual survives only
because of conflicts by rational control over these basic conflicts. Behavior
does not make any kind of sense. Basically it is based on logic, or it is
analyzed as an unconscious motives. The psychodynamic model reveals the
psychological fact that human nature is completely motivated through heredity
and experiences of very early life.
As far as the critical analysis of the psycho-dynamics is concerned, it
reveals itself through abstract impulses, feelings, mythical or materialistic
symbols; instincts which have been attempted in the present study. The
purpose of this psychoanalytical study and analysis of motives centers around

10
the valuable assessment of his novels Sons and Lovers, Rainbow, Women in
Love, and Lady Chatterley’s Lover.
Statement of problem
Five years ago, when I first read D.H. Lawrence I was so impressed by
his works but I could not understand what fascinated me towards him. Now I
can notice the reasons that the basic psychological concepts which formulate
a psychological study are fascinating but extremely difficult.
The present research work deals with the selected novels of Lawrence
Sons and Lovers(1913), The Rainbow(1915), Women in Love(1920), Lady
Chatterley’s Lover(1928) will acquaint the researcher to study Lawrence from
the psychoanalytical point of view by taking the psychological phrases in to
the mind in a unique way. The study reveals the fact that these are the
various kinds of psychodynamics which I have already mentioned above
which govern up on the personality of an individual. But at the same time, they
reveal the fact that the human behavior can be motivated by inner forces. The
critical analysis of the psycho-dynamics exposes through the feelings,
instincts, materialistic and mythical symbol. That’s why I am impressed by the
exposure of the psychodynamics into the works of D.H. Lawrence and I am
still fascinated by his works.
The psychological subject is always a complex one. The greatest
obstacles come when writing about such concepts depends on how people
interpret the word ‘psychology’ while dealing Lawrence with psychological
factors or phrases. The research work has critiqued the different views by the
critics. Every critic has diverse critical opinions because one makes
interpretation according to a pattern of one’s own.
In the research work the dynamic approach of a psychological study
reveals the fact that the individual’s behavior is motivated or driven through
the total powerful forces of an inner self and the biological or social drives
behind the actions of an individual. This is the basic reason of Lawrence’s
seeking of conscious and unconscious elements in his works. As Lawrence
was very well aware with the impact of psychological trauma that he felt
himself through his own life. How it affects the personality of an individual

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because he felt the effectiveness of the psychological trauma throughout his
life.
Sons and Lovers is the best psychoanalytical novel of the modern
contemporary world. D.H. Lawrence is the first psychoanalyst in this regard
who introduces psychological theme in his novel. With the advent of new
sensation in the modern literary world it captures the attention of both the
readers as well as other contemporaries’ writer of D.H. Lawrence. The
present study is the story of psychological human relationship between man
and women which is the major problem of the modern world. Lawrence’s own
experience and Freudian psychoanalytical theory named an Oedipus complex
which adds a new interest in the present study. At the same time it also
presents an internal view of the life of industrial working class of England and
the repercussion of urbanization as well as industrialization of those people on
their unconsciousness.
The novel shows Mrs Morel’s rigidity and her lack of sensuality of the
reader. But at the same time allow them to see her as the beleaguered girl of
cold, cruel parent-Mrs Morel’s father, George Coppard. Though the character
of Mrs Morel,, Lawrence wants to give the preference of his mother instead of
hIs father. Mrs Morel bears her father’s emotional legacy: “She was a puritan
like her father, high-minded, and really stern”(18). Here one can notice that it
is Lawrence’s explicit repressive representation of patriarchal culture. Before
meeting Walter Morel the narrator also inform us that Gertude is in a love of a
man, named John Feild with whom she wanted to marry. But she could not do
it only because of her own economic constraints and an autocratic father of
Field. Field expresses his desire to go in to the ministry before Gertude.
Field’s father becomes ruin after losing the business but Field neither per
sues Gertude nor the ministry. In the end, he marries with an elderly woman
only because of property and he becomes a teacher. “And still,” the narrator
remarks, “Mrs Morel preserved John Feild bible.The portrait or characteristics
qualities are reflected in the very opening chapter of the novel. This allows the
readers to understand her psyche and her bitterness. As a woman and as a
daughter she suffers a lot in the male dominated society. She has to go
through the deep disappointment and personal diminishment. She feels again

12
the experiences of humiliation and betrayal after the marrying with Walter
Morel. Then she realizes that he does not belong to her.
Lawrence’s novel continuously portrays the hardened soul of the
characters and “crystallized” only because of narcissistic injury. There is a
remarkable portrayal of a shameful feeling of rejection as far as her desiring
self is concerned. There are infuses condition which are wrapped much of
Lawrence’s novel. The subjective experience is the predominant quality of
Schizoid individual, and it confirms the fact of Lawrence’s characters, which
are consequently as an inner void.
Gertude was fascinated towards Walter Morel by filling the void through
representing precisely what she missed- physical expressiveness, emotional
and spontaneous feeling: “the dusky, golden softness of this man’s sensuous
flame of life, that flowed from off his flesh like the flame from a candle, not
baffled and gripped in to incandescence by thought and spirit as her life was,
seemed to her something wonderful, beyond her.” (18) As Lawrence’s knew
very well that no one can fulfill the void in an individual self. In an attempt to
compensate for the deficiency, the fractured or empty self devour the other or
may typically seek to absorb. But Lawrence shows that sort of relationship is
doomed again and again how. As Mrs Morel “had no life of her own.” The
narrator says, “She had to put her own living aside, put it in the bank, as it
were, of her children. She thought and waited for them, dreamed what they
would do, with her self behind them as motor force, when they grew up.
Already William was a lover to her” (44) Sons and Lovers is oedipal novel
indeed; it describes correctly about the oedipal fantasy which becomes
inflamed and bloated for mother’s impaired subjectivity and her wounded
narcissism. The very opening scene of the novel consistently demonstrates
her exclusion, betrayal and her subjective experiences of loss. There is the
scene in the novel where Mrs Morel’s emotional devastation comes out when
she chops off William’s baby curls, for instance.
Morel knew, that act had caused something momentous to take place
in her soul. She remembered the scene all her life, as one in which she had
suffered the most intensely. (24)

