CIUREE

V Congreso Internacional
en Eficiencia, Gestión
Energética y Energías
Renovables
Cartagena - Colombia
03 - 05 Febrero de 2016
CIUREE
V Congreso Internacional en Eficiencia, Gestión Energética y Energías Renovables
EFICIENCIA, GESTIÓN ENERGÉTICA Y ENERGÍA
RENOVABLE
RECOPILACIÓN DEL V CONGRESO CIUREE
ORGANIZADORES
RED COLOMBIANA DE CONOCIMIENTO EN
EFICIENCIA ENERGÉTICA – RECIEE
Director: Omar Prias Caicedo
Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotá
Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede
Medellín
Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Palmira
Universidad del Atlántico
Universidad Industrial de Santander
Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana
Universidad Autónoma de Occidente
Universidad de la Salle
Universidad de la Costa - CUC
Universidad Autónoma del Caribe
Universidad del Valle
Escuela Colombiana de Ingeniería Julio Garavito
Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar
Universidad de Antioquia
Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga
Universidad de Cartagena
COMITÉ CIENTÍFICO
ALBERTO FOSSA
Universidad de Sao Paulo, Brasil
ANA CECILIA ESCUDERO ATEHORTÚA
Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Colombia
CARLOS ARIEL CARDONA
Universidad Nacional De Colombia Sede
Manizales
CESAR ALEJANDRO ISAZA ROLDÁN
Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Colombia
ELIANE APARECIDA FARIA AMARAL FADIGAS
Universidad De Sao Paulo, Brasil
ENRIQUE CIRO QUISPE OQUEÑA
Universidad Autónoma De Occidente, Colombia
ESTRELLA PARRA
Universidad Nacional De Colombia
FABIO EMIRO SIERRA
Universidad Nacional de Colombia
FERNANDO HERRERA
Universidad Nacional de Colombia
FRANCISCO JAVIER REY MARTÍNEZ
Catedrático Universidad De Valladolid, España
JAVIER ROSERO
Universidad Nacional De Colombia Sede Bogotá
JESÚS ANTONIO DEL RIO PORTILLA
Instituto De Energías Renovables, México
JORGE IVAN SILVA ORTEGA
Corporación Universidad De La Costa, Colombia
JUAN CARLOS CAMPOS
Universidad Del Atlántico, Colombia
JUAN RICARDO VIDAL MEDINA
Universidad Autónoma De Occidente, Colombia
JUDITH RODRIGUEZ SALCEDO
Universidad Nacional De Colombia Sede Palmira
CIUREE
V Congreso Internacional en Eficiencia, Gestión Energética y Energías Renovables
JULIO GOMEZ SARDUY
Investigador CEEMA, Cuba
VYACHESLAV KAFAROV
Universidad Industrial De Santander, Colombia
LOURDES MERINO STAND
Universidad Del Atlántico, Colombia
MARCO SAIDEL
Universidad De Sao Paulo, Brasil
MARGARITA LAPIDO
Universidad De Cienfuegos, Cuba
MARLEY CECILIA VANEGAS CHAMORRO
Universidad Del Atlántico, Colombia
MILÉN BALBIS MOREJÓN
Corporación Universidad De La Costa, Colombia
OMAR PRIAS CAICEDO
Universidad Nacional de Colombia
ROSAURA CASTRILLÓN
Universidad Autónoma de Occidente. Colombia
SANDRA YOMARY GARZON LEMOS
Universidad De La Salle, Colombia
SERGIO ROMERO HERNÁNDEZ
Centro Energía Y Recursos Naturales CERN-ITAM,
México
VLADIMIR SOUSA SANTOS
Corporación Universidad De La Costa, Colombia
AGRADECIMIENTOS
MINISTERIO DE MINAS Y ENERGÍAS DE
COLOMBIA
DEPARTAMENTO ADMINISTRATIVO DE CIENCIA,
TECNOLOGÍA E INNOVACIÓN -
COLCIENCIAS
COMISIÓN DE REGULACIÓN DE ENERGÍA Y GAS -
CREG
ORGANIZACIÓN DE LAS NACIONES UNIDAS PARA
EL DESARROLLO INDUSTRIAL - ONUDI
ENERGÍA EFICIENTE - E2
FINANCIERA DEL DESARROLLO TERRITORIAL -
FINDETER
UNIDAD DE PLANEACIÓN MINERO ENERGÉTICA -
UPME
MUNDO ELECTRICO
RED KNIFE
ETIQUETADO ENERGÉTICO DE COLOMBIA
LUTRON
COPPER ALLIANCE
GENSA
ISAGEN
GAS NATURAL FENOSA
UNIVERSIDAD DE CARTAGENA
DISEÑO Y DIAGRAMACIÓN
DIEGO CAMACHO / DESIGNBOX.COM.CO
CORRECCIÓN DE ESTILO
DORIS MIDORI MOROMISATO
ISSN: 2539-0287
EDITORIAL UN
Contacto
Cra. 30 No. 45-01 Edif.411
Of.203 B Bogotá D.C., Colombia
(+57 1) 316 5000 Ext- 11145
Reservados todos los derechos. No se permite la
reproducción total o parcial de esta obra sin
autorización previa y por escrito de los titulares
del copyright.
TABLA DE CONTENIDO
APORTES RECIEE AL CONOCIMIENTO:
RESULTADOS DE UNA TRAYECTORIA 5 Filtration
V EDICIÓN DEL CONGRESO INTERNACIONAL
EN EFICIENCIA, GESTIÓN ENERGÉTICA Y
ENERGÍAS NO RENOVABLES – CIUREE
6
EFICIENCIA ENERGÉTICA 7
GESTIÓN ENERGÉTICA
Construcción luminarias LED para
interiores
8
Simulación de estrategias de control para
un sistema de aire acondicionado solar y
ciclo de refrigeración por absorción 16
Simulación de cargas de refrigeración y
calefacción de materiales lig eros
(Steel–Frame) en edificios residenciales 21
Estimación de pérdidas no técnicas en
alimentadores de distribución
incorporando datos de facturación en el
flujo de potencia 28
Análisis de la introdución masiva de
iluminación LED en el sector residencial
colombiano 36
Efecto de las tensiones distorsionadas en
las pérdidas y el rendimiento de los
motores de inducción de alta eficiencia 44
Eficiencia energética en sistemas de
Iluminación en construcción sostenible 51
Losses characterization and efficiency
analysis on EMDS in the operating range of
torque and speed 57
Diagnóstico de Fallas de Motor de
Inducción Transformada de Hilbert Huang
Híbrida 63
Evaluación de indicadores de eficiencia
energética y emisiones de CO2 en
plataformas de petróleo offshore con Ciclo
Combinado 73
The Socio-Economical and Environmental
Impact of Efficient Magnetic
79
Incremento de la eficiencia estacional de
los usos significativos de energía
mediante el control operacional del
desempeño energético 91
99
Implementación de la línea de base
energética según los requerimientos de la
norma 50001: aplicación a dos empresas
industriales 100
Técnicas no invasivas de monitoreo para
identificación del consumo desagregado
de energía 106
Modelos de planeación de la producción
enfocados a eficiencia energética: análisis
del estado del arte 112
Programación de la producción enfocada
a eficiencia energética de ambientes de
trabajo tipo Flow Shop usando un
algoritmo genético 121
Caracterización energética de 40
empresas colombianas . Proyecto
Greenpyme 2014 128
Evaluación de indicadores energéticos
para sistemas de transporte de productos
refinados del petróleo 134
Análisis del consumo de energía térmica
en dos industrias procesadoras de leche y
derivados lácteos de la Región Pacífica de
Colombia. 140
Análisis de problemáticas para el
establecimiento de un sistema integral de
indicadores de desempeño energético a
nivel de sectores industriales
Colombianos 147
Implementación del programa de gestión
de energía en la industria de fabricación
de carrocerías 155
TABLA DE CONTENIDO

