PACING

Problem 1.
A person counted 88 paces by walking along 60.00 m know length on level ground and
111 paces of unknown distance AB. What is the pace length and the length of AB?

Solution:

distance
Pace factor =
no. of paces

60.0m
P. f. =
88 paces

𝐏. 𝐟. = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟖𝟏𝟖𝐦/𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐞

Length of AB = p. f x no. of paces

m
Length of AB = 0.6818 x 111 paces
pace

𝐋𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐀𝐁 = 𝟕𝟓. 𝟔𝟖𝟎 𝐦

Problem 2.
From the given field notes below:

(a) Measure ABCD if pace factor = 0.75 m/pace

(b) Compute percent of error if tape distance, ABCD = 325 m (true value).

LINE NO. OF PACES/STEPS

A-B 127

B-C 214

C-D 83

Required:
(a) Total distance of ABCD
(b) Percent of error

Solution:

(a) Unknown distance of ABCD

ABCD = 127 + 214 + 83

ABCD = 424 paces
ABCD = p. f x no. of paces
 m
ABCD = 0.75 x 424 paces
pace
𝐀𝐁𝐂𝐃 = 𝟑𝟏𝟖 𝐦

(b) Percent of error

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒(𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒) − 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒(𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒)

% 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 𝑥 100%
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒(𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒)
325 𝑚 − 318𝑚
% 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 𝑥100%
325 𝑚
% 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟓%
TAPE CORRECTION

Problem 1.

A 50 m. tape was standardized and was found to be 0.0042 m. too long than the standard
length at an observed temperature of 58⁰C and a pull of 15 kilos. The same tape was used to
measure a certain distance and was recorded to be 673.92 m. long at an observed temperature of
68⁰C and a pull of 15 kilos. Coefficient of linear expansion is 0.0000116 m/⁰C.

(a) Determine the standard temperature.

(b) Determine the total correction.
(c) Determine the true length of the line.

Given: Required:

T2 = 58⁰C (a) T1

Ct = 0.0042 m (b) CT

L = 50 m. (c) L
K = 0.0000116 m/⁰C

Solution:

(a) Standard Temperature

CT = K(T2 −T1 )L1

+0.0042 = 0.0000116(58 − T1 )(50)

𝐓𝟏 = 𝟓𝟎. 𝟕𝟔℃(𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐚𝐫𝐝 𝐭𝐞𝐦𝐩. )

(b) Total Correction

CT = K(T−T1)L1

CT = 0.0000116(68 − 50.76)(50)
 CT = 0.01(tape is too long)

673.92(0.01)
Total Correction =
50

𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐂𝐨𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟒𝟖𝐦.

(c) True Length of the Line

Corrected hor. Distance = 673.92 + 0.1348

Corrected hor. Distance = 674.055 m.

Problem 2.

A 50m steel tape was standardized and supported throughout its whole length and found to
be 0.00205 m. longer at an observed temperature of 31.8⁰C and a pull of 10 kilos. This tape was
used to measure a line which was found to be 662.702 m. at an average temperature of 24.6 using
the same pull. Use coefficient of expansion of 0.0000116 m. per degree centigrade.

(a) Compute the standard temp.

(b) Compute the total temp. correction.

(c) Compute the correct length of the line.

Given: Required:

L = 50 (a) Ts

CT = 0.00205 (b) Total Correction

(c) Corrected hor. Distance
T2 = 31.8℃
Solution:

(a) Standard Temperature

CT = K(T2 −Ts )L

+0.00205 = 0.0000116 (31.8 − Ts )(50)

𝐓𝐬 = 𝟐𝟖. 𝟐𝟕℃(𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐚𝐫𝐝 𝐭𝐞𝐦𝐩. )

(b) Total Correction

CT = K(T2 −Ts )L

CT = 0.0000116(24.6 − 28.27)(50)

CT = 0.00213(too short)

0.00213(662.702)
Total Correction =
50

𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐂𝐨𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟖𝟐𝟑𝐦.

(c) True Length of the Line

Corrected hor. Distance = 662.702 + 0.2823

Corrected hor. Distance = 662.67377 m.

AREA OF CLOSED TRAVERSE

Problem 1.

From the following closed traverse

LINES BEARING DISTANCES

1-2 N 30⁰ E 120.20
2-3 N 78⁰ E 90.20
3-4 S 32⁰ E 88.40
4-1 - -

(a) Compute the bearing of 4-1

(b) Compute the distance of line 4-1
(c) Compute the DMD of line 3-4
(d) Compute the area of the lot in hectares.