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 As the narrator on forces, her reaction is irrational as well as excessive
but her pain is nonetheless real. As we know very well about Mrs Morel’s
isolation and loneliness “Miles away from her own people”; He came just
when her faith in life was shaken, and her soul felt dreary and lonely. She
made much of the child, and the father was jealous.Her own bitterness was
hardest to bear. .”(22). Here the narrator does not give her blame of cutting
the child’s hair because it is not a malicious act. Like the critic Harvey, the
reader may even feel about Mrs Morel.
There is another scene of the novel which vividly describes Mrs Morel’s
desolation and the white lilies which is one of the most famous in Lawrence’s
fiction. As the emotional context of the scene; it is betrayal and rejection
Walter Morel locks Mrs Morel out of the house. Outwardly, she is struck by the
brutal treatment of her husband as she is struck by the brutal light of the
moon: “Mrs Morel, shivered to find herself out there in a great, white light
seared with passion that fell cold on her, (33) She is in a “delirious condition,”
mentally reenacting the painful scene until, as usual, she has successfully
numbed the pain through defensive, “mechanical” mental effort :. In the end,
she hurried out of the side garden to the front, where she could stand as if in
an immense gulf of white light, the moon streaming high in face of her, the
moon light standing up from the hills in front, and filling the valley where the
bottoms crouched, almost blindly. She became aware of something about her.
With an effort, she roused herself; to see what it was that penetrated her
consciousness. The tall white lilies were standing in the moon light, and the
air was charged with their perfume, as with a presence. Mrs Morel gasped
slightly in fear. She touched the big, pallid flowers on their petals, and then
shivered. They seemed to be stretching in the moon light. She put her hand
on to one white bin: the gold scarcely showed on her fingers by moon light.
She bent down, to look at the bin-ful of yellow pollen: but it only appeared
dusky. Then she drank a deep draught of the scent it almost made her dizzy.
Mrs Morel leaned on the garden gate, looking out, and she lost her self a
while. She did not know what she thought. Except for a slight feeling of
sickness, and her consciousness in the child, she melted out like scent in to
the shiny pale air. After a time, the child too melted with her in the mixing pot

14
of moon light, and she rested with the hills and lilies and houses, all swum
together in a kind of swoon. (34)
Here Mrs Morel’s interior state is reflected through this imagistic
rendering with which all the critics agree with that, however, they are disagree
with the exact interpretation of the images. Here I would like to describe two
most important points regarding the matter. First, throughout Lawrence’s work
Mrs Morel’s forlorn, her sense of violation and outcast position and helpless
fury-these are initial subjective state of Mrs Morel which echoes that of a
narcissistically injured child. Through the external image of over powering
mother and remorseless the sense symbolically projects the internal
sufferings of Mrs Morel. Second, the merging fantasy is directly connected to
the condition of narcissistic injury with that the scene opens. As far as
psychoanalytic view of merging fantasies today is concerned, to an actual
prior symbolic state they represent less a regression than recognition and a
reaction to early failures of attunement. If other does not give attuned
response towards the infant’s assertion, physical and emotional of its
spontaneous being.
As a result of it, a denial of its affective vitality or being and the baby
experiences narcissist rejection. The child may feel shameful about his
experiences of desire and its experience of bodily feelings. Only because of
this the sense of authenticity and subjective reality loss. This kind of state is of
the opposite fantasy when one seeks for himself the bodily affective
affirmation for self them fantasy of letting go and abolishing all boundaries as
well as barriers. No doubt the first part of the imagery scene confirms solid
assertion recognition dynamic. The white lilies as well as stretching moon light
describe Mrs Morel’s self assertion. With coldness and chastity the exterior
whiteness of the lilies is directly connected to the moon, which is an interior of
perfumed scent, a “dusky” sensuous echoing the sensuality “dusky, godliness
softness” of Walter Morel, (quoted earlier). Mrs Morel’s deeply inhaling the
scent, which represent her attempt to access a hidden, bodily vitality and
repressed sensuality. Psychologically, the scene also ties this mother child
relationship with its oral mode of connection.

15
 Mrs Morel in dizzy disoriented state, in the act of imbibing the pollen
leaves. And the two paragraphs completely describe melting fluidity and
mystical boundaries. As the fantasy describes a surrendering of mental
defenseas and profound relaxing of restraints. At the end, the moon light is no
aggressive but capable of holding.
Again the regressive fantasy of melting does not reflect a desire to
return to an actual former state of bliss with the mother. It is a reaction as this
scene makes clear. However the perfect harmony and the fantasy of idealized
attunement cannot be sustained when Mrs Morel departures from the garden
once again she is desolate: “She was tired and wanted to sleep. In the
mysterious out – of - doors she felt forlorn” (35) To understand the
psychological problems of her sons and the symbolic imagery of the above
scene is key of Mrs Morel’s depression. Mrs Morel’s lost contact with her
bodily as well as an emotional life will make her unable to understand the
passion life of her sons. Paul has a both kinds of experiences as narcissistic
rage and the oedipal desire to possess her.
Being as a witness of the modern contemporary society Lawrence says that in
the modern age there is lot of stress upon the people which is affecting their
thinking and feeling. So the present novels define some causes behind the
action of modern psychological men. As a psychoanalytical novel it exposes
an inner layer of tension, conflict frustration, joy and doubts of modern men.
So the present novel can be said in this context a psychodynamic model of
Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytical theory. Sons and lovers is the best novel
which contain the various major psychodynamics. Lawrence starts to write
this novel in 1910 and finally completes it in 1912 and its publication comes in
1913 when Lawrence’s age was twenty eight years. In a real way; its title is
symbolic the major psychodynamic that is the mother fixation which runs
throughout the novel.
With the death of his mother Paul lives alone in this materialistic world. As
Paul’s psyche works and he thinks that life always must go on. So again with
the full enthusiasm and joy he is ready to face the challenge of life and he
ultimately precedes his steps towards the materialistic society. The major
psychodynamics that is the mother fixation which reflects throughout the

