Summarizing and Presenting

Data

Lecture Handouts
St. Luke’s College of Nursing
SY. 2017 - 2018

Tiger’s Nest Monastery, Bhutan

 Presentation of Data
Display of data that will allow the viewer to think
about what the data convey and/or will
encourage the reader to make comparisons

Avoid distortion of the data and be closely

related to the statistical and verbal descriptions
of the data set
 General Purpose
Display data clearly and effectively

Summarize quantities of information to the reader

Offer the opportunity to analyze data sets and to

explore, understand, present distributions, trends
and relationships in the data

The primary purpose of tables and graphs is to

communicate information about the data to the
user
 Methods

Textual

Tabular

Graphical
 Textual (Mendoza et al.)
Also called
Data is simply narrated in a
Should only be used with and
limited summaries
 Textual Presentation
Advantages Disadvantages
Gives emphasis to Data is incomprehensible
when the large
quantitative data are
Appropriate when there included in the paragraph
are to
be presented Paragraph involving many
figures can be tiresome to
most readers when the
same words are repeated
many times
 Tables (Mendoza et al.)
Provide a compact way of presenting large
sets of detailed information
Can readily point out trends and comparisons
as well as show the interrelationships among
different variables that may not be apparent
in a narrative listing of the data
Presents data in greater detail than a graph,
therefore it is also used as basis / aid in graph
or chart construction
 Parts of a Table
Table 1. Ten Leading Causes of Mortality by Sex (Rate/100,000 Population and Percent
Distribution), Philippines, 2004
Both Sexes
Cause Male Female
Number Rate Percent*
1. Heart Diseases 40,361 30,500 70,861 84.8 17.6
2. Vascular System Diseases 28,930 22,750 51,680 61.8 12.8
3. Malignant Neoplasm 21,395 19,129 40,524 48.5 10.1
4. Accidents** 28,041 6,442 34,483 41.3 8.6
5. Pneumonia 15,822 16,276 32,098 38.4 8.0
6. Tuberculosis, all forms 17,841 8,029 25,870 31.0 6.4
7. Ill-defined and unknown causes of mortality 10,916 10,362 21,278 25.5 5.3
8. Chronic lower respiratory diseases 13,084 5,891 18,975 22.7 4.7
9. Diabetes Mellitus 7,970 8,582 16,552 19.8 4.1
10. Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period 7,809 5,371 13,180 15.8 3.6
* Percent share from total deaths, all causes, Philippines
** External Causes of Mortality

Source: The 2004 Philippine Health Statistics

8
 Parts of a Table
Table 1. Ten Leading Causes of Mortality by Sex (Rate/100,000 Population and Percent
Distribution), Philippines, 2004
Both Sexes
Cause Male Female
Number Rate Percent*
1. Heart Diseases 40,361 30,500 70,861 84.8 17.6
2. Vascular System Diseases 28,930 22,750 51,680 61.8 12.8
3. Malignant Neoplasm 21,395 19,129 40,524 48.5 10.1
4. Accidents** 28,041 6,442 34,483 41.3 8.6
5. Pneumonia 15,822 16,276 32,098 38.4 8.0
6. Tuberculosis, all forms 17,841 8,029 25,870 31.0 6.4
7. Ill-defined and unknown causes of mortality 10,916 10,362 21,278 25.5 5.3
8. Chronic lower respiratory diseases 13,084 5,891 18,975 22.7 4.7
9. Diabetes Mellitus 7,970 8,582 16,552 19.8 4.1
10. Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period 7,809 5,371 13,180 15.8 3.6
* Percent share from total deaths, all causes, Philippines
** External Causes of Mortality

Source: The 2004 Philippine Health Statistics

9
 Parts of a Table
Table 1. Ten Leading Causes of Mortality by Sex (Rate/100,000 Population and Percent
Distribution), Philippines, 2004
Both Sexes
Cause Male Female
Number Rate Percent*
1. Heart Diseases 40,361 30,500 70,861 84.8 17.6
2. Vascular System Diseases 28,930 22,750 51,680 61.8 12.8
3. Malignant Neoplasm 21,395 19,129 40,524 48.5 10.1
4. Accidents** 28,041 6,442 34,483 41.3 8.6
5. Pneumonia 15,822 16,276 32,098 38.4 8.0
6. Tuberculosis, all forms 17,841 8,029 25,870 31.0 6.4
7. Ill-defined and unknown causes of mortality 10,916 10,362 21,278 25.5 5.3
8. Chronic lower respiratory diseases 13,084 5,891 18,975 22.7 4.7
9. Diabetes Mellitus 7,970 8,582 16,552 19.8 4.1
10. Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period 7,809 5,371 13,180 15.8 3.6
* Percent share from total deaths, all causes, Philippines
** External Causes of Mortality