Solution:

(a) Bearing of 4-1

DOUBLE
LINES LAT DEP DMD
AREA

1-2 +104.10 +60.10 +60.10 +3760102.4

2-3 +18.75 +88.23 +208.43 +3908.06

3-4 -74.97 +46.84 +343.5 -25752.2

4-1 -47.88 -195.17 +195.17 -9344.74

2A = 3728913.53

195.17
tangent bearing =
47.88

𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐛𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 = 𝐒 𝟕𝟔° 𝟏𝟑′ 𝐖

(b) Distance 4-1

195.17
4−1=
sin76°13′

𝟒 − 𝟏 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎. 𝟗𝟔

(c) DMD line of 3-4

DMD line of 3-4 = +3434.5

(d) Area of the lot

Area = 1864456.77

Area = 186.45 hectares

Problem 2.

A closed traverse has the following data:

∑ Lat = −0.56 Perimeter = 2628.5

For line DE:

∑ dep = +0.34
Distance = 518.4 m
Total Latitude = 1726.8
Latitude = 259.20
Total Departure = 1876.3
Departure = 448.9

(a) Determine the corrected latitude of DE by compass rule

(b) Determine the corrected latitude of DE by transit rule

(c) Determine the corrected departure of DE by compass rule

Solution:

(a) Corrected latitude of DE by compass rule:

E 518.40
=
+0.56 2628.5

E = +0.11

Corrected latitude of DE = 259.2 + 0.11

Corrected latitude of DE = 259.31

(b) Corrected latitude of DE by transit rule:

E 259.2
=
+0.56 1726.8

E = +0.08

Corrected latitude of DE = 259.2 + 0.08

Corrected latitude of DE = 259.28

(c) Corrected departure of DE by compass rule

E 518.40
=
−0.34 2628.5

E = -0.07

Corrected departure = 448.9 – 0.07

Corrected departure = 448.83

STADIA METHOD (LEVEL AND INCLINED)
Problem 1.
The upper and lower stadia hair readings on a stadia rod held at station B were observed
as 3.50 and 1.0m, respectively, with the use of a transit with an interval focusing telescope and
having a stadia interval factor of 99.5 The height of the instrument above station A is 1.45 m and
the rod reading is taken at 2.25m. If the vertical angle observed is 23’34” determine the following

a) Incline stadia distance

b) Difference in elevation between the two stations
c) The Elevation of the station B, if the elevation of station A is 155.54 m above mean sea level

Solution:

f
= 99.5
i
f + c = 0 (interior focusing)

(a) Incline stadia distance

f
D = Scos𝚹 + (𝐟 + 𝐜)
i
D = 99.5(2.5)cos23′34" + 0
𝐃 = 𝟐𝟐𝟖𝐦
(b) Difference in elevation between the two stations
f sin2ϴ
V= S + (f + C)sinϴ
i 2
sin2(23′34")
V = 99.5(2.5) +0
2
V = 91.16m
DEAB = 2.25 + 91.16 − 1.45
𝐃𝐄𝐀𝐁 = 𝟗𝟏. 𝟗𝟔𝐦

(c) Elevation of the station B

Elev. at B = 155.54 − 91.96
𝐄𝐥𝐞𝐯. 𝐚𝐭 𝐁 = 𝟔𝟑. 𝟓𝟖𝐦

Problem 2.
A transit with a stadia constant equal to 0.30 is used to determine the horizontal distance
between point B and point C, with a stadia intercept reading of 1.85m the distance BC is equal to
182,87m.

(a) Compute the stadia interval factor of the instrument

Using the same instrument it was used to determine the difference in elevation between B and
D having a stadia intercept reading of 2.42m at D at a vertical angle of +6’30”

(b) Compute the difference in elevation of B and D

(c) Compute also the horizontal distance between B and D

Solution:
(a) Stadia interval factor
f
D = S + (f + c)
i
f
182.87 = (1.85) + (30)
i
 𝐟
= 𝟗𝟖. 𝟔𝟗
𝐢

(b) Difference in elevation of B and D

f sin2ϴ
V= S + (f + c)sinϴ
i 2
sin2(6′30")
V = 98.69(2.42) + (f + c) sin(6′30")
2
𝐕 = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟗𝟎𝐦

(c) Horizontal distance between B and D

f
H = Scos 2 ϴ + (f + c)cosϴ
i
H = 98.69(2.42)cos 2 (6′30") + (0.30) cos(6′30")
𝐇 = 𝟐𝟑𝟔. 𝟎𝟕𝐦
TRANSIT RULE AND COMPASS RULE
Problem 1.
In order to determine the elevation of a point B on top of a cliff, a transit having an index
error of +05’ was set over a point A, the elevation of which was known to be 261.60 m. and the
height of the traverse axis of the instrument was 5 m and when the horizontal wire was brought on
point B, the vertical limb read + 16°34’ A point C was next located at a horizontal distance of 200
m from a point A. Then the transit was next set up at point C and the vertical limb reading was
found to be + 24°30’. Finally, with the telescope horizontal, the reading on the leveling rod on the
point A was 7.8 m. Find the elevation of point B.