Electricity intensity in Colombian small and POLÍTICA Y REGULACIÓN ENERGÉTICA 249

mediumsized enterprises: an exploration off
the effects of firmlevel innovative activity 162
FUENTES NO CONVENCIONALES Y
ENERGÍAS RENOVABLES
E nv i ro n m e n t a l a n d te c h n o - e c o n o m i c
assessment of micro-cogeneration systems
based of biomass: Background and project
proposal
Análisis del impacto de la protección crowbar
de los DFIG sobe los niveles de corto circuito en
redes de distribución radiales
Políticas públicas en la transformación
tecnológica en el mercado colombiano de
energía eléctrica 250
175
Evaluación de los resultados de las subastas
de cargo por confiabilidad en Colombia 261
Desarrollo de una aplicación gráfica para
176 un sistema en monitoreo basado en
tecnología sincrofasorial 275
Oportunidades de eficiencia energética en
178 la industria coquizadora colombiana 282

Estudio de los factores que atenúan la Metodología para la elaboración de

radiación solar de los departamentos del estudios prospectivos en el sector
Atlántico y Bolívar durante el periodo del energético. 290
Fenómeno del Niño 183
RESUMEN CONFERENCIAS MAGISTRALES 296
Diseño, prototipo y análisis hidro-mecánico de
una microturbina de eje vertical para ZNI 190 PANEL DE EXPERTOS 303
Gestión de la demanda en redes eléctricas COMUNICADO REUNIÓN DE EXPERTOS
inteligentes, revisión y futuras estrategias 198 EN GESTIÓN DE LA ENERGÍA E ISO
50001 PARA LATINOAMÉRICA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Proyección de un sistema, basado en
tecnología Stirling que utilice biomasa como DIRECTORIO DE AUTORES 307
combustible, para la generación de energía
eléctrica en viviendas de regiones no
interconectadas 214

Evaluación del potencial de respuesta de la

demanda a partir de información de perfiles de
consumo 221

Estabilidad de pequeña señal en turbinas H-

Darrieus para microgeneración 229

Controlador MPPT aplicado a sistemas

fotovoltaicos autónomos (SFA) 238

Aplicación de una RNA para la clonación de

un controlador difuso en un sistema de
seguimiento solar fotovoltaico 244
 APORTES RECIEE AL CONOCIMIENTO:
RESULTADOS DE UNA TRAYECTORIA

La Red Colombiana de Conocimiento en Eficiencia Energética –RECIEE-, se creó en 2003, bajo una
iniciativa conjunta de doce grupos de investigación y el apoyo del Departamento Nacional de Ciencia,
Tecnología e Innovación –COLCIENCIAS-.

La Red tiene como objetivo la alineación y creación de capacidades nacionales para el desarrollo,
promoción y adopción de tecnologías y prácticas en el área de eficiencia energética, y su integración con la
industria y la sociedad.

Trayectoria
Desde su creación, RECIEE ha mantenido una línea de trabajo con entidades de los sectores
gubernamental, industrial y académico en proyectos de investigación, desarrollo tecnológico e innovación
con impacto en el desarrollo del país.

En el 2007, la red desarrolló un modelo para la implementación de Sistemas de Gestión Integral de la

Energía (SGIE) en industrias colombianas, el cual fue adoptado por la Unidad de Planeación Minero
Energética (UPME) e implementado a nivel piloto en algunas empresas. Entre el 2010 y el 2013, bajo el
Programa Estratégico Nacional SGIE, el Sistema de Gestión se difundió en más de 50 empresas de todo el
país y se alineó con la norma internacional ISO 50001. Por medio de este programa también se
desarrollaron cursos de fortalecimiento de capacidades nacionales en gestión de la energía y se
acompañó al Instituto Colombiano de Normalización Técnica (ICONTEC), en la adopción oficial de la norma
ISO 50001 como Norma Técnica Colombiana.

Actualmente, RECIEE participa activamente en espacios interinstitucionales de decisión nacional, como la

Mesa de Trabajo en Eficiencia Energética liderada por el Ministerio de Minas y Energía y la Asociación
Nacional de Empresarios (ANDI), el Comité Técnico Nacional 228 que reporta al comité internacional de la
ISO en gestión de la energía, y en el proyecto "Promoción de la Eficiencia Energética en las Industrias
Colombianas", liderado por la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo Industrial, ONUDI.
Como evento académico central, la red ha organizado desde el 2004 el Congreso Internacional en
Eficiencia y Gestión Energética 'CIUREE', cuya versión más reciente se realizó en Cartagena de Indias
(Colombia) en febrero de 2016.

5
 V Edición del Congreso Internacional en Eficiencia,
Gestión Energética y Energías Renovables –
CIUREE

Cartagena fue la ciudad elegida para realizar la quinta edición del Congreso Internacional en Eficiencia,
Gestión Energética y Energías Renovables, los días 3, 4 y 5 de febrero de 2016. Evento de carácter
multidisciplinar en el que participaron 7 Conferencistas Internacionales, 4 Nacionales y 2 conferencistas –
patrocinadores. El evento se realizó en la Universidad de Cartagena, sede San Agustín.

Como novedad, el V CIUREE contó con una muestra comercial, en la que participaron entidades como
la Unidad de Planeación Minero Energética (UPME), Universidad de Cartagena, Lutron, FINDETER y
Mundo Eléctrico, promoviendo la integración Universidad-Empresa- Estado en torno a la eficiencia y
gestión energética.

En el evento participaron más de 300 personas y se presentaron 131 trabajos nacionales e

internacionales, los cuales fueron evaluados por un comité científico conformado por expertos
nacionales e internacional en las temáticas abordadas por el congreso. Luego de una rigurosa
evaluación a cada uno de los trabajos presentados, fueron escogidos 76 para ponencia, 27 para
póster y 28 No fueron seleccionadas.
Asimismo, dentro del marco del V Congreso CIUREE, el 4 de febrero se realizó la Primera Reunión de
expertos liderando proyectos para América Latina en sistemas de gestión de la energía bajo los
lineamientos de la norma ISO 50001. A esta reunión asistieron 24 participantes provenientes de los
países: Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, Estados Unidos, México y Perú. Los expertos identificaron que
los países latinoamericanos cuentan con retos y problemáticas comunes en gestión de la energía, cuya
atención puede facilitarse mediante la socialización de experiencias y el trabajo coordinado de los países,
entre otros.

6
(ÀFLHQFLD(QHUJpWLFD
La eficiencia energética en el ámbito de un sistema energético regional, nacional o global contribuye
notablemente en la disminución de las pérdidas en cada una de las etapas de transformación de la
energía, reduciendo así los requerimientos de suministro de energía para los diferentes sectores de
consumo y mitigando a su vez explotación de los recursos naturales, la emisión de gases de efecto
invernadero y el impacto en calentamiento global.

En esta sección, encontramos varios artículos que profundizan y muestran resultados de