Source: The 2004 Philippine Health Statistics

10
Parts of a Table (Mendoza et al.)

Parts Description
Numbered consecutively as the tables
appear in the article or report
Gives complete information as to the
“what,” the “who,” the “where” and
the “when” of the table.
Indicate the basis of classification of
the columns or vertical series of
figures
Indicate the basis of classification of
the rows or horizontal series of figures
Parts of a Table (Mendoza et al.)

Parts Description
Composed of tabular cells, which
collectively contains the information
Cell - intersection of a row and a
column
Additional statements or Legend.
Placed immediately below the bottom
rule of the table.
It is obligatory to specify the reference
when the data presented are not
original (Secondary source)
 Tabular Presentation
Advantages Disadvantages
Concise and easy to Too many rows or
understand columns could make it
difficult for the reader
Facilitates analysis of to understand the data
categories of the given
variable
Requires more time to
construct
Presents data in more
detail
 Master Table

A single table which shows the distribution of

observations across many variables of interest in
a given study

Way of with an aim of

presenting detailed statistical data
 Master Table

Source: Eastern Samar, Philippines, MDG Provincial status report, 2010

 Dummy Table

Also called Table

Tables that are complete except for the data

 Contingency Table

Also called or a Two-way table

Shows the counts across the

classifications of two variables
 Frequency Distribution Table

is an ordered display of
each value in a data set together with its frequency; that
is, the number of times that value occurs in the data set.
(Rosner)

Situation: DATA SET

Body Mass Index
31 22.5 17.2
27.5 23.6 21
16.9 28 15.6
24.5 16.1 32
26.3 20.9 21
BMI Frequency
31 1
27.5 1
16.9 1
24.5 1
26.3 1
22.5 1
23.6 1
28 1
16.1 1
20.9 1
17.2 1
21 2
15.6 1
32 1
 Frequency Distribution Table

Sometimes the sample size is too large to display all the

raw data. (Rosner)

BMI Frequency % Cum %

Underweight <18.5 4 26.67 26.67
Normal 18.5 – 24.9 6 40 66.67
Overweight 25.0 – 29.9 3 20 86.67
Obese >30.0 2 13.33 100
TOTAL n = 15 100 -

The percentage of sample points that take on a particular

value is given. (Rosner)
 Frequency Distribution Table

Situation: DATA SET (N = 23)

Age
0 6 10
3 6 12
4 7 13
4 7 15
5 8 15
5 9 15
5 9 15
6 9 -
 Frequency Distribution Table

Reasons: (Triola)
1. Large data sets can be summarized

2. We can gain some insight into the

nature of data

3. We have a basis for constructing

important graphs (such as
histograms)
 Frequency Distribution Table

Procedure in Table Construction (Triola)

1. Decide on the number of classes you want,
should be between 5 and 20

2. Get the class width (round up if with

decimal)

3. Choose the staring point, the lower limit of

the first class (it can be the MINvalue or
little smaller than that)
 Frequency Distribution Table

Procedure in Table Construction (Triola)

4. Add the class width and the starting point to get
lower limit of the second class, and so on, until
you get the lower limit of the last class.

5. Proceed to identify upper limit of the first class,

and do the same procedure of adding the class
width to get upper limit of the second class, and
so on.

6. Tally in the appropriate class for each data vale.

 Frequency Distribution Table

Definitions (Triola)
Class limits – defined as the lower and the
upper limits of each set of class

Class Mark – midpoints of the classes, add the

lower limit and upper limit and divide by two.

Class Boundaries – are the numbers used to

separate classes, but without the gaps
created by the class limit.
 Frequency Distribution Table

Definitions (Triola)
Cumulative Frequency – the sum of the
frequencies for that class and all previous
classes.