Solution:
NOTE: If the index error is positive, subtract, if negative then add.

2.8
tan 24°25′ = h = 580.52 sin 16°29′
x

x = 6.17m h = 164.71m
200 − x = 193.83m Elev. of B = 261.60 + 5 + 164.71
𝐄𝐥𝐞𝐯. 𝐨𝐟 𝐁 = 𝟒𝟑𝟏. 𝟐𝟏𝐦
DB 193.83
=
sin 155°35′ sin 7°56′
DB = 580.52 ft.
Problem 2.

UNADJUSTED ADJUSTED
Length
Line Direction Latitude Departure Latitude Departure
(ft)
101-102 S36°00'00"E 379.25 -306.820 +222.918 -306.862 +222.954
102-103 S75°23'18"W 408.90 -103.152 -395.675 -103.197 -395.637
103-104 N14°43'29"W 298.65 +288.842 -75.909 +288.809 -75.881
104-101 N63°59'20"E 276.55 +121.280 +248.538 +121.250 +248.564
SUMS: 1363.35 +0.150 -0.128 0.000 0.000

Solution:
(a) Compute linear closure and precision

LC = √(+0.150)2 + (−0.128)² = 0.197

0.197 𝟏
Pres = =
1363.35 𝟔𝟗𝟐𝟎

(b) Adjust the latitudes and departures using Compass Rule

−(+0.150)
Adj′d Lat = Lat + L ( )
1363.35
−(+0.150)
101 − 102: Adj′ d Lat = −360.820 + 379.25 ( ) = −306.862
1363.35

−(+0.150)
102 − 103: Adj′ d Lat = −103.152 + 408.90 ( ) = −103.197
1363.35

−(+0.150)
103 − 104: Adj′ d Lat = +288.842 + 298.65 ( ) = +288.809
1363.35

−(+0.150)
104 − 101: Adj′ d Lat = +121.280 + 276.55 ( ) = +121.250
1363.35

−(−0.128)
Adj′d Dep = Dep + L ( )
1363.35
 −(−0.128)
101 − 102: Adj′ d Dep = +222.918 + 378.25 ( ) = +222.954
1363.35

−(−0.128)
102 − 103: Adj′ d Dep = −395.675 + 408.90 ( ) = −395.637
1363.35

−(−0.128)
103 − 104: Adj′ d Dep = −75.909 + 298.65 ( ) = −75.881
1363.35

−(−0.128)
104 − 101: Adj′ d Dep = +248.538 + 276.55 ( ) = +248.564
1363.35

Math Check: ∑(Adj Lat) = 0.00 and ∑(Adj′d Dep) = 0.00 See Table

(c) Compute the adjusted lengths and directions

L = √(−306.862)2 + (+222.954)² = 379.306

+222.954
b = tan−1 ( ) = −36°00′ 02.5′′ & S36°00′ 02.5′′E
−306.862
𝟏𝟎𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎𝟑

L = √(−103.197)2 + (−395.637)² = 408.874

−395.637
b = tan−1 ( ) = +75°22′ 51.0′′ & S75°22′ 51.0′′W
−103.197
𝟏𝟎𝟑 − 𝟏𝟎𝟒

L = √(+288.809)2 + (75.881)² = 298.611

−75.881
b = tan−1 ( ) = −14°43′ 15.8′′ & N14°43′ 15.8′′W
+288.809
𝟏𝟎𝟒 − 𝟏𝟎𝟏

L = √(+121.250)2 + (+248.564)2 = 276.560

+248.564
b = tan−1 ( ) = +63°59′ 48.4′′ & N63°59′ 48.4′′E
+121.250
STADIA LEVELING
Problem 1.
In the two peg test method of a dumpy level the following observations were taken.

Instrument set up near A Instrument set up near B

Rod reading on A 1.505m 0.938
Rod reading on B 2.054m 1.499

(a) What is the difference in elevation between A and B?