investigaciones relacionados con el mejoramiento de eficiencia energética en usos finales de energía,
procesos productivos y los efectos por la introducción de tecnologías eficientes en los diferentes
sectores de consumo de energía del país.
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La gestión de la energía se ha convertido en un factor estratégico de productividad, y
posicionamiento empresarial. Los trabajos de esta sección presentan investigaciones
enfocadas en los lineamientos de la Norma Internacional ISO 50001 como
implementación de líneas de base y caracterización energética a industrias, evaluación
de indicadores energéticos, resultados de la implementación de sistemas de gestión de
energía, entre otros.
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tendencia de los consumos energéticos de cada
área, con respecto a un período base dado. A partir
de el se determina cuantitativamente la magnitud
de la energía que se ha dejado de consumir o se
sobre con su me h a s t a el momento d e su
actualización.
Para su cálculo se hace uso de las ecuaciones 9 y
10:
Ec.(9)
Tendencia= I,.¡cuuHilartnCE;it1a1 - m P Eo)a,utl
Ec.(10)
Donde,
Esase, es la energía teórica base del área o equipo
que se determina con la ecuación de CME base.
EReal, es la energía real medida del área o equipo
que se determina con la ecuación de CME meta.
• Indicador de Eficiencia Media del Proceso
Operacional (EMPO).
Es una herramienta para verificar la evolución del
sistema o mejoras tecnológicas desarrolladas. Este
indicador se determina de la siguiente forma:
EMl'O = Eümrr
Ec.(11)
ER110_I PromC"dlG
Donde:
Eutil promedio: es la energía útil promedio del período
base. La energía útil para la VIT es la misma Carga
Hidráulica
EReal promedio: es la energía real medida promedio.
4. CONCLUSIONES
• Los resultados de la caracterización energética
demuestran que el poliducto consume el 95,86 %
del consumo total de energía eléctrica.
• Para el período analizado, el modelo de CME Real
se construye a partir del 97% de los datos
s u m i n i s t r a d o s c o n u n c o e fi c i e n t e d e
determinación de 92,5%, lo que indica que se
tiene un nivel de control clasificado como Muy
Fuerte en el uso de la energía, o que las
variaciones en el consumo de energía eléctrica se
ven afectadas altamente por las variaciones en la
carga del sistema.
•Se cuenta con un potencial de ahorro del 14% del
consumo promedio diario de energía eléctrica,
equivalente a 30.703 kWh/día.
•Se diseñaron indicadores aplicados a todas
aquellas áreas productivas dentro de cada unidad
de negocio; por ejemplo: Líneas de transporte de
producto, unidades de proceso en refinación y
pozos de extracción.
• Los Indicadores energéticos operacionales son:
Índice de Consumo Operacional (ICO), Indicador
de Eficiencia Energética Operacional (IEEO),
Tendencia Acumulada del Consumo de Energía
Operacional (TACEO) e Indicador de Eficiencia
Media del Proceso Operacional (EMPO).
5. REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS
[1] J. C. Campos Avella, E. Lora, L. Meriño, l. Tovar, A.
Navarro, E. Quispe, J. Vidal, Y. López, R.
Castrillón. Guía para la implementación de
sistemas de gestión integral de la energía.
2008.
http://www.si3ea.gov.co/Portals/O/Gie/Guia/
Guia consultado en septiembre de 2015.
[2] Juan Carlos Campos Avella, Rafael Torres y
Leonardo Santos Macías. Eficiencia Energética y
Competitividad de Empresas. Editorial UCF.
1998.
[3] Miguel A. Lozano y José Ramos. "Análisis
Energético y Económico de Sistemas Simples de
Cogeneración". En: Información Tecnológica.
Vol. 18 N º 4. Pág. 75-84. 2007.
[4] J. C. Campos Avella, E. Lora, L. Meriño, l. Tovar, A.
Navarro, E. Quispe, J. Vidal, Y. López, R.
Castrillón. Ahorro de energía en sistema de
bombas centrífugas. 2008.
http://www.si3ea.gov.co/Portals/O/Gie/Tecnol
ogias/bombas.pdf, consultado en septiembre
de 2015.
[5] SIMEC. Sistema de información ambiental
energético minero.
http://www.siame.gov.co/lnicio/C%C3%A1lcul
ofactordeemisi%C3%B3n/. Consultado:
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Una de las principales tendencias mundiales corresponde con la diversificación de la
matriz energética, principalmente en los países con mayor potencial en fuentes de
energía renovable o fuentes no convencionales con mayor aprovechamiento de los
recursos disponibles con impacto en la seguridad y sostenibilidad energética.
En la presente sección se encuentran artículos de investigación que desarrollan
diversas temáticas relacionadas con las fuentes de energía renovables y no
convencionales, abarcando trabajos sobre biomasa, energía solar, micro generación y
cogeneración, diseño de tecnologías y respuesta a la demanda, entre otros aspectos.
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 Estabilidad de pequeña señal en turbinas H-Darrieus
para microgeneración
Grupo de Investigación en Energías Universidad Autónoma de Occidente Facultad de Ingenierías / Y. Ulianov
Grupo de Investigación en Mecánica de Fluidos Universidad Autónoma de Occidente Facultad de Ingenierías / S. Laín.

RESUMEN
Globalmente, las energías renovables cubren únicamente un 20% de la demanda de electricidad, pero el
interés en el desarrollo está alcanzando valores insospechados (REN21, 2014). Entre las tecnologías de
mayor eficiencia y con el más alto recurso en la región andina y Colombia, la hídrica está siendo cada vez
más investigada. Es por ello que en este artículo, se presentan resultados preliminares de un proyecto de
investigación sobre el uso de microturbinas hidrocinéticas para generación eléctrica. El análisis
hidrodinámico y eléctrico cobra una importancia mayor para entender su posible desempeño. En este
artículo, se estudia y simula con herramientas computacionales, una turbina de eje vertical tipo H-Darrieus
evaluando la estabilidad del sistema al ser conectado eventualmente a una microred eléctrica.

PALABRAS CLAVES
Microgeneración, hidrocinética, Darrieus

ABSTRACT
Worldwide, renewable energies cover approximately 20% of energy demand, but interest on developing
these green technologies is reaching remarkable levels. Among the most efficient technologies, hydropower
has the highest resource in Andean region and Colombia, attracting researchers on publishing about its
advantages.

Thus, the aim of this paper is to present previous results of a research project on micro hydrokinetic turbines
to generate electricity. Hydrodinamyc and electric performance analysis help to understand the main water
turbine characteristics. In this paper, a modeling and simulation of a H-Darrieus micro hydrokinetic turbine
is analyzed with the use of computational tools as Matlab and PSAT, evaluating the small signal stability
when is connected to a microgrid.