16
whole novel as a psychological centre. No doubt, it is the story of mother and
her sons. And the sons who ultimately becomes the lovers of his mother
without any sexual touch.
Both the sons and mother plays the role of lover and beloved the son who
becomes his husband substitute as far as emotionally fulfillment in the
relationship is concerned. The eldest son completely acts as lover who brings
gift for his mother. Most time he spends with his mother even though they
have desire regarding their mother that she should look young always.
The love relationship between mother and her son remains unsuccessful in
the sense that both the sons Paul as well as William fail to create a healthy
relationship with any other women. The marriage life of the Morel’s becomes
unsuccessful because of the over possessive nature of Mrs Morel. She was
more superior to her husband. Mrs. Morel can’t understand the traits of the
personality of Walter Morel which he has gained from the very early period of
life. As Lawrence’s sexual psychology also works in the present novel. He
considers that sexual union between the individual is necessary as far as
personal development of an individual is concerned. At the same time, he
talks about separateness in the sexual union of man and woman. He has
given the name of this separateness in a term as ‘divine otherness’ Mrs. Moral
belongs to a middle class family. But after the marriage she shifts in the lower
class of coal miner and unable to recognize herself with poor and lower class
coal miner. So in order to attain her self esteem she gives lot of rent for her
house. An Oedipus complex a major psychodynamics which is the main
source behind the sexually maladjustment in author’s psychography Sons and
Lovers. An Oedipus complex a psychoanalytical theory posed by Austrian
psychologist Sigmund Freud. So it supports the idea that in the parents’
children relationship the infantile sexuality manifests. It is a kind of
phenomena in which a person shows over possessive nature towards the
opposite sex to him or her in which hatred reflects towards the other parent.
Being as a psychoanalytical novel it examines the various effects of this
phenomenon upon the individual’s personality. So in this regards, Sons and
Lovers examines the psychological effects which put a direct impact upon the

17
children’s personality only because of over possessive nature of their mother
towards their sons. Further commenting upon it, Graham Hough says that,
“Sons and Lovers is indeed the first Freudian novel in English. (5)
Here Lawrence wants to suggest the idea that the parental children
relationship which is based on exaggerated intense love ultimately leads to a
painfully relationship between children and parents. As we find in the case of
Paul Morel. Due to his mother fixation, he fails to be developing his
personality and establishing healthy relationship with any other woman. Its
second plane of consciousness is concerned it is a psychodynamic kind of
relationship with her children in which parents adds monomania for excessive
love –
Mrs Morel was not satisfied with her married life as well as her husband
Walter morel is concerned. For emotionally fulfillment she takes her sons one
by one as her husband’s substitute. First of all; her love falls upon her eldest
son William Morel, who is against his father and completely ready to abuse
him. As Anthony Beal comments in this context,
“The children see their father with their mother’s eyes and all unite against
hims. (8)
Same Lawrence has written in this matter. Paul Morel particularly one of
those children who especially against his father. In this why; Mr. Morel is
enemy in his own family. As Lawrence gives his own judgment by saying that
after the many years of his life and gives fine expression of it in his Fantasia.
The Morel family which ultimately turns in to a ‘solo family’. As various
psychodynamics have identified a kind of ‘solo family,
“When one parent is absent, due to death, divorce, desertion, separation, or
some other cause, the home becomes ‘Solo’ home, with one parent, usually
the mother, playing the role of both parents. (11)
In a personality development of a child; it is a father whose role is the most
important because he leaves his mark on the personality of child. But in the
case of protagonist Paul Morel we find that father (Walter morel) who is
always away from home. And it is mother Mrs. Morel who becomes trainer of
her children as far as personality development is concerned. With the
consequences of it the children to be dependent and becomes less mature in

18
compare to his age mates.A solo home which put an impact upon the
individual’s personality as we see in the case of Paul Morel. The parents and
other family members also feel this effect. At the same time, Walter Morel
becomes guilty by avoiding his children although he gives supports them. In
this why; it is Mrs Morel who ultimately becomes the fate maker of her
children by neglecting her husband due to children. Both the husband (Walter
Morel) and wife (Gertude Morel) fails to recognize the psychological facts.
From his childhood Paul was connected to his mother. The Paul’s life rounds
throughout his mother. In all his life he cares a lot of his mother. And it is
mother who is everything for him. The pivot and pole of his life is his mother
Mrs. Morel. In an emotional sense, Mrs. Morel takes William and Paul Morel
as her husband’s substitute. From the very first time, William confesses his
love affair before his mother. Here William comes in the midway of his love for
his mother and Gyp. He is torn between the body and soul. By not attaining
the sexual fulfillment; a psychological storm arises in him which takes him
ultimately to his death. The suppressd sexual instinct in him and over
possessiveness of his mother leads to his death.
After the death of his eldest son she takes his second son that is Paul Morel.
Now she can’t lose Paul at any cost as she loses his elder son. She does not
want that any women come in the life of his son. That’s why; she expresses
her hatred towards Mirriam who is a girl friend of Paul Morel. A conversation
which takes place between mother and son in which she expresses her fear
for Paul Morel’s girl friend Mirriam,
“Is She so fascinating that you must follow her --- you are never too tired to go
if she will come for you ….Nay, but you neither want to eat or drink then.” Paul
replies, “I do like her.” Mrs Morel says in a biting tone, “Like her. It seems to
me you like nothing and nobody else. There is neither Annie nor me nor
anyone else for you. (14)
Like William Morel, Paul also torn between body and soul. Both the woman
fights for him but Paul ultimately turns to Mirriam but she has a “physical
bondage”, a psychological problem regarding the sex. Paul can’t receive any
sexual satisfaction from the side of Mirriam who is the godess of spirituality. .