(b) If the line on sight is not in adjustment, determine the correct rod reading on A with the
instrument still set up at B
(c) Determine the error in the line of sight

Solution:
(a) Difference in elevation between A and B.

1.505 + x = 2.04 − e
x + e = 0.549
x + 0.938 − e + 1.449
 x − e = 0.511
x + e = 0.549
2x = 1.06
𝐱 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟑 𝐦 (diff. in elevation )

(b) Rod reading on A with the instrument still set up at B

x + e = 0.549
e = 0.549 − 0.53
e = 0.019

Rod reading on A= 0.938 − 0.019

Rod reading on A= 𝟎. 𝟗𝟏𝟗 𝐦

c) Error in the line of sight

= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟗 𝐦

Problem 2.
In a two peg test using model Wild NA2 dumpy level, the following observations were
taken.

Instrument at C Instrument at D
Rod Reading on A 1.103 0.568
Rod Reading on B 0.991 0.289

Point C is equidistant from A and B and D is 12 m. from A and 72 m from B.

a) What is the true different in elevation between A and B?

b) With the level in the same position at D, to what rod reading on B should the line of sight be
adjusted?
c) What is the corresponding rod reading on A for a horizontal line of sight with instrumental still
at D?
Solution:
(a) Different in elevation between A and B

1.103 + e = 0.991 + e + x
𝐱 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟐 𝐦

(b) Rod reading on B with level at D

0.568 + e1 = e2 + 0.289 + 0.112

0.568 + e1 = e2 + 0.401
e2 − e1 = 0.167
e1 e2
=
12 72
e2 = 6e1
6e1 − e1 = 0.167
5e1 = 0.167
 e1 = 0.0334 m
e2 = 6(0.0334 m)
e2 = 0.2004 m
Rod reading on B= 0.289 + 0.2004
Rod reading on B= 𝟎. 𝟒𝟖𝟗𝟒 𝐦

(c) Rod reading on A for a horizontal line of sight with instrumental still at D

Rod reading on A= 0.568 + e1

Rod reading on A= 0.568 + 0.0334
Rod reading on A= 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝟏𝟒 𝐦
AREA WITH IRREGULAR BOUNDARIES

Problem 1.
Shown in the accompanying sketch are the measured offsets from a traverse line AB to an
irregular boundary and the spacing between the offsets. Determine the area bounded by the traverse
line, the irregular boundary and the offsets using:

a) Trapezoidal Rule
b) Simpson’s One-Third Rule
c) Compute the difference between the Trapezoidal Rule and Simpson’s One-Third Rule.

Given:
d = 6.0 m h1 = 5.60 m hn = 2.70

Solution:

(a) By Trapezoidal Rule:

d
A= (h +h + 2 ∑ hint )
2 1 n
 6
A= [5.60 + 2.70 + 2(6.40 + 7.90 + 6.20 + 7.50 + 9.50 + 12.30 + 10.80)]
2
𝐀 = 𝟑𝟖𝟖. 𝟓𝟎 𝐬𝐪. 𝐦.

(b) By Simpson’s Rule:

d
A= (h +h + 2 ∑ hodd + 4 ∑ heven )
3 1 n
6
A = [5.60 + 2.70 + 2(7.90 + 7.50 + 12.30) + 4(6.40 + 6.20 + 9.50 + 10.80)]
3
𝐀 = 𝟑𝟗𝟎. 𝟔𝟎 𝐬𝐪. 𝐦.

(c) Difference between the Trapezoidal Rule and Simpson’s One-Third Rule:
Difference in area = 390.60 − 388.50
𝐃𝐢𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐚 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟎 𝐬𝐪. 𝐦.

Problem 2

Find the area of the figure shown using:

(a) Trapezoidal Rule
(b) Simpson’s One-Third Rule
(c) Compute the difference of areas between two methods.

Solution:

(a) By Trapezoidal Rule:

d = 20 m h1 = 12.22 m hn = 10.35 m
 d
A= (h +h + 2 ∑ hint )
2 1 n

20
A= [12.22 + 10.35 + 2(11.32 + 8.82 + 6.62 + 16.38)]
2

𝐀 = 𝟏𝟎𝟖𝟖. 𝟓𝟎 𝐬𝐪. 𝐦

(b) By Simpson’s Rule: (Treat the last Area as Trapezoid)

d = 20 m h1 = 12.22 m hn = 16.38 m

d
A1 = (h +h + 2 ∑ hodd + 4 ∑ heven )
3 1 n
20
A1 = [12.22 + 16.38 + 2(8.82) + 4(11.32 + 6.62)]
3
𝐀 𝟏 = 𝟕𝟖𝟔. 𝟔𝟕 𝐬𝐪. 𝐦

d
A2 = (h +h )
2 1 2
20
A2 = (16.38 + 10.35)
2
𝐀 𝟐 = 𝟐𝟔𝟕. 𝟑 𝐬𝐪. 𝐦.