KEYWORDS
Microgeneration, hidrokinetics, Darrieus turbine

229
 1. INTRODUCCIÓN
El creciente aumento del desarrollo de las
energías renovables es debido a:
• El permanente cambio en el precio del petróleo
con su tendencia al alza.
• Los impuestos o tasas que produce en la
economía.
• El consumo y uso irracional de los
combustibles fósiles
• La excesiva contaminación atmosférica que
empeora el calentamiento global.
El reporte global REN21, que provee un amplio
panorama del mercado de las energías renovables,
la industria, inversiones y desarrollo de políticas
mundiales, publicó el avance que ha tenido el
sector de las energías limpias pasando a 1560 GW,
subiendo a un 8.3% entre 2012 y 2013. Pero entre
las tecnologías renovables, las de mayor desarrollo
siguen siendo la eólica, la solar y la hidroeléctrica
que subió 40 GW su capacidad mundial instalada
entre 2012 y 2013, siendo los principales países
China, Turquía, Brasil e India. Además, destaca en
algunos países, el uso de tecnología de pequeñas,
micro y pico centrales a filo de rio (run-of-river
hydroelectric projects). Esto permite afirmar que la
hidroenergía es de las tecnologías renovables más
utilizadas y es además la de mayor capacidad con
un 16.4% del total de generación (REN21, 2014).
Sin embargo, actualmente, la mayoría de literatura
se concentra en tecnologías de gran escala como
mareas, olas y aplicaciones térmicas oceánicas y
esto es una de las razones que pueden estar
demorando los avances en investigación y
desarrollo de tecnologías de microgeneración
hidroeléctrica de rio a nivel rural. Existen en la
literatura científica diversas publicaciones sobre la
clasificación de las principales configuraciones de
sistemas de conversión de energía para agua (Khan
et al, 2009). En la figura 1 se presenta una
catergorización de las principales formas de
generación de energía utilizando las corrientes de
agua:
230
Figura 1. Configuraciones de turbinas hidrocinéticas.
En la literatura de 3 bases de datos científicas, las
turbinas hidrocinéticas de eje vertical representan
solo una pequeña cantidad de artículos científicos
publicados, de los cuales aparecen casi 1000
artículos reportados y el 50% de éstos es sobre
micro turbinas de agua de eje vertical. La anterior
búsqueda referencia turbinas que aprovechan
corrientes marinas y turbinas de rio. Esto permite
afirmar un reducido número de investigaciones
publicadas. Es por ello que, algunas publicaciones
consideran la hidroeléctrica como la mejor opción
energética con mejor relación costo beneficio
(Lahimer et al, 2012). Al respecto, algunos artículos
están basados en desarrollos, aplicaciones, diseño,
operación, modelado y simulación aplicada a
proyectos de electrificación rural (Paish, 2002).
Las turbinas de eje vertical son aquellas que el eje
rotativo es perpendicular al flujo de agua que incide
o impacta el generador (Eriksson, 2006). De igual
manera, para turbinas en agua o hidrocinéticas
verticales, las tecnologías de generación eléctricas
más utilizadas son (Guney y Kaygusuz, 2010).
• Generador Síncrono de Imanes Permanentes de
conexión directa.
• Generador de Inducción.
• Generador de Inducción Doblemente Alimentado.
Estos sistemas de generación distribuida (GD), que
utilizan energías renovables fluctúan
frecuentemente debido a la naturaleza de su
recurso. Por ello, la obtención precisa de los
parámetros de las redes se hace difícil. Es por ello
que el estudio de la estabilidad de pequeña señal
 en microredes es especialmente importante (Zeng,
2011).
En un sistema de potencia eléctrico real, se
presentan grandes oscilaciones y pequeñas
oscilaciones o perturbaciones que provocan
inestabilidad en el sistema. Los modelos y
simulaciones realizados en esta investigación se
desarrollan para diversos escenarios. Para detectar
esas inestabilidades en el sistema, se desarrolla
aquí el método Modal que permite la visualización
gráfica en el plano s complejo de los valores propios
de la función de transferencia del sistema. Las
inestabilidades del sistema que son clasificadas
como de tipo local e interárea, pueden ser
amor tiguadas por diversos dispositivos
electrónicos instalados en el sistema de control y/o
excitación del generador como el dispositivo
estabilizador de potencia PSS.
2. MODELADO DE TURBINAS HIDROCINÉTICAS PARA
CORRIENTES DE AGUA
La energía cinética del agua, debida a la masa de
agua en movimiento es:
Para encontrar una expresión más detallada de la
energía cinética del agua (Ec), se reemplaza la
masa por su equivalente en flujo másico obteniendo
así que:
231
En resumen, considerando que la densidad de
potencia de un fluido está dada por la ecuación (5),
o potencia extraible del recurso
Y para una la potencia extraible del agua es similar a
la del viento definida como (Clark, 2007) :
Donde K es el coeficiente de potencia y A es el área
de barrido o la sección transversal del dispositivo
que recibe el fluido y se expresa en metros
cuadrados. Ese área de barrido, también se conoce
como superficie de referencia, se calcula como se
muestra en la ecuación siente, donde H es la
envergadura de las palas y 2R el diámetro. Para una
turbina de eje vertical es:
El símbolo ρ es la densidad del agua en kilogramos
por metro cubico: 1000 kg/m3 para agua fresca y
aproximadamente 1027 kg/m3 agua del mar y v es
la velocidad de la corriente de agua, expresada en
metros por segundo.
Esa potencia calculada hace referencia a la
potencia disponible en el fluido, sin embargo, no es
la potencia que se entrega de la máquina hidráulica
a la turbina. Existe una relación denominada
coeficiente de potencia, que determina la potencia
real disponible en el eje, de tal forma.
El coeficiente de potencia es una cantidad que
expresa que fracción de la energía del viento o del
flujo de agua está siento extraída por la turbina
hidrocinética. Ese coeficiente se calcula en la
simulación y se obtiene por métodos
computacionales. Así, la potencia de salida teórica
de la turbina en el eje, se representa mediante la
 siguiente ecuación.
Esta potencia disponible en el eje, debe ser alterada
por las eficiencias de transmisión y del generador,
para ser una potencia real. En esta investigación se
trabaja con una micro turbina vertical tipo Darrieus,
que se acopla directamente a un generador de
imanes permanentes (PMSG). El uso de PMSG,
incrementa la confiabilidad y reduce el peso en el
conjunto de turbina-generador (Samanvorakij y
Kumkratug, 2013), (Haque et al, 2008) y (Hemeida
et al, 2011).
El sistema de transmisión de potencia (drive train
en inglés), es el sistema que permite transferir la
energía mecánica del recurso (viento o agua), al
sistema de generación de potencia eléctrica. Es
importante además, considerar la dirección del
fluido para las simulaciones dinámicas
computacionales del modelo. Solamente el par de
la turbina no puede generar la energía mecánica
que requiere el generador eléctrico y por ello se
hace necesario de la caja de transmisión, que eleve
el número de revoluciones y mantiene el par de la
turbina.
3. GENERADOR DE IMANES PERMANENTES
El generador entrega corriente eléctrica directa o
alterna. La directa no es transmitida en largas
distancias manteniendo la eficiencia del sistema,
por ello se usa en aplicaciones cercanas a la carga
(Layman, 1998), (Guney y Kaygusuz, 2010). El
circuito equivalente que modela el generador
síncrono de imanes permanentes, referido al rotor,
se muestra en la figura 2.
Por tanto, la ecuación de movimiento, puede estar
dada por (Albernaz et al, 2015):
232
El torque de la turbina y el torque equivalente de la
carga están dados por la ecuación (18) (Albernaz et
al, 2015):
Donde es el torque del generador, es la
potencia de salida de la turbina, en el eje y :
Eficiencia de transmisión. Ese torque del generador,
es un torque electromagnético que se relaciona con
la turbina a través de la siguiente ecuación (Vahid y
Meehrdad, 2014).
Dónde: J: es la inercia combinada del rotor y la
turbina en (kg m2). Además, B representa la fricción
viscosa del rotor en
Ese torque y velocidad angular, son las entradas al
modelo del generador de imanes permanentes -
GIP, proporcionando el movimiento del rotor
(inductor) creando el flujo magnético del rotor con
los imanes hacia el estator (inducido).
Para representar más exactamente el generador
eléctrico, se utiliza aquí la conocida transformación
a los ejes directo y de cuadratura, para representar
todas las variables de la máquina. Se utiliza el
circuito equivalente de la figura 2 que esta
expresado en el modelo que aquí se realiza en ejes
directo y de cuadratura (Nasiri et al, 2014).
Donde : es el torque electromagnético del
generador, : son las componentes de
corriente del estator. es el flujo magnético dentro
del GIP, : la potencia de salida del generador y
es el número de polos.
También, la interacción electro-mecánica produce
tensiones (voltajes) y corrientes al interior del GIP,
que definidas en coordenadas d-q son (Nasiri et al,
 2014):
Donde es la resistencia del estator, es la
inductancia del devanado de estator, y son
las componentes d - q de tensión del estator, es
la velocidad angular eléctrica del generador.
La representación eléctrica del generador,
representada en el lado estator se muestra en la
figura 2 (Polinder et al, 2006).
Figura 2. Circuito equivalente y diagrama fasorial del generador
eléctrico de imanes permanentes.
Figura 2. (Polinder et al, 2006)
Ep representa la tensión inducida en el estator, por
los imanes permanentes alojados en el rotor. Es así
como el comportamiento del generador en estado
estacionario, es modelado por la ecuación 17:
Donde es la reactancia de dispersión del sector
y :reactancia del devanado del estator.
3.1. Estabilidad de pequeña señal
Todo este trabajo inicia con la ecuación de espacio
de estados y la euación de salida que contienen la
información inicial del modelo (López, 2008).
233
Donde la ecuación (10) incluye las variables de
estado, u es el vector de variables de entrada, t el
tiempo y y(t), la función de salida.
La linealización de la ecuación (10), permite
investigar la respuesta a pequeñas variaciones. Se
considera que las funciones de estado contienen
diferentes variables en su ecuación polinomial,
esas ecuaciones son desarrolladas usando series
de expansión de Taylor en las cuales, los órdenes
muy altos de las derivadas se omiten debido a su
mínima interacción con la respuesta. EL resultado
lineal es un sistema que tiene la forma presentada
en la ecuación 10:
Donde A, B,C y D son obtenidas de la matriz del
jacobiano, que contiene las derivadas parciales de
las funciones en f y g respectivamente, a las
variables x y las variables de entrada en u, como se
muestra en la ecuación (11).
Donde A es la matriz de estado, B la matriz de
entrada, C la matriz de salida y D la matriz de
coeficientes.
Estas matrices son transformadas usando Laplace
para encontrar la ecuación de estado linealizada,
en el dominio de la frecuencia y posteriormente
obtener los valores propios cuando los valores de s
satisfagan la ecuación 12.
 puede considerarse alrededor de 1027 kg/m3.