19
Although Paul likes her but becomes irritate and bore to her as her attitude
regarding the sex is concerned.As Paul says: “She wanted to sack the soul
out of his body not him”. He tells her in great anger .Finally the relationship
could not go on. It fades away due to attitude of their love is concerned.
Although a turning point comes in the life of Paul Morel with the arrival of
Clara in his life who is very bold lady in the matter of sex. Now Clara flames of
physical love in Paul and he makes the lover of her. But this relationship is
based on merely physical love where there is no satisfaction as far as
spirituality is concerned. As we see in Mirriam who awackness the soul of
Paul Morel, on the other hand, it is Clara who possesses merely his body.
Finally the relationship of Clara and Paul Morel fades away only because of
more intense love as far as physical love is concerned.In the last; we find Paul
Morel ultimately fails to be establishing a healthy relationship with any other
women. His relationship remains unsuccessful with Mrs. Morel, Clara and
Mirriam. With the death of his mother, Paul lives alone but again with the ray
of hope his journey starts, he precedes his steps towards the glowing city of
lights. Here for the consideration we must take a lot of facts about the life of
Paul Morel who does not receive satisfaction form any relationship. In the end
as we find that he becomes in different towards life as well as death. Mother is
a source of life for him but now she is dead. As Lawrence himself admits that
the relationship of men and women can be made better if the relationship is
based on the balance between body and soul.
The character development of Ursula Brangwen in The Rainbow is
manifested in the form of some psychological disorder. In order to understand
the reason behind the main character’s personality and attitude, the thesis
writer has applied the psychoanalytic theories of Sigmund Freud. The most
striking thing of her behavior is her psychosexual perversion. She experiences
a very shocking rejection from her father, and the heart remains within her,
leading her to some psychological disorder. She thinks that she can find the
kind of life she desires, by involving in the same-sex relationship. But she
turns out to be wrong. Finally, she thinks over it and accepts that she has
made a big mistake. From the analysis, it can be concluded that one’s past
childhood can put a big influence on shaping one’s behavior.

20
Lady Chatterley’s Lover is the most debatable work of D.H.Lawrence. In this
novel, one can find transformation in the personality of Connie who is the
heroine of the novel. In order to understand, how she develops her
personality, readers will have to apply the psychoanalytic approach of Freud
to the gradual changes of her character. The significance of this study
supplies the most important fact that through understanding of the personality
development of Connie, one can grasp the essence of Lawrence’s ideal of
“balance of two sexes” in healing the effects of harmonious relationship
between women and men in the industrialized society. As I have earlier said
that it is the most debatable work of Lawrence. It comes to the view again of
public, after being banned for many years. It shows us a fundamental
question about being bound with setting oneself free for the pursuit of true
love. No doubt, it is a book of human nature. The heroine, Connie provides us
an insight through which we can look in to the relationship between women
and men in the 19th century England, as far as the process of industrialization
is concerned. According to the views of Lawrence; due to industrialization,
people are able to bring material wealth, but it distorts people’s relationship to
some extent. By taking this view in his mind Lawrence gives stress on a
balance between two sexes. In an industrialized and sophisticated
environment, only true love may be the best therapy for psychological
problem of men.
The novel is written by taking a big outlook on industrialized England.
Through Freudian psychoanalysis, the personality development of Connie
becomes specific. The writer’s tripartite theory of personality development
enables us to capture a sight of the whole picture.
The Rainbow and Women in Love are the written work of art in which
Lawrence has projected many issues such as sexual psychology, conflict in
the relationship of human beings especially between men and women, class
system and social conflict. In this regard, the present study of the novels of
D.H. Lawrence deserves to praise which captures the attention of the readers
as well as modern contemporary writer of twentieth century. Through the
study of the selected novels of D.H. Lawrence, my aim is to explore the

21
various psychodynamics which govern upon an individual’s personality. At the
same time, it contains basic solution of the modernism problem.
There are two most important psychological issues with which the The
Rainbow is notice able. First Lawrence’s treatment of sexual psychology and
second is to explore various dimension of men and women relationship. The
present study deals with the relationship of men and women which put a great
impact upon Lawrence throughout all his life. For making the relationship of
human beings better he tries to seek the conscious and unconscious
elements in all his works. With which relationship can be made better. The
main characteristic of the novel is not only story but accurate and minute
description of an individual’s various psychological aspects. In this sense,
Lawrence is the master in the art of his characterization. He is brilliant to
explore inner consciousness of his characters which ultimately becomes the
core of our interest. As far as Lawrence’s permanent object in this novel is
concerned that is sexual psychology which manifests in various human
relationship such as men and women relationship, men and men relationship,
parents and children relationship, relationship between the family members
etc. In the preset study Lawrence depicts two contradictory love relationships.
First which exist between Gudrun and Gerald and second exist between
Ursula and Birkin. At the first Glance; both the pair of lovers, have different
attitude towards life They have some sort of expectations from their life.
They want to attain the complete fulfillment in their life that’s why; they make
their action in to a right way. On the other hand, it is Gerald and Gudrun
whose attitude or movement towards life totally negative. In a real way,
Gerald is a symbolic picture of death. They want to attain only physical
satisfaction nothing else. In this sense; both the love relationships are
contradictory to each other. That’s why; Lawrence’s novel has carried it with
the theme of balance between opposites. Ursula and Birkin’s relationship
depicts Lawrence’s norm of love with which a satisfactory human relationship
can be made by attaining the individuals’ otherness. Ursula is completely
satisfied with his partner. On the other hand, it is Birkin who wants to attain
something new in his relationship. He wants to reach the third stage of the