𝐀 = 𝐀𝟏 + 𝐀𝟐
A = 786.67 + 267.3
𝐀 = 𝟏𝟎𝟓𝟑. 𝟗𝟕 𝐬𝐪. 𝐦

(c) Difference in area:

Difference in area = 1088.50 − 1053.97
𝐃𝐢𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐚 = 𝟑𝟒. 𝟓𝟑 𝐬𝐪. 𝐦
MISSING SIDES AND/OR BEARING OF CLOSED TRAVERSE
Problem 1.
Find the length and bearing of the missing side CD of a closed traverse, when a side AB, BC, DE
and EA has the following measurements;

Side Length (m) Bearing Latitude Departure

AB 29.78 S 40˚ 58’ E -22.49 +19.52
BC 28.66 S 15˚ 45’ W -27.58 -7.78
CD - - - -
DE 38.26 N 21˚ 05’ W +35.70 -13.76
EA 25.84 N 48˚ 13’ E +17.22 +19.27

Given Required:
Draw the traverse Length and Bearing of side CD

Solution:

∑ Latitude = 0

lat AB + lat BC + lat CD + lat DE + lat EA = 0

−22.49 − 27.58 + 𝐥𝐚𝐭 𝐂𝐃 + 35.70 + 17.22 = 0
Lat CD = -2.85
 ∑ Departure = 0

Dep AB + Dep BC + Dep CD + Dep DE + Dep EA = 0

19.52 − 7.78 + 𝐃𝐞𝐩 𝐂𝐃 − 13.76 + 19.27 = 0
Dep CD = -17.25

𝐋𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡 𝐂𝐃 = √Lat CD2 + Dep CD2

𝐋𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡 𝐂𝐃 = √(2.85)2 + (17.25)2

Length CD = 17.48 m (Ans)

Dep CD
𝐁𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐨𝐟 𝐂𝐃 (𝛉) = tan−1
Lat CD
17.25
𝐁𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐨𝐟 𝐂𝐃 (𝛉) = tan−1
2.85
𝐁𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐨𝐟 𝐂𝐃 (𝛉) = 𝐒 𝟖𝟎˚ 𝟑𝟕′ 𝟎𝟔. 𝟓𝟔′′𝐖 (Ans)

Problem 2.
The measurements of a closed traverse are given below. Find the missing bearings.

Side Length (m) Bearing

AB 108.14 S 73˚ 47’ E
BC 158.95 S 15˚ 14’ W
CD 129.27 S 67˚ 45’ w
DE 250.69 -
EA 173.80 -

Given:
Draw the traverse and an auxiliary line that connects the lines/side with complete length and
bearing.
Required:
Bearing of side DE
Bearing of side EA

Solution
Compute the latitude and departure of the sides AB, BC, DC and the auxiliary line DA using the
following formulas:
lat = length cos(bearing)
dep = length sin(bearing)
Side Latitude Departure
AB -30.20 +103.84
BC -153.37 -41.76
DC -50.31 -119.19

∑ Lat = 0

Lat DC − 30.20 − 153.37 − 50.31 = 0

𝐋𝐚𝐭 𝐃𝐂 = +𝟐𝟑𝟑. 𝟖𝟖

∑ Dep = 0

Dep DC + 103.84 − 41.76 − 119,19 = 0

𝐃𝐞𝐩 𝐃𝐂 = +𝟓𝟕. 𝟏𝟏

57.11
Bearing of DA (θ) = tan−1
233.88
𝐁𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐨𝐟 𝐃𝐀 (𝛉) = 𝐍 𝟏𝟑˚ 𝟒𝟑′𝟐𝟎. 𝟎𝟖′′ 𝐄

𝐋𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐃𝐀 = √(𝟓𝟕. 𝟏𝟏)𝟐 + (𝟐𝟑𝟑. 𝟖𝟖)𝟐

𝐋𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐃𝐀 = 𝟐𝟒𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝐦

Compute the angles of ADE using cosine law

EA2 + DA2 − DE 2
⦟A = cos −1 ( )
2 × EA × DA

(173.80)2 + (240.75)2 − (250.69)2

−1 [
⦟A = cos ]
2 × 173.80 × 240.75

⦟𝐀 = 𝟕𝟐˚ 𝟐𝟑′𝟏𝟑. 𝟗𝟗′′

DE 2 + DA2 − EA2
⦟D = cos −1 ( )
2 × DE × DA
 (250.69)2 + (240.75)2 − (173.80)2
−1 [
⦟D = cos ]
2 × 250.69 × 240.75

⦟𝐃 = 𝟒𝟏˚ 𝟐𝟏′ 𝟑𝟓. 𝟖𝟓′′

EA2 + DE 2 − DA2
⦟E = cos −1 ( )
2 × EA × DE

(173.80)2 + (250.69)2 − (240.75)2

⦟E = cos −1 [ ]
2 × 173.80 × 250.69

⦟𝐄 = 𝟔𝟔˚ 𝟏𝟓′𝟏𝟎. 𝟏𝟔′′

Compute the bearing of DE and EA

Bearing of DE (θ) = 41˚ 21′ 35.85′′ − 13˚ 43′ 20.08′′
𝐁𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐨𝐟 𝐃𝐄 (𝛉) = 𝐍 𝟐𝟕˚ 𝟑𝟖′ 𝟏𝟓. 𝟕𝟕′′ 𝐖 (Ans)

Bearing of EA (θ) = 180˚ − (66˚ 15′ 10.16′′ + 27˚ 38′ 15.77′′ )

𝐁𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐨𝐟 𝐃𝐄 (𝛉) = 𝐍 𝟖𝟔˚ 𝟎𝟔′ 𝟑𝟒. 𝟎𝟕′′ 𝐄 (Ans)
DIVIDING OF AREA OF CLOSED TRAVERSED
Problem 1.
A triangular lot has the following Azimuths and distances.

LINES AZIMUTH DISTANCE

1-2 180° 00' -

2-3 300° 00' -
3-1 40° 00' 960.22m

(a) The lot is to be divided such that the area of the southern portion would be 210,000m2
Compute the position of the other end of the dividing line if the line starts at corner 3 of the
lot. Express the distance from corner 1.
(b) What is the length of the dividing line?
(c) Compute the azimuth of the dividing line.

Solution:
(a) Location of x from corner 1:

x(960.22)Sin40°
= 210000
2
x = 680.47m

(b) Length of dividing line:

(y)2 = (680.47)2 + (960.22)2 − 2(680.47)(960.22) cos 40 °

y = 619.67m
(c) Bearing of dividing line:

680.47 619.67
=
sin θ sin 40 °
θ = 44°54′

Bearing = S 𝟖𝟒°𝟓𝟒′ W
Azimuth = 𝟖𝟒°𝟓𝟒′

Problem 2.
Given the technical description of a triangular lot.

LINES BEARING DISTANCES

AB N 40° W ?
BC N 60° E 810m
CA Due South ?

An area of 190,000m2 is to be segregated along the side BC starting from B.

(a) Compute the location of the other end of the dividing D along the side CA measured from C.
(b) Compute the bearing of the dividing line from B.
(c) Compute the length of the dividing line.
Solution:

(a) Distance CD

810x
A= sin 60°
2
180 sin 60 °
190000 = x
2

X = 541.71m

(b) Length of dividing line:

(BD)2 = (541.71)2 + (810)2 − 2(541.71)(810) cos 60 °

BD = 741.68m

(c) Bearing of dividing line

541.71 714.68
=
sin θ sin 60 °

θ = 41°02′

Bearing of dividing line BD = S 𝟕𝟖°𝟓𝟖′ E

SIMPLE CURVES

Problem 1.
The angle of intersection of a circular curve is 36° 30'. Compute the radius if the external
distance is 12.02 m.

A. 203.74 m
B. 253.72 m
C. 226.94 m
D. 214.67 m

Given: Required:
I= 36° 30’ R
E= 12.02 m

Solution:

I R
cos ( ) =
2 R+E

R
cos 18 ° 15′ =
R + 12.02

Rcos 18° 15′ + 12.02 cos 18 ° 15′ = R

R − Rcos 18° 15′ = 12.02 cos 18 ° 15′

R(1 − cos 18° 15′ ) = 12.02 cos 18 ° 15′

12.02 cos 18 ° 15′

R=
1 − cos 18° 15′

R= 226.94 (c) answer

Problem 2.