Las n soluciones de λ = λ1 , λ2 , … λn son los valores La velocidad del fluido si es instalada en el océano
propios de A. Esos valores pueden ser reales o para corrientes marinas o corrientes de rio.
complejos. Generalmente, esta velocidad es mucho más
pequeña que la velocidad del viento y por ello son
E n e s te a r t í c u l o , s e u s a l a h e r r a m i e n t a diseñadas y construidas para velocidades de agua
computacional PSAT (Milano, 2005), es usada para entre 2 - 4 m/s (Güney y Kaygusuz, 2010).
encontrar la ubicación de esos valores propios. Las
posiciones de las raíces y sus valores como ellos Los parámetros de la turbina se obtienen de
aparecen en la gráfica, muestran si el sistema es nuestras investigaciones previas (Lain, 2012). Las
estable o no. Si todos los valores reales son características y parámetros del generador se
negativos significa que el sistema es estable bajo presentan en la tabla 1, considerando y
esas condiciones. Un reporte completo de los complementando los parámetros eléctricos de
valores propios se muestra en matriz y los factores (Dorrel, 2007).
de participación también son mostrados.
Tabla 1.Caracteristicas del modelo
Los modos electromecánicos generados para
análisis en estudios de pequeña señal, ocurren en
el rango de frecuencia de 0.1 a 2 Hz. Las
oscilaciones interarea, son típicamente en el rango
de frecuencia de 0.1 a 1 Hz. Los modos interarea
son usualmente números complejos y asociados
con grupos de máquinas oscilando hacia otros
grupos a través de una línea de transmisión. Los
modos electromecánicos de frecuencia más alta
son definidos como modos locales y están en el
orden de 1 a 2 Hz, típicamente relacionan uno o dos
generadores oscilando contra el resto del sistema
(Farmer, 2001).

3.2. Simulación.

Para la simulación de la microturbina, se utiliza el

toolbox Power Systems Analysis Toolbox, PSAT, de
MATLAB - SIMULINK, diseñado para análisis de
Fuente: Elaboración propia
estabilidad estable y transitoria en sistemas
eléctricos y desarrolla la simulación numérica y el La red eléctrica de conexión del sistema energético
análisis linealizado de los valores propios del se simula a 220V - 60 Hz y se considera en el
sistema modelado. modelo simulado que la microturbina está
entregando energía a un punto de conexión común
Las características del modelo y los parámetros con una carga estable.
para realizar la simulación se presentan en la Tabla
1. Ahí se indica la densidad del agua, pero es
importante conocer que el aguar pura tiene una
densidad de 1000kg/m3. Por otra parte, el agua de
mar más densa por la salinidad y temperatura, y

234
 Figura 4. Sistema microturbina- generador en PSAT. # OF REAL EIGS 5
# OF COMPLEX PAIRS 0
# OF ZERO EIGS 0

Figura 2. Gráfico en plano complejo de las raíces del sistema.

La simulación realizada con este sistema analiza

los elementos conectados, integra las ecuaciones
de los componentes en un sistema de espacio de
El resultado de estabilidad con el método de los
estados y entrega los valores propios que indican su
valores propios muestra en primer intento de
estabilidad.
simulación, un sistema inestable.
Se corre un flujo de potencia que en 3 iteraciones
4. CONCLUSIONES
tarda 0.29 segundos, que desarrolla una
simulación del sistema utilizando el método de
Los resultados indican que bajo u solo escenario, el
Newton-Raphson.
sistema de microgeneración turbina-generador de
Resultado 1
imanes permanentes, tiene un comportamiento
inestable.
El reporte de ésta primera simulación, se presenta a
continuación.
El análisis completo considera diversos escenarios
de carga y generación para encontrar puntos de
STATE MATRIX EIGENVALUES
estabilidad del sistema microturbina hidrocinética.
Eigenvalue Most Associated Real part Imag. Part Pseudo-Freq. Freq. States
Eig As #1 idc_Ddsg_1 -1.9891 0 0 0 5. REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS
Eig As #2 omega_m_Ddsg_1 0.46999 0 0 0
Eig As #3 iqs_Ddsg_1 33.9692 0 0 0
Eig As #4 vw_Wind_1 0.25 0 0 0
Eig As #5 theta_p_Ddsg_1 -0.33333 0 0 00
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3ROtWLFD\5HJXODFLyQ Energética
Entendiendo la transformación que afronta el sector se requiere un cambio de política y
regulación energética que permita el avance de nuevas tecnologías y dinámicas que
promuevan su desarrollo, en la siguiente sección se presentan artículos relacionados
con políticas públicas, esquemas de cargo por confiabilidad, oportunidades para
Colombia en eficiencia energética y estudios de prospectiva del sector energético.
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• Conferencias Magistrales
• Panel de Expertos
• Comunicado reunión de expertos en gestión
de la energía e ISO 50001 para latinoamérica
• Directorio de Autores
 CONFERENCIAS MAGISTRALES
Oportunidades para el mercado de servicios energéticos en el ámbito de la ISO 50001

Las Empresas de Servicios Energéticos – ESCOs, definidas como compañías

que ofrecen servicios de energía que pueden incluir la implementación de
proyectos de eficiencia energética, tienen como finalidad garantizar el ahorro
de energía basando las retribuciones de las ESCOs precisamente en los
ahorros obtenidos. Los tipos de servicios que ofrecen estas empresas van
desde el análisis de la energía y auditorías energéticas hasta suministro de
energía y/o equipos. El sistema de funcionamiento se basa en la relación
ESCO-CLIENTE-BANCO-PROYECTO-AHORRO, de acuerdo a un flujo de
acciones y de fondos perfectamente definido. Por otro lado, los potenciales
de eficiencia energética de las diferentes regiones del mundo es bastante
considerable y la mayoría de países tienen objetivos claros en eficiencia
energética. Finalmente, el esquema de la norma internacional ISO 50001 Alberto J. Fosa
plantea una metodología de mejora continua PLANEAR-HACER-REVISAR- ISO TC242 Head BR /
ACTUAR introduciendo el concepto de desempeño energético, entre otros, en ABNT CB115 Chair
donde las ESCOs pueden desarrollar actuaciones importantes; además, se ABRINSTAL Dir. Executivo
destaca a la luz de esta norma, que existe un amplio mercado para las ICA Experto
ESCOs debido a los servicios que ofrecen, no obstante esto mismo
representa algunos cambios en las operaciones de las actividades de las
ESCOs tradicionales.

El programa de eficiencia energética industrial en Colombia

El panorama mundial del programa de eficiencia energética de ONUDI

(Organización de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo Industrial) muestra
a 20 países en fase operativa como Colombia, Ecuador, Turquía y 10
actividades planeadas en Chile, México, entre otros. El enfoque del
programa presenta medidas de gestión y técnicas como diplomados en
gestión energética, programas de formación de técnicos en sistemas de
motores, vapor, compresores. En cuanto al programa en el contexto nacional,
el marco regulatorio presenta algunos avances como el Programa Nacional
de Eficiencia Energética (PROURE), reglamentos técnicos, incentivos
fiscales; por su parte, las metas sectoriales establecidas principalmente en
el sector industrial, así como las líneas de acción muestran un balance
positivo en estos aspectos, los cuales deben seguir siendo fortalecidos. Los
resultados de los programas nacionales como el RETIQ/Motores en Bettina Schreck
reglamentos técnicos y NTC-ISO 50001 en normas voluntarias, muestran Industrial Development
algunos aspectos a tratar como reglamento para calderas, adopción de Officer
normas de la familia 50000, entre otros. Las cifras del Programa Sistema de UNIDO
Gestión integral de la Energía (SGIE) presentan 470 empresas
sensibilizadas, 244 técnicos en la implementación de SGEn formados, 55
empresas desarrollando planes de SGEn, entre otros. En la actualidad el país
cuenta con diplomados y otros programas de posgrado en temas de gestión
energética; sin embargo, el Programa de Eficiencia Energética Industrial -EEI-
en Colombia busca que otras regiones del país también tengan acceso a este

296
 conocimiento con el propósito de que más industrias implementen SGEn. Por
otro lado, este programa presenta un caso especial en el contexto mundial
ya que a diferencia de otros países, donde se ha llevado a cabo, la
participación de una red de universidades como lo es RECIEE, será la
encargada de la formación de estas capacidades, integrando nuevas
universidades de esas regiones y dando mayor sostenibilidad en el tiempo a
los objetivos del EEI. Finalmente, del programa se destacan sus impactos
ambientales y sociales.