22
relationship as far as creative human relationship is concerned. As Keith
Sagar has commented on the creative relationship of Birkin and Ursula,
“It is essential to the budding relationship between Birkin and Ursula that it
should not be a fixed thing, that they should never finally ‘know’ each other, as
Hermione had wanted to ‘know’ Birkin. Each acknowledges the mystery and
uniqueness of the other. Each has an ‘odd mobility and changeableness’ each
can fly away from himself in real, indifferent gaity (88)
As Lawrence says that there should be a complete emotional fulfillment in the
relationship of men and women. The relationship of Gudrun and Gerald is
completely contradictory in its nature. Gudrun’s first encounter with Gerald at
his sister’s marriage. She feels attracted towards him. Both of them have a
revolutionary nature. They want to keep each other in his or her domain
power. In this regard, it can’t be a true relationship where there is not much
satisfaction in their relationship. As Ronald Greg has commented up on it,
“The love between Gerald and Gudrun is always out of self-assertion. on the
one hand and self-surrender on the other, now the man, now the woman
being dominant. There is never fulfillment for both together, but always for one
only, while the other lays awake and conscious, hatred growing within.”(147)
The Rainbow presents a clear picture of the concept of human relationship as
far as Lawrence’s handling of theme is concerned. Lawrence‘s concept
regarding the human relationship becomes the core point of novel. But at the
same time, it presents the Lawrence‘s theory about the human relationship
before the readers. While expressing his views on marriage Lawrence says
that marriage is a combination of various feelings such as hate and love,
repulsion and attraction and resolution and squabble. There is different list of
an individual’s traits as far as men and women are concerned. As H.M.
Daleski remarks that,
“Lawrence considers the male attribute of knowledge the opposite of the
female feeling, male consciousness opposite female feelings, and male mind
opposite female senses. This gives incentive to providing the logic of this
replacement of body for emotion. I cite the paring of the male idea opposite
female body”(3-18)

23
Rainbow is not only an exploration of love relationship of men and women.
But there must be complete fulfillment in the relationship of male also. For
vital fulfillment of the relationship of men and women, a polarity is essential. If
there is not such reconciliation in the relationship then tragedy occurs.
Through the depiction of many relationships in his novels Lawrence observes
that there is not complete fulfillment in the relationship of human beings. For
making a healthy relationship between human being this fulfillment is
necessary. Relationships are to be fail only because of conflict between
consciousness and the unconsciousness, different -different principle of male
and female towards the relationship, an a direct opposition between body and
mind. A satisfactory polarity lies in the men and women relationship when
there is complete fulfillment exist in that relationship. This polarity must be
complemented and perfected in man to man relationship as far as some
purposive activities are concerned. Lawrence expresses his firm belief in to a
full relationship but there must be an expansion of friendship and brotherhood.
In to a full relationship there may be physical and passionate meeting on
some third holy ground. At the same time Lawrence is not much clear about
the man to man relationship. As Graham Hough remarks that,
“Lawrence, “never ……. seems to have understood man-to-man relationship
at all well”(2234)
It may be said in this context that it is right and significant attempts of our
author for ritualized brotherhood in life as well as fiction. In The Rainbow
Lawrence has depicted three major relationships. First exist between Lydia
and Tom, second exist between Anna and Will and third between Skrebensky
and Ursula. But the relationship of IIIrd generation has been successful to
capture the attention of author as well as its readers. In the novels of D.H.
Lawrence there is not only exploration of man-woman relationship but there is
exploration of man to man relationship. As Lawrence says that it is the
business of the written work of art to expose the various relationships
between human beings at the living moment.
There is a fundamental lack of understanding between woman and man which
has brought out at by author in to his novel. And this lack of understanding
becomes more complicated when relationship is based on merely intense

24
sexual. No doubt Skrenbensky and Ursula are facing difficult time to forming
their partnership. But at the same time, sharing feelings and thoughts with
each other. The most important character Ursula ultimately becomes the core
point of Lawrence’s observation regarding the relationship and the conflict
which exist in the inextricable combination of spiritual and physical. Lawrence
considers that if the relationship is based on friendliness only it can continue
because in this kind of relationship there is no domination or possession by
one another. But when relationship is based on intense sexual love the
situation becomes more complicated where there is not an appropriate
balance between individual’s soul and desire of its love object. But there is
one thing which is noticeable in this context that Lawrence exposes not only
external conflict which reflects in his all stories of relationship. But inner
conflict also which is illogical contradictory desire of human being.
Both the novels Women in Love and The Rainbow are the stories of human
relationship which exposes the conflict in the relationship especially between
men and women. Lawrence always tries to seek the terms of relationship with
which men and woman can get complete fulfillment in their relationship.
Lawrence expresses his wish that a new ideal world can be created only by
an extra ordinary men and woman. And that kind of relationship can be
succeeded when it is based not only on parts but the whole of men and
women.
Lawrence’s pattern of imagery is figurative as well as literal fulfills his
pragmatic intention and elaborates conceptual scheme of him. No doubt,
Lawrence’s novels deals with long passages of abstraction, of metaphorical or
symbolic meditation but in fact they imply inner emotions though the recording
of the outward signs. Naturally, through symbolic presentation, the whole
novel becomes a single whole, “...one unit of consciousness like a picture
which gives the effect of “feeling deepened in to feeling in consciousness till
there (is) a sense of fullness” (81).As Lawrence maintains, the symbolism
presents, “the emotional consciousness of the enquirer, as he pandered them,
revolving more and more rapidly, till out of a state of intense emotional
absorption the resolve at last formed; or as we say, the decision was arrived
at”(81).However, the symbolism of Lawrence, “is not arrived at,” says Eliseo