Percent Cumulative Frequency – the sum of

the percent frequencies for that class and all
previous classes.
 Frequency Distribution Table

Example
Number of Classes =5
Class Width = 15 – 1 = 2.8 or 3
5
Starting point = 1 (MINvalue)
Class Cum. Cum.
Class Class Boundary Frequency %
Mark Frequency %
1–3 2 0.5 – 3.5 2 2 8.7 8.7
4–6 5 3.5 – 6.5 8 10 34.8 43.5
7–9 8 6.5 – 9.5 6 16 26.0 69.5
10 – 12 11 9.5 – 12.5 2 18 8.7 78.2
13 – 15 14 12.5 – 15.5 5 23 21.8 100
TOTAL N = 23 - 100 -
 Table Construction (Mendoza et al.)

Prime Considerations
– should exhibit a clean, professional and
uniform look

- should jive with the textual discussion

and does not appear out of place. Clear, concise headings
or captions, variables, uncluttered footnotes, and well
spacing.

– should include what is only necessary.

 Table Construction (Mendoza et al.)

Pointers
Positioning – should be placed immediately after the text
where it is first cited.
Uniformity – standardize a particular style for a single report

Number of Variables – Avoid numerous variables in one table

Self-explanatory – the content should be understandable

without referring to textual explanations.

Ruling – Rules are lines which separate rows and columns

within a table.
 Table Construction

Other Guidelines

Cells are not left blank; either put “0” for numerical
absence or a hyphen ( - )

Provide percentage, totals and average

Do not use tables if the data can be described

efficiently in one or two sentences.
 Graphs

Bar Graph
Line Graph
Scatter Plots
Dot Plots
Pie Chart
Pictogram & Cartogram
Stem and Leaf Plot
Box and Whisker Plot
 Graphical Presentation

The use of colored, imaginative figures and other

devices can further emphasize certain aspects of
the data (Mendoza et al.) to visually summarize
the variables, especially if the data set is large.
Major Components of a Chart
Major Components of a Chart
Major Components of a Chart
 Pie Chart

Depicting as slices of a pie.

Construction of a pie chart involves slicing up the pie
into the proper proportions (percentages). (Triola)
 Horizontal Bar Graph

Usually used for Variable.

 Vertical Bar Graph

Used for Variable.

 Histogram

The horizontal scale represents

classes of data values and the
vertical scale represents
frequencies.

The height of the bars

corresponds to the frequency
values, and the bars are drawn
adjacent to each other without
gaps. (Triola)

Preferred method for

Component Bar Graph
 Component Bar Graph

Each bar is divided into smaller rectangles representing

the categories; therefore it is used usually for

Preferably, each component of the bar is color coded

to be easily distinguished

Same function as the , only for 2 or more

groups. Easily comparable in just one graph instead of
using multiple Pie Charts.
 Scatter Plot

Data are paired (data with x-axis and y-axis) in a way

that matches each value from one data set with a
corresponding value from a second data set. (Triola)
 Dot Plot

Data value is plotted as a point (or dot) along a scale of

values. Dots representing equal values are stacked.
(Triola)
 Line Graphs

Shows _______ data or changes with time or age

with respect to some other variable (Mendoza et
al.)
Added Weight (grams) per month
 Frequency Polygon

Same as histogram, but the frequencies are

plotted against the corresponding
__________________.

124.5 134.5 144.5 154.5 164.5 174.5 184.5

 Pictogram

Portrays its meaning through its pictorial

resemblance (Davis)
Average Fruit Consumption by Month
 Cartogram

Gives quantitative information on a ___________

to represent spatial distribution (Davis)
 Stem and Leaf Plot

Collection of leaves thus formed takes on the

general shape of the distribution of the sample
points. Gives an overall meaning for the
distribution without losing the individual values.
(Rosner)
______ – number formed by all but the rightmost
digit of the number
______ – rightmost digit

e.g. Value = 483 patients

Stem : 48
Leaf : 3
 Stem and Leaf Plot

Stem-Leaf Plot of the age of family members living in single house.

Stems

N = 15 Leaves
 Box and Whisker Plot

Uses the relationships among the median, upper

quartile, and lower quartile to describe the
________________. (Rosner)

Exercise:

Source: www.khanacademy.org