The angle of intersection of a circular curve is 45° 30' and its radius is 198.17 m. PC is at
Sta. 0 + 700. Compute the right angle offset from Sta. 0 + 736.58 on the curve to tangent through
PC.

A. 2.98 m
B. 3.37 m
C. 3.09 m
D. 3.87 m

Given: Required:
A (Sta. 0+ 736.58) x
PC (Sta. 0+ 700.00)
R= 198.17m

Solution:
Length of curve from PC to A:

s = 736.58−700
s = 36.58 m

Angle subtended by arc s from the center of

the curve:
s 2πR
=
θ 360°
36.58 2π(198.17)
=
θ 360°
θ = 10.58°

Length of offset x:
R−x
cos θ = R

x = R − Rcosθ = 198.17 − 198.17 cos 10.58 °

x = 3.37m (B) answer
COMPOUND CURVES
Problem 1.
A compound curve is needed for a new place of highway to tie into an existing piece. The
existing curve is next to the PC and, once it is tied into the new curve, has the following data:

∆𝐨𝐥𝐝 = 𝟐𝟕°𝟏𝟒′𝟑𝟑′′𝐑𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 R old = 550’

The new part of the highway that is to tie into the old part has the following data:

∆𝐧𝐞𝐰 = 𝟑𝟕°𝟏𝟓′𝟐𝟔′′𝐑𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 R new = 780’

The PI is located at 124+26.08. Find the stations of PC, PCC, and PT.

Solution:

I = ∆new + ∆old = 27°14′ 33′′ + 37°15′ 26′′ = 64.49°

Since the existing curve is next to the PC, T b is to be computed:

780−(550cos64.49)−[(780−550)cos37°15′ 26′′ ]
Tb = sin 64.29°

Tb = 399.03’

18000
D C(new) = DC1 = π(780′) = 7.34°
 18000
D C(old) = DC2 = π(550′) = 10.41°

37°15′26′′
Lnew = L1 = 100 = 507.20′
7.34°

27°14′33′′
Lold = L2 = 100 = 261.51′
10.41°

PC = 124+26.08 – 3+99.03 = 120+27.05

PCC = 120+27.05 + 2+61.51 = 122+88.56

PT = 122+88.56 + 5+07.2 = 127+95.76

Problem 2.

Find the PC, PCC, and PT given the following information for a compound curve:

∆𝐚 = 𝟏𝟕°𝟏𝟖′𝟒𝟒′′𝐋𝐞𝐟𝐭 Ra = 726’

∆𝐚 = 𝟏𝟎°𝟏𝟒′𝟐𝟖′′𝐋𝐞𝐟𝐭 Rb = 465’

∆𝐛 is next to the PC PI Station = 110+00.00

Solution:
I = ∆1 + ∆2 = 17°18′ 44′′ + 10°14′ 28′′ = 27°33′13′′

726−(465 cos 27°33′13′′)−[(726−465) cos 17°18′44′′]

Tb = sin 27°33′13′′

Tb = 139.58’

18000
DC1 = π(726′) = 7.89°

18000
DC2 = π(465′) = 12.32°

17°18′44′′
L1 = 100 = 219.36′
7.89°

10°14′28′′
L2 = 100 = 83.11′
12.32°

PC = 110+00.00 – 1+39.58 = 108+60.42

PCC = 108+60.42 + 83.11 = 109+43.53

PT = 109+43.53 + 2+19.36 = 111+62.89

REVERSED CURVES

Problem 1.
Two parallel tangents 10 m apart are connected by a reversed curve. The chord length from
the P.C. to the P.T. equals 120 m.
a) Compute the length of the tangent with common direction.
b) Determine the equal radius of the reversed curve.
c) Compute the stationing of the P.R.C. if the stationing of A at the beginning of the tangent with
common direction is 3+420.

Solution:

(a) Length of Tangent with common direction:

I 10
sin =
2 120
I
= 4.78°
2
I = 9.56° ≈ 9°34′
10
sin(9°34′) =
AB
𝐀𝐁 = 𝟔𝟎. 𝟏𝟕 𝐦
(b) Radius of reversed curve:
2T = AB
2T = 60.17 m
T = 30.085 m
I
T = R tan 2

30.085 = R tan 4.78°

𝐑 = 𝟑𝟓𝟗. 𝟕𝟖 𝐦

(c) Stationing of P.R.C:

RIπ
Lc =
180°
359.78(9°34′ )π
Lc =
180°
𝐋𝐜 = 𝟔𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟐 𝐦

Stationing of PC = (3 + 420) – 30.085

Sta. of PC = 3 + 389.915
Stationing of PRC = (3 + 389.915) + 60.072
𝐒𝐭𝐚. 𝐨𝐟 𝐏𝐑𝐂 = 𝟑 + 𝟒𝟒𝟗. 𝟗𝟖𝟕
Problem 2.
A reverse curve has a radius of the curve passing through the P.C. equal to 200 m and that
of the second curve passing through the P.T. is 460 m long. If the central angle of curve is 12.
a) Find the perpendicular distance between the two parallel tangents.
b) If the Stationing of the P.C. is 2+360.20, find the stationing of the P.R.C.
c) Find the Stationing of the P.T.