25
Vivas “by mere reshuffling or rearranging of the matter of experience. It is
creative and it is a genuine synthesis” (275) for this type of symbolism which
is considerably more than a matter of intended meaning symbolized” Vivas
uses the expression” the constitutive symbol” (155).
Besides, the symbols and images in the novels of Lawrence
atmosphere plays dominant symbolic role as characters. As it plays in Emily
Bronte’s Wuthering Heights and in the novel of Thomas Hardy. As it is known
that Lawrence always tries to read the invisible in the visible world. That’s the
reason, his symbolic dimension attributes to the atmosphere of his novels
which is quite suggestive, purposive and connected with the characters and
his ideas. The natural objects appear punctuated with mysteriously active
presences; for example, the moon is ‘steaming’ and gives a shock; the lilies
are ‘reeling’, ‘stretching’ and the air is “charged with their perfume, as with a
presence” (34-5).In the present context, Lady Chatterley’s Lover proves more
successful in order to presents the atmosphere of a mechanical machine life
which is opposed to the natural and instinctive life: here there is contrast can
be seen between the Midland town of Chatterley and the wood inhabited by
Mellor’s. The mines are symbolic of the dry and the mechanical whereas the
wood is symbolic of instinctive natural life.
Moreover, Lawrence’s characters do not appear as traditional heroines
or heroes but they behave like symbols. That’s the reason, Lawrence seems
to declare,
You mustn’t look in my novel for the old stable ego… of the character. There
is another ego according to whose action the individual is unrecognizable, and
passes through, as it were, allotropic states which it needs a deeper sense
than any we’ve been used to exercise, to discover are states of the same
single radically unchanged element… don’t look for the development of the
novel to follow the lines of certain characters, the characters fall in to the form
of some rhyme form, as when one draws a fiddle bow across a fine tray
delicately banded, the sand takes lines unknown. (282)
Thus, “what interest him in his characters,”in the words of Walter Allen,
…is not the social man, the differentiated individual, but the seven eights of
the iceberg of personality that is submerged and never seen, the unconscious

26
mind, to which he preaches something like passivity on the part of the
conscious. This accounts for the difficulty so many people find when first
reading Lawrence. His convention has to be accepted, just as the conventions
of any artist must be, if you are to read him with pleasure and profit. It
accounts, too, for so many mannerisms of style that are usually considered
blemishes: a Lawrence character ‘dies, ‘ swoons’, is ‘fused in to a hard bead;
‘lacerated’ ‘made perfect’ time and time again. He is if you like, fumbling for
words, words with which to describe the strictly indescribable. Yet the
language he uses is true to the rhythm of the life of the consciousness.” (112)
The symbolic language of Lawrence successfully evokes the rhythm of the
unconscious and avoids ‘mystical obscurantism’ (119).
At the same time the characters of novel help in presenting his/her
symbolic imagination and seem to provide coherence of his/her vision of life,
for instance, Ursula and Birkin in Women in Love symbolizes the warmth of
life. They represent natural life which bears “blood-intimacy.” (8)whereas
Gerald is symbolic of mechanical life and which brings for him death;
Hermione on the other hand, is symbolic of the intellectualizing sex; Clifford
Chatterley (Lady Chatterley’s Lover) symbolizes modern man whose
instinctive life has dried up where as Mellors is symbolic of passionate and
instinctive life. Thus, the characters of Lawrence provide “some …‘Rhythmic
form”(282) for giving shape to his “pure passionate experience” (9).
However, his characters are not only imaginary beings who dying on
the wind; but in reality, they are deeply rooted and on the other hand, it is
Lawrence whose approach to them is not intellectual but it is based on
intentional reasoning. They are not only seen through the eyes but through
the senses. That’s the reason; why Lawrence’s characters are symbolic.
Through the powerful dramatic senses, Lawrence reveals their states of
consciousness, sub conscious acts, modes and reaction. Then there is own
effect of great depth when such revelation is achieved and it is depth which
results in part from the intensity with which the characters and the natural
world emotional states are that’s why any tension or ironic disparity is not
found between symbolic meaning and realistic surface which can be seen in
some symbolic scenes of James Joyce.

27
 No doubt, Lawrence is preoccupied with sex. He treats sex as a
symbol of the impossibility of self, with drawl, un-singleness of the individual,
the narrow fulfillment of self within the self. Furthermore, it was the result of
his actual experience of a perfect sexual union which gave him freedom and
released him from slavery to one form of consciousness. According to him,
the importance of the true sexual union lies in its discovery through which a
man must go out of himself to tough the sources of creative power because it
does not only releases him from the earlier torment of his dependence on his
mother but from the intrusion of similar feelings in his relations with other
women. Lawrence rightly says, “And what is sex, after all, but the symbol of
the relation of man to woman, woman to man? And the relation of man to
woman is wider as all life… always unknown” (193).
As far as the setting of Sons and Lovers is concerned, it deals with full
of contrast between natural and unnatural things, field and mine flower and
farm, growth and creativeness against death and mechanization. In such a
back ground women determined to die in division whereas men can be seen
struggling to live in wholeness. Here it can be noticed the atmosphere of
colliery which is symbolic of mechanical life but Morel serves is a natural life in
the pit, that’s the reason, he becomes a symbol of blood life which his son
Paul admires. Moreover, the life of pit is the actual life of Mr. Morel is full of
“the darkness, the mystery the other worldness, the peculiar Comradery, the
sort of naked intimacy men as gods in the underworld, or as elementals”
(852).According to Lawrence,“‘mine’ symbolizes the dark unconscious life
which he calls ‘the blood-life’”(201).Again, it can be noticedthat the contrast
between this dark lives with the whiteness of Mrs.. Morel’s life in sharp
contrast, there is the blood-life with the intellectual life. At the same time mine
symbolizes the mystery. Therefore, in this respect, it appears as oriental
symbolism which has been defined by E.M. Forester in the Malabar cave
scene of his A Passage to India.
As in The Rainbow, it has been seen the beginning of the Brangwens
whose life passes in perfect harmony with the peaceful environment but later
on the novel concludes with a vision of rainbow to restore a new integration
when disintegration takes place.

