Endo

Bacteria Source Characteristic Killing condition Toxin spore

E. coli  Very widely  Gram negative, rod-shaped

 High standards of  (O157:H7) Shiga toxin causes
distributed in habitats  Parasites, few harmful
hygiene diarrhea and can lead to severe
on Earth  Facultative anaerobic 
 thorough cooking of illness (STEC)
 in the intestines of  Nitrate reductase positive
foods  Enterotoxin LT and ST
animals and humans  Motile by peritrichate flagella

 rod-shaped gram-negative,
Coliform anaerobic.
 the aquatic
 ferment lactose with the  Heat resistant, so we do not cause disease. However, its
environment in soil
production of acid and gas when should keep high existence in drinking water is a
and on vegetation 
incubated at 35 a euro 37 degrees standards of hygiene potential cause of human
 in the feces of warm- pathogens.
Celsius
blooded animals
 indicate that other pathogenic
organisms of fecal origin
Shigella  in primates and  Common antiseptic
 is a non-hairy, rod-shaped Gram-
especially in humans; and boiling (at
negative bacillus lipid A (or endotoxin), a non-
but not found in other temperature of 100 °
 unable to move, does not have a repeating “core” oligosaccharide
mammals C dies after 2 
non-carcinogenic shell and a distal polysaccharide (or O-
 Digestion like minutes).
 closely related to Salmonella. antigen)
contaminated food and  drying and out of
water  have antigen O, no antigen H. light.
 Lipopolysaccharide as an
endotoxin.
 facultative anaerobic, Gram-positive  lipoteichoic acids in cell walls
Listeria bacterium  parenteral penicillin  D-galactose attach to D-galactose
 grow and reproduce inside the host's or ampicillin receptors on the host cell walls
the ingestion of
cells  alkali shock (pH=12)  L. monocytogenes can translocate
contaminated food such
as unpasteurized dairy or  ability to grow at temperatures as low  cooking by past the intestinal membrane and
raw foods as 0°C temperature higher into the body
 via flagella at 30°C; >37°C move than 65oC  rapidly acidifies the lumen of the
within eukaryotic cells by explosive  pasteurization vacuole formed around it during
polymerization of actin filaments. cell entry to activate listeriolysin O
phospholipase A and
phospholipase B.
Salmonella
 intestinal bacteria
 egg, cold-blooded
animals and warm-
 about 0.7 µm to 1.5 µm in
blooded animals, and
in the environment
 a variety of rod-shaped, gram-
negative bacilli, arbitrary anaerobic
bacteria, cilia,
diameter, from 2 µm to 5 µm long
and has a ring of flutter.
 intracellular pathogens; uses
 High standards of oxygen to make ATP; if not
hygiene oxygen, it ferments, or substitute

 thorough cooking of one or more of four less efficient
electron acceptors secretes
foods
 endotoxins (the septic form).

Staphylococci  Most are harmless

 skin and mucous
membranes of humans
and other organisms.
 nectar-inhabiting
microbe
 Gram-positive  hemolysins and leukotoxins.
 More H2O2 or O3
 Spherical (cocci), and form in  lyse neutrophils after ingestion
 Coagulase
grape-like clusters.  inhibit the complement cascade or 
 High standard
 Non-motile prevent recognition
hygiene
 facultative anaerobic  the toxins are not destroyed by
cooking

Vibrio
 eating undercooked  Gram-negative bacteria, possessing  limit eating seafood
a curved-rod shape (comma shape).  Cholera toxin (choleragen and
seafood. or serving with lemon
sometimes abbreviated to
 Typically found in  facultative anaerobes. and mustard 
CTX, Ctx or CT) is AB5
salt water, marine  motile and have polar flagella with  thorough cooking of
multimeric protein complex.
life.. sheaths. foods

Bacillus  Gram-positive, rod-shaped

 ubiquitous in nature,  Teichoic acid and teichuronic
bacteria,
e.g. in soil. acids.
 obligate aerobes: oxygen
 extreme environments  High standards of  a toxin that can kill insects and
dependent; or facultative 
such as high pH , high hygiene thus has been used as
anaerobes: having the ability to be
temperature, and high insecticide.
anaerobic in the absence of
salt concentrations  Emetic enterotoxin diarrhea.
oxygen.
 high-dose penicillin G,
Clostridium  botulinum toxin cause botulism.
tetracyclines, etc.
 Botox in cosmetic surgery, therapeutic.
 short heating at  CPE enterotoxin upon invasion of the
 soils and the intestinal  Gram-positive bacteria, obligate temperatures above 72–75
host gut, food poisoning and other
tract of animals, anaerobes °C., spore about 122oC,
gastrointestinal illnesses. 
including humans.  vegetative form, or rod-shaped cook more than 20 min
 Clostridium difficile toxin A (TcdA
 addition of lysozyme, similar to Clostridium difficile Toxin B:
nitrate, nitrite, propionic
damage the intestinal mucosa.
acid salts (inhibit).