Solution:

(a) Distance between parallel tangents:

x = 460 cos 12° a = 460 − 449.95

x = 449.95 m a = 10.05 m
y = 200 cos 12° b = 200 − 195.63
y = 195.63 m b = 4.37 m

Distance between the parallel tangents:

=a+b
= 10.05 + 4.37
= 𝟏𝟒. 𝟒𝟐 𝐦
(b) Stationing of P.R.C.
R1 θπ
Lc1 =
180°
200(12°)π
Lc1 =
180°
Lc1 = 41.89 m
Sta. of PRC = (2 + 360.20) + 41.89
𝐒𝐭𝐚. 𝐨𝐟 𝐏𝐑𝐂 = 𝟐 + 𝟒𝟎𝟐. 𝟎𝟗

(c) Stationing of P.T.

R2 θπ
Lc2 =
180°
460(12°)π
Lc2 =
180°
Lc2 = 96.34 m

Sta. of PT = (2 + 402.09) + 96.34

𝐒𝐭𝐚. 𝐨𝐟 𝐏𝐓 = 𝟐 + 𝟒𝟗𝟖. 𝟒𝟑
SPIRAL CURVES
Problem 1.
A tangents of a spiral curve has azimuths of 226° and 221° respectively. The minimum length of
spiral is 40m with a minimum super-elevation of 0.10 m/m width of roadway. The maximum
velocity to pass over the curve is 70 kph. Assume width of roadway to be 9m.
a) Determine the degree of simple curve.
b) Determine the length of spiral at each end of simple curve.
c) The super-elevation of the first 10m from S.C on the spiral

0.004K2
USE e = R

Solution:
0.004K2
(a) e =
R

0.004(70)2
0.10 =
R
R = 196m

0.036K2
(b) Lc = R

0.036(70)3
Lc =
196
Lc = 63m say 60m. (Use multiple of 10m)
1145.916
D=
R
1145.916
D=
196
D = 5.85° (degree of curve)

1
(c) e1 = (0.10) = 0.017 (at 10m from T. S. on the spiral)
6

e2 = 5(0.017) = 0.085 (at 10m from S. C. on the spiral)

e = 0.085(9) = 0.765m (super − elevation at 10m from S. C. on the spiral)
Problem 2.
A spiral curve was laid out in a certain portion of the Manila-Cavite Coastal Road. It has a length
of spiral of 80 m and an angle of intersection of the two tangents of 40°. If the degree of curve is
degrees, determine the following elements of the spiral curve to be laid out:
a) Length of long and short tangents.

b) Length of throw.
c) Maximum velocity that a car could pass thru the curve without skidding.
1145.916
Rc =
D

Solution:

1145. 916
Rc =
6
Rc = 190.99m
Lc 180
S= .
2Rc π
80(180)
S=
2(190.99)π
S = 12°
(a)
LONG TANGENT: SHORT TANGENT:
L3 XC
YC = LC − 40RC 2 sin S =
c ST

(80)3 5.58
YC = 80 − 40(190.99)2 ST = = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟖𝟒𝐦
sin 12°

YC = 79.65m
L2c
XC = EXTERNAL DISTANCE
6RC

(80)2 XC
XC = ES = |RC + | sec 21° − RC
6(190.99) 4

5.58
XC = 5.58m ES = |190.99 + 4
| sec 21° − 190.99
XC
tan S = ES = 15.08m
h

5.58
h=
tan 12°
h = 26.25m
Long Tangent (LT) = YC − h
LT = 79.65 − 26.25 = 𝟓𝟑. 𝟒𝐦

(b) LENGTH OF THROW

XC
P=
4
5.58
P=
4
𝐏 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟗𝟓𝐦

(c) MAX. VELOCITY

0.036V
LC =
RC
0.036V
80 =
190.99
𝐕 = 𝟕𝟓. 𝟏𝟓𝐤𝐩𝐡