28
 It is great achievement of Lawrence that his novels develop not on the
one but a too related level of symbolism and realism, a balance is struck
between them. Characters of Shakespeare like Cordelia (King Lear) and the
heroines of his last plays Perdita (The Winter’s Tale) Marine (Pericles),
Imogen (Cymbeline) symbolizes understanding mercy, charity and
regeneration and love but what is more important than these characters stand
for. No doubt, once realistic level, they are as people but it is a novelist who
must preserve the realism of the characters at all costs, or else the reader
ceases to believe in the importance of what he is reading about. For example,
the characters of Jane Austen represent certain concepts of Pride and
Prejudice, and Sense and Sensibility. Thus, they are essentially people first
and the representative of these ideas secondarily. In the novels of Lawrence,
especially in The Rainbow and Women in Love, the symbolic level is as
important as the realistic one.
At the same time Lawrence’s symbols seems to aptly match with the
episodes where the psychic content and the external world are successfully
fused in to a perfect complete harmony. On the other hand, his symbolic
novels bring to light “his faculty for seeing nature as symbol or back ground
for men’s erotic needs” (356).And as a whole they achieve “an emotional
heightening that comes from suggestion and symbol, not the logical sense of
the words; at times indeed his prose verges on unacknowledged free verse.
The mystery of sex was doubtless to him in communicable except by
suggestion; but to the critical reader his practice at times seems merely
uncontrolled emotionality.” (356) In order to express abstract and deep
thoughts, he uses symbols by means of concrete figures within a story. Thus,
according to Lawrence, symbolism is a kind of “extended metaphor” (11) and
since it also communicates something which Lawrence is virtually unable to
communicate or explain, by any other means, it further represents an
important contribution to his art as a novelist…and indeed, to the art of the
English novel in the twentieth century” (87).Hence, by the study of Lawrence,
it is enabled to reach a better and fuller understanding of man…of man “as he
is,” “what he stands for” and “how does he succeed.”

29
THE MAJOR HYPOTHESES
The novels of D.H. Lawrence through the various psychological
concepts explore the situation of his modern age. His own experiences give a
great contribution to develop the psychological philosophy of writer. As I have
already mentioned that D.H. Lawrence projects his own psychodynamics
theory in all his works. The theme of the novels it’s characters and situation.
The strongest example of his psychographic which finds expression in his
novel Sons and Lovers. As a real psychoanalyst; he does not conceal
anything rather expose everything of his life before the readers through the
protagonist of Paul Morel with whom the writer identifies himself.
Secondly, with the projection of his ‘sexual psychology ‘in his novel
Lady Chatterley’s Lover. He wants to say that the solution of the modern
problem lies with the sexual union of individuals. At the same time, he gives
the superiority of physical love above various love relationships. After
analyzing his sexual psychology which he projects in the present novel. The
researcher should come to know that here Lawrence talks about the healthy
sexual relationship among the human beings. We can understand his sexual
psychology through this excerpt which has been taken from his poem “Sex
isn’t sin…”
Sex isn’t sin, but dirty sex is worse, so there you are!
…. ….. ….
Let’s be honest at last about sex, or show at
Least that we’ve tried.
Sex isn’t sin, it’s a delicate flow between woman and men,
And the sin is to damage the flow, force it or dirty it or suppress it again.
Sex isn’t something you’ve got to play with; sex is you.
It’s the flow of your life, it’s your moving self, and you are due to be true to the
nature of it, its reserve its sensitive pride that it always has to begin with, and
by which you ought to abide.
... … …
You must know sex in order to save it, your deepest self, form the rape of the
itching mind and the mental self, with its prurience always agape. (464-465)

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 Now Rainbow (1915) and Women in Love (1920) have been discussed
from the same point of view. As a written work of art both the novels based on
the relationship of human beings especially between men and women. As a
true psychoanalyst Lawrence tries to seek the term of relationship for the
fulfillment in the relationship of men and women. Lawrence has a firm belief in
the creation of a new ideal world which can be made by an extraordinary men
and women. The relationship can be succeed when the whole of men and
women involve in it not merely on parts.
The researcher’s argument is that D.H. Lawrence’s novels are highly
psychological novel which contain a variety of psychodynamics in his novels.
Being as a modern writer he has used many modern techniques for the
characterization of his characters. Lawrence’s psychology and his use
ofsymbolsgives a fine expression of the relationship among human beings. As
far as modern devices or techniques are concerned. The selected novels of
D.H. Lawrence’s are the masterpieces in this regard which proves this fact.
In his novel Women in Love there are extraordinary character which
are similar to the characters of Bible at the same time contain many symbolic
meaning. Writer’s art of writing in the particular novel is really difficult to
comprehend. The present novel contain different kind of technique which is
contradictory in the nature to develop the structure of the novel for getting the
ultimate goal of the novel as far as narrative structure is concerned. Which is
lucid to describe the outline of the theme of the novel? The use of
psychological description which quite unique in its way. Lawrence has used a
new creative style which captures the attention of the reader as well as the
critics toward the study of a particular novel. The relationship of Gudrun and
Gerald which represent “Death”(114) on the other hand the relationship
between Birkin and Ursula represents “Live”(114) The example of both the
relationships are different from the different points of view. Lawrence is the
first greatest psychoanalyst in the sense that who introduces psychological
theme in his novels. Lawrence has a firm belief in the psychological
development of the characters.
As a second device he uses sexual impulses in his novel Lady
Chatterley’s Lover which are the symbols of life force. The exploration of