“Avances y oportunidades de la reglamentación de la ley 1715, integración de las

energías renovables no convencionales al sistema energético nacional“

La ley 1715 de 2014 establece lineamientos para la integración de energías

renovables no convencionales y la gestión eficiente de la energía en el
panorama energético del país. Desde diferentes entidades estatales como el
Ministerio de Minas y Energía, Comisión Reguladora de Energía y Gas –
CREG, entre otras, se han emitido decretos y resoluciones reglamentarios
en temas como: autogeneración a gran y pequeña escala, plantas menores,
respuesta de la demanda, plantas no despachadas centralmente, subastas
adicionales. Por otro lado, dentro de los retos asociados a la Generación de
energía se destacan: confiabilidad-costos variables, mercado de
confiabilidad, propuesta de despacho vinculante y energías renovables. La Jorge Pinto Nolla
situación actual de la transmisión y distribución se encuentra con retos para Director Ejecutivo
la optimización de las redes para transmitir y distribuir energía eléctrica, Comisión Reguladora de
teniendo en cuenta la generación distribuida, redes inteligentes, gestión de Energía y Gas-CREG
la demanda, entre otros. Como reflexiones finales, la eficiencia energética es
compromiso de usuarios, empresas y regulador, la agenda regulatoria hace
parte de las oportunidades de mejora del modelo regulatorio nacional, la ley
1715 abre un nuevo campo a nuestro sistema eléctrico, por lo que es
necesario continuar avanzando en su reglamentación.

Integración Universidad-Empresa en los ámbitos de energía y medio ambiente en

México

La problemática mundial del cambio climático, aumento de la demanda

energética, agotamiento eventual de fuentes fósiles ha llevado al desarrollo
de alternativas energéticas. En México, para el 2014 el 87.7% de la
producción de energía primaria correspondía a hidrocarburos, mientras que
el 7.56% a renovables; para 2024 la meta es producir el 35% de electricidad
a partir de tecnologías limpias. Las políticas nacionales mexicanas en
energía y medio ambiente involucran el Programa Nacional de Desarrollo, la
Estrategia Nacional de Producción y Consumo Sustentable, de Energía, entre
otras teniendo como punto central el uso de energías renovables, eficiencia Rogelio Sotelo Boyás
energética, cambio climático, entre otras. La vinculación universidad- Instituto Politécnico
empresa representa varias ventajas económicas, aplicación de Nacional
conocimientos, prestigio y reconocimiento que permiten el mejor desarrollo Red de Energía
de proyectos e innovaciones tecnológicas. Dentro de los mecanismos que

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 usa el gobierno para impulsar y promocionar estas alianzas en temas como
eficiencia energética, energías renovables, tecnologías limpias, se tiene por
ejemplo el Fondo Sectorial CONACYT-SENER quienes apoyan la investigación
científica y tecnológica aplicada. Algunas instituciones de educación
superior de México como el IPN, Universidad La Salle, entre otras, se
encuentran en esta dinámica con programas como centros de incubación de
e mp r e s a s d e b a s e te c n o l ó g i c a , c á te d r a s
corporativas, las cuales deben ser fomentadas dentro de las organizaciones
para su mejor desarrollo.

Ahorro y uso eficiente de la energía en México: contexto y acciones de la CONUEE

La Comisión Nacional para el Uso Eficiente de la Energía -CONUEE- nace en

2008 como un resulta de la Ley de Aprovechamiento Sustentable de Energía
con el objetivo de promover la eficiencia energética y constituirse como
órgano de carácter técnico en materia de aprovechamiento sustentable de la
energía. Dentro de sus principales programas se encuentran: Normalización,
relacionado con las normas oficiales de México; Administración Pública
Federal, destacándose el uso de energía en edificios, flotas vehiculares e
instalaciones industriales; Proyecto Nacional de Eficiencia Energética en el
Alumbrado Público Municipal, cuyo principal objetivo es la sustitución de los
alumbrados ineficientes de alumbrado público municipal; Usuarios con
Patrón de Alto Consumo, en el cual existe una reglamentación sobre las Odón de Buen Rodríguez
penalizaciones a este tipo de consumidores; Sistemas de Gestión de Comisión Nacional
Energía, en este ámbito se encuentra un programa transversal que busca para el Uso Eficiente
proporcionar a los usuarios herramientas para elevar su competitividad de la Energía-CONUEE
mediante el mejor uso de la energía; y, finalmente, Calentamiento Solar de
Agua, cuyo programa implementando es un esquema de financiamiento
piloto para este tipo de sistemas en la Península de Yucatán con factor de
réplica a nivel nacional.

Retos de la eficiencia energética en Colombia

El panorama mundial de la eficiencia energética basado en la calificación

otorgada en 2014 por el Consejo Americano para una Economía
Energéticamente Eficiente - ACEEE presenta el estado de algunos países en
esta materia mostrando el puntaje más alto conseguido por Alemania,
seguido por la Unión Europea, China, Francia, Japón y España, destacándose
esfuerzos como disminución de emisiones, motores eficientes, eficiencia
residencial, térmica y leyes energéticas. Se resalta la forma como los países
pueden incrementar su eficiencia resaltando: incentivos financieros,
políticas y su seguimiento, metas de reducción energética, entre otros. En
cuanto al panorama nacional, Colombia presenta algunas políticas que se Jorge Valencia
han adelantado en esta materia, como la Ley 697 de 2001 sobre el Marco Director General
Político en Eficiencia Energética, la Resolución 41012 de 2015 de Unidad Planeación
reglamento de etiquetado, entre otras. Sin embargo, existen algunos Minero Energética
aspectos por fortalecer, como políticas de generación térmica limpia, UPME

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 mejoras de eficiencia energética en la industria, entre otras. El consumo
energético nacional por sectores muestra al de transporte como el más
ineficiente en términos de consumo de energía; no obstante, existen
acciones sectoriales y transversales que se están implementando como
entrada de vehículos eléctricos en algunas categorías, incremento de la
eficiencia del 74% al 90% en calderas pirotubulares con gas natural en la
industria, sustitución de 1 millón de refrigeradores con una reducción al
2020 del 4,72% de la demanda del sector residencial, entre otras.
Finalmente, en la oferta institucional se destacan entidades como ONUDI,
BID, COLCIENCIAS, entre otros, quienes adelantan diferentes programas
para promover la eficiencia y gestión energética en el país.

Políticas para promover la norma ISO 50001 y oportunidades para colaboración

internacional

En la actualidad existen diversos programas gubernamentales de gestión

energética alrededor del mundo que han servido como estrategias para
alcanzar metas nacionales; es destacable que desde la publicación de la ISO
50001 se ha incrementado el perfil de estas estrategias. Algunas claves a
considerar a la hora de tener éxito en este tipo de programas incluyen:
regulaciones, incentivos, asistencia técnica, entrenamiento e intercambio
de información y conocimiento. Entre algunos ejemplos de países y sus
respectivas políticas obligatorias para alcanzar metas en eficiencia Ms. Graziella Siciliano
energética se encuentra China y el programa de objetivos de ahorros de U.S. Department of
energía para los sectores industriales con mayor consumo energético, Energy
Alemania y la política de exenciones tributarias a compañías que certifiquen
la implementación de estrategias de gestión de la energía, Francia y los
fuertes incentivos económicos para la implementación de la ISO 50001. Por
otro lado, países como Suecia y Estados Unidos han trabajado en la
implementación de compromisos voluntarios, con programas de eficiencia
energética en las industrias, fundamentos en la ISO 50001. Por último, en la
Cooperación Internacional para Estimular los Resultados Nacionales se
resalta el Grupo de Trabajo en Gestión Energética (Energy Management
Working Group-EMWG) conformado por 12 países que procuran acelerar la
adopción y uso de sistemas de gestión energética como la ISO 50001 en la
industria y edificaciones comerciales.

Tendencias y perspectivas de la gestión energética industrial en la infraestructura

internacional

El Departamento de Energía -DOE- de Estados Unidos ha creado algunos

programas de eficiencia energética voluntarios para el sector industrial, en
los que se resalta que los sistemas de gestión energética conducen a
mejoramientos continuos del desempeño energético. Dos de estos
programas voluntarios para el sector manufacturero son: Superior Energy
Performance & Industrial Assessment Center, quienes involucran el
estándar ISO 50001, auditorías energéticas sin costo para pequeñas y Dr. Peter Therkelsen
medianas empresas, entre otros. Dentro de los factores o aspectos que Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory

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 deben ser tenidos en cuenta a la hora de realizar proyectos basados en
acercamientos a la eficiencia energética se encuentran: los equipos y
procesos, personal, fuentes energéticas, control. En cuanto a los estados o
etapas por las que atraviesan estos proyectos, una vez estructurados, se
encuentran la decisión de la compañía de implementar un sistema de
gestión de la energía, la disminución de los costos de energía a través de
simples ahorros de energía, ahorros adicionales debido al uso eficiente de la
energía hasta llegar a los alcanzados por las operaciones de negocios de la
compañía.

Hacia la construcción de un futuro energéticamente sustentable desde el

conocimiento

En la actualidad existen diversos factores que impulsan la eficiencia

energética y las Fuentes No Convencionales de Energía (FNCE) en el país,
como: el cambio climático, incertidumbre en reservas de gas, mercado
eléctrico sin demanda activa, falencias en políticas, entre otros. La evolución
del marco normativo colombiano en cuanto a eficiencia energética empieza
desde el 2001 con la declaración del uso racional y eficiente de la energía y
las FNCE como asunto de interés nacional, pasando por diversas leyes y Omar Prías Caicedo
reglamentaciones, hasta llegar más recientemente a la Ley 1715 de 2014 Director
que regula la integración de FNCE al sistema energético e incluye Red Colombiana de
herramientas regulatorias para la gestión eficiente de la Energía. Por otro Conocimiento en
lado, la Red Colombiana de Conocimiento en Eficiencia Energética –RECIEE-, Eficiencia Energética
desde su creación en 2002 ha trabajado en varios proyectos que han RECIEE
contribuido en la integración Universidad-Empresa-Estado en temas de
gestión y eficiencia energética. Un diagnóstico del estado actual en
eficiencia, gestión energética y FNCE, presenta altas capacidades
nacionales en investigación en temas como FNCE y Eficiencia en Usos
Finales, la caracterización de la industria muestra a un país en proceso de
desindustrialización que no toma la energía como un elemento estratégico
de competitividad. La región con mayor consumo de energía eléctrica en el
sector industrial es la andina, la matriz energética del sector manufacturero
está compuesta principalmente por gas natural, carbón mineral y energía
eléctrica. Por otro lado, dentro del Programa ejecutado por RECIEE, más de
80 empresas han sido sensibilizadas en cuatro regiones del país,
encontrándose gran interés en mejorar el desempeño energético en el
sector alimenticio, seguido por el metalmecánico; asimismo, fue identificado
en este diagnóstico la obsolescencia en tecnologías de uso final de la energía
en la industria. Las capacidades de gestión en el sector industrial muestran
que las organizaciones han tenido algunas iniciativas que deben
formalizarse para integrarse de manera activa a un Sistema de Gestión de
Energía – SGE. Por último, existen debilidades y retos del mercado,
capacidades nacionales para la acreditación y certificación en ISO 50001.

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 Análisis de las políticas y programas de eficiencia energética y fuentes renovables a
nivel internacional

El sector transporte colombiano es el mayor consumidor de energía con el

47%, seguido del sector industrial y residencial, ambos con 19% del
consumo total del país. Las principales barreras que se han identificado para
la implementación de la eficiencia energética en el país muestran
problemáticas estructurales de precios, de tipo normativo, institucionales y
de mercado, así como ausencia de incentivos tributarios de distribuidores-
comercializadores de energía eléctrica y gas, el cargo de respaldo limita el
desarrollo de proyectos de autogeneración; la eficiencia energética no ha
sido prioridad en el marco normativo, alcance limitado de reglamento de
etiquetado; escasa divulgación de programas de investigación y desarrollo,
UPME rol protagónico pero sin herramientas de control, escasa divulgación
Dafna Siegert
de la oferta de crédito y del procedimiento para acceder a estos. Los factores
Ernst & Young - EY
críticos de éxito del referenciamiento internacional son varios: la información
relacionado con la eficiencia energética como elemento fundamental, el
mayor avance de la innovación tecnológica frente a la normatividad, la falta
de obligatoriedad en la práctica de la eficiencia energética, mecanismos
basado en mercado, acuerdos voluntarios entre gobierno y empresas,
fuentes de financiamiento a la eficiencia energética, y verificación y control.
No obstante, existen algunas alternativas para eliminar los factores críticos
o barreras a la eficiencia energética, como esquemas de consecución de
información, decretos para fomentar la eficiencia energética, creación del
Gestor de Información de Eficiencia Energética usando recursos del
FENOGE, creación del esquema de mercado, impulso a iniciativas
relacionadas con promoción y educación, entre otras.

La Banca del Desarrollo como promotora de mercados sostenibles: oportunidades

para Colombia en Distritos Térmicos y SWAC

FINDETER es una entidad que brinda asesoría técnica y asistencia territorial,

ofreciendo créditos blandos para sectores estratégicos y mercados
sustentables emergentes, a través de mecanismos financieros y no
financieros. Dentro de las experiencias financieras se destacan los casos de
infraestructura sostenibles, eficiencia energética y cambio climático,
alumbrado e iluminación, como modernización del alumbrado público,
pequeñas centrales hidroeléctricas y energía fotovoltaica. En la
caracterización financiera de mercados de fuentes no convencionales de
energía renovables se pueden resaltar la solar, biomasa, distritos térmicos,
estos últimos son sistemas de distribución de calor y/o frío mediante
tuberías desde una central de generación hasta un conjunto de Findeter
consumidores, de los que resaltan beneficios como costos de operación más Financiera del
bajos y reducción de la demanda energética; algunos ejemplos de estos Desarrollo Territorial S.A.
proyectos en el mundo se encuentran en Ámsterdam, Barcelona, París, entre
otros . En cuanto a los principales obstáculos para el desarrollo de estos
proyectos se encuentran la elevada inversión inicial, marcos regulatorios no
adecuados, incertidumbre sobre el modelo de negocio de usos secundarios,

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 entre otros. Finalmente, en el caso de distritos térmicos en Colombia ya se
cuenta con un estudio adelantado para ser desarrollado en un sector de la
ciudad de Medellín, contando con empresas en el país con el conocimiento y
capacidad operativa para diseñar e implementarlos en sus distintas
modalidades.

Las estrategias y perspectivas de la I+D+i en Eficiencia Energética y Fuentes

Renovables en Colombia.

Las capacidades de investigación en Colombia presentan un crecimiento

anual en el período 2007-2011 de 5.5%, frente al promedio OCDE del 2.0%.
Sin embargo, aún se encuentra rezagada respecto al promedio OCDE en
temas como investigadores por millón de habitantes y el porcentaje del PIB
en gastos para i+D. En el caso de la producción científica, el promedio OCDE
para artículos/billón del PIB e Indice H, son 38.8 y 413, respectivamente,
Colombia tiene valores de 6.1 y 133 en estos aspectos. La transferencia y
orientación a la innovación, muestra buenos comportamientos en la
Cooperación Universidad Industria, pero un bajo nivel en Aplicaciones a
Patentes. En la actualidad se cuentan con 84 grupos de I+D+i trabajando en Yesid Ojeda
temas de Eficiencia Energética y Fuentes No Convencionales de Energía, Director Minería y Energía
principalmente de universidades, centrándose la producción científica y COLCIENCIAS
tecnológica de 2000 a 2015 los trabajos de grado, artículos en revistas
indexadas, tesis de maestría, proyectos de I+D+i, entre otros. Las metas del
cuatrienio 2014-2018, abarcan una producción científica ambiciosa de
13,400 artículos publicados en revistas científicas especializadas e
incrementar el capital humano para CTeI con 10,000 maestrías y
doctorados, 7,000 empresas más sofisticadas e innovadoras; tres millones
de niños y jóvenes apoyados en procesos de vocación científica y
tecnológica: Ondas, Jóvenes Investigadores, Nexo Global, entre otros.

Programa Nacional para Sistemas de Gestión de la Energía

El principal factor problemático al momento de hablar de implementación de

Sistemas de Gestión de la Energía es el cultural, se debe entender a
qué se le da prioridad en las organizaciones como imagen, incentivos
fiscales, productividad, por lo que las empresas en muchas ocasiones no se
interesan por este tipo de iniciativas. En México la CONUEE creo el
PRONASGEN con una ejecución de 2015 a 2018 y tiene como objetivo
apoyar a los usuarios de la energía en el desarrollo de sus capacidades para
implementar SGE que les permitan aumentar su competitividad. La
cooperación internacional es clave para conseguir recursos que permitan
apoyar este tipo de programas en México, se tiene cooperación con Noé Villegas
Physikalisch Technische Bundesanstalt – PTB, Danish Energy Agency, Programa Nacional
UNIDO, entre otros. Se destacan las redes de aprendizaje como para Sistemas de
herramientas valiosas para este tipo de programas ya que tienen objetivos Gestión de la Energía
generales como reducción de los costos de información, difusión y PRONASGEn
transferencia de tecnología e intercambio de experiencias, etc. El programa CONUEE
no se enfoca en la búsqueda de la certificación sino en la correcta
implementación de los SGE.

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 PANEL DE EXPERTOS

Como cierre del V Congreso Internacional de Eficiencia, Gestión Energética y Energías Renovables –
CIUREE 2016, se llevó a cabo un panel de expertos con el propósito de obtener conclusiones sobre los
principales temas tratados durante los tres días del evento.

Los panelistas fueron reconocidos representantes del sector académico, estatal y privado, con
amplia trayectoria y manejo de temas de eficiencia y gestión energética desde sus respectivas áreas:
Olga Gonzales de la Unidad de Planeación Minero Energética – UPME, José Ramón Gómez del Banco
Interamericano de Desarrollo – BID y los profesores Enrique Quispe y Juan Carlos Campos, de la
Universidad Autónoma de Occidente y Universidad del Atlántico. El panel fue moderado por Omar
Prías, director de la Red Colombiana de Conocimiento en Eficiencia Energética, RECIEE. La discusión
se centró en la identificación de elementos y estrategias para impulsar de forma sostenible el
mercado de la eficiencia energética, las energías renovables y la gestión energética en Colombia. Los
panelistas resaltaron iniciativas como la generación de capacidades y conocimiento en eficiencia
energética a través de las actividades de la red RECIEE y de otras entidades, la articulación Estado-
Empresa- Academia para garantizar el éxito en la estructuración técnica y financiera de proyectos de
eficiencia energética y el esfuerzo para continuar con la reglamentación de la Ley 1715 de 2014.

De igual forma, se destacó que los recursos financieros y voluntades de las partes para adelantar
programas de eficiencia energética, son fundamentales. Aun cuando se tiende a considerar que no
hay recursos para desarrollar estos programas, si existen diversos mecanismos para financiarlos con
posibilidades de acceso a fondos internacionales, no obstante los proyectos deben ser pertinentes y
bien estructurados para poder acceder a estos recursos.

Desde el sector académico se expuso que el avance de Colombia en temas de eficiencia y gestión
energética se ha debido en gran medida al apoyo del gobierno, que ha financiado la mayoría de
proyectos en el área desde el 2005 hasta la fecha. Como posibles elementos que podrían dinamizar la
temática, se propuso que la ISO 50001 sea una bandera para el avance de la gestión de la energía en
el país y que se establezca un reglamento de gestión energética, similar a otros ya existentes como el
RETILAP. En este contexto, a la academia le corresponde seguir creando herramientas para aportar
valor mediante la implementación de la norma en las empresas, ya que si la industria conoce las
bondades de la gestión y eficiencia energética, empezaría a demandar la implementación de estos
sistemas y a dinamizar el mercado.

Se expuso que no solo se deben centrar los esfuerzos del lado de la oferta, sino también del lado de la
demanda, para que los usuarios finales sean capaces de identificar la necesidad y bondades que
tiene la implementación de un sistema de gestión de la energía. También se resaltó la importancia de
trabajar sobre los decisores de las empresas, es decir, el nivel estratégico.

Finalmente, algunos participantes del público en el cierre del evento realizaron valiosos aportes a la
discusión reiterando la necesidad de fortalecer la unión Universidad-Gobierno- Empresa para sacar
adelante los temas de eficiencia y gestión energética y volverlos una realidad. Para ello, haría falta un
actor que realice la integración, entendiendo la falta de capacidad de las industrias para gestionar
proyectos.

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 En este orden de ideas, el cuarto actor que hace falta para lograr la integración de los tres anteriores,
podría ser una consultoría de gestión que mediante un modelo de negocio permita que las empresas
le apuesten a esos gestores o consultores. De esta forma, cuando la empresa empiece a percibir
mayores beneficios, podría aumentar demandar la demanda de servicios y fortalecer el mercado.

Otro aspecto que se puso a consideración es la percepción de la industria nacional de que si no existe
una obligación para la implementación de sistemas de gestión, no se comenzarán a tomar medidas
para adelantarlos. Lo anterior puede ser contrarrestado por acciones de actores externos que
generen presión al mercado, por ejemplo proveedores o clientes que exijan certificaciones de
sistemas de gestión o realicen visitas de verificación, de manera similar a lo que ocurre con las
medidas ambientales para reducciones de emisiones de carbono. Este podría ser otro camino para
impulsar el mercado de la eficiencia y gestión energética de forma sostenible en el país.

Como conclusión general, se señaló que en los últimos años el país ha realizado acciones efectivas
que han modelado un escenario propicio para la creación y fomento de un mercado de eficiencia
energética, que requiere de acciones prontas para ser aprovechado.

Entre las fortalezas del país se resaltó la activa participación del sector académico, actor que en otros
referentes internacionales no ha mostrado un papel activo; y el papel del estado que, además de
financiar iniciativas de promoción, en los últimos años ha llevado a la luz normativas de importancia
como el Reglamento Técnico de Etiquetado (RETIQ) y la ley 1715. Entre las debilidades, se menciona
que los recursos provenientes de fuentes nacionales e internacionales se han enfocado en asesorías
y no se ha logrado su orientación efectiva a proyectos productivos o a la reconfiguración de
capacidades del sector industrial.

Orientar los recursos actuales hacia las necesidades reales de los diferentes sectores de consumo,
requerirá de un trabajo mancomunado de los actores ya existentes, el involucramiento activo de
nuevos actores y mayor celeridad en el desarrollo de acciones de impacto.

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 CIUREE
V Congreso Internacional en Eficiencia, Gestión Energética y Energías Renovables
Cartagena - Colombia 03 - 05 Febrero de 2016

ISSN: 2539-0287
EDITORIAL UN