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psychological expression in the life of human beings and their relationship has
been exposed in the particular study.
As a third device, the use of symbols and images in his selected novels
are the extraordinary as far as development of theme is concerned. Lawrence
uses the concrete symbols which ultimately suggest the theme of the
particular novels. He also makes the living subject and particular details in to
small images which comes with continues interval from beginning to the last.
In this way; he becomes successful in using of symbols which represent the
particular meanings. In Women in Love, the symbols can be divided in two
groups, “Images indicate life, vitality, hopefulness and prosperity; and imagist
suggest oldness, hopefulness, decadence and death”(205).
The images which are accurately connected to the Ursula and Birkin
falls in the first category of symbols basically they represent life. Both of them
try to run away from the harsh realities of life. Generally; they go that kind of
places which is full of grass, plants and trees which represent nature as well
as life. The images which are directly connected to Gerald and Gudrun
represent death wherever they go suddenly the atmosphere is changed which
indicate the death or ruin. A critic Francis Fergusson says in this context that,
“by the time he reached Women in Love, he was sure that he was through
with the traditional novel that he no longer cared for individual character and
circumstances” (221).
With this quotation it is known that the characters of the novel have
carried with them greatest meaning as well as their name also suggest same
symbolic meaning. It is Gudrun who is a symbolic picture of death. On the
other hand, it is Birkin who is the carbon of writer’s himself who is against the
materialistic world as a symbolic picture of life. In his particular study writer
compares both the characters with Jesus Christ in order to attain his strongest
psychological vision.
The most important thing in his novels readers can notice that
Lawrence’s art of characterization and analyzing the characters from the
psychological point of view. Lawrence uses a typical kind of psychological
depiction which also expresses the theme. There is a combination of love and
hate feeling of the characters. The “psychological pattern”(135) Lawrence’s

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modern techniques are excellent which have been mentioned earlier. Such as
images, use of symbols and images, art of characterization and psychological
depiction especially the use of concrete symbols explore the characters’
psychology and his contemporary writer and dilemma of modern people. As
Lawrence has commented in this context that,
You mustn’t look in my novel for the old stable ego of the characters. There is
another ego, According to whose action the individual is unrecognizable and
passes through, as it were, allotropic states which it needs a deeper sense
than any we’ve been used to exercise, to discover… like as diamond and coal
are the same purse single elements of carbon. The ordinary novel would trace
the history of the diamond…but I say, “Diamond, what this is carbon.” And any
diamond might be coal or soot, and my theme is carbon. (708)
MATERIALS AND METHODS/RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
I have already purchased the following four novels which I want to
base my research on
Sons and Lovers (1913)
The Rainbow (1915)
Women in Love (1920)
Lady Chatterley’s Lover (1928)
I have also bought the following three critical books on D.H. Lawrence.
The Novels of D.H. Lawrence by R.N. Sarkar.
Love and Sex in the English fiction by N.S. Nathawat.
Conflict in the Novels of D.H. Lawrence by Dr. D.R. Yudhistra.
A great deal of critical materials is available on D.H. Lawrence both on
internet and in market. Libraries of the British Council, Sahitya Academy, New
Delhi, Jawaharlal Nehru University and Delhi University are visited for
collecting the materials. EFLU (Formerly Central Institute of English and
Foreign languages, Hyderabad), Indo American Institute for cultural Studies
Hyderabad, Central University Hyderabad and Dhawanya loka Mysore are
also visited for collecting the materials. There are a number of good journals.
The following journals to collect materials on D.H. Lawrence have been
consulted
Journal of Language Teaching and Research

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IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences
The Dawn journal
International Journal of Research Review in Engineering, Science, and
Technology
International journal of Asian Social Science
The Journal of Commonwealth Literature
Commonwealth Review
Critical Quarterly
Language in India
Indian Journal of Research
International Referred Research Journal
Journal of Modern Literature
International Journal of Science and Research
The research methodology has involved a close study of the four novels
(already mentioned) of D.H. Lawrence and a study of critical books and
journals. The textual materials are supported by valid theories that are
evolved after studying the text and critical materials.

STATEMENT OF PURPOSE
The intention in this thesis is to examine Lawrence’s selected novels
from the psychological point of view in a unique way. The present research
work will highlight all the psychological dynamics which govern the individual’s
personality in a very systematic way which will a way for further research on
British fiction in general and on D.H. Lawrence in particular. The purpose of
this dissertation is to explore the fact as to how D.H. Lawrence projects
psychological concept in his novels.
As I am going to concentrate this analysis in the following way,
Theme of sex as dealt by D.H. Lawrence in his novels.
Relationship in different perspective in the novels of D.H. Lawrence.
A psycho - analytical study of man and woman relationship as carried out by
D.H. Lawrence in his different novels.
Use of symbols and images in the novels of D.H. Lawrence.
Social impact of different relationship

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A perfect relationship: dream or illusion
The above questions and questions related to these will be discussed at
great length in this dissertation. The novels that will be examined from this
point of view are,
Sons and Lovers (1913)
The Rainbow (1915)
Women in love (1920)
Lady Chatterley’s Lover (1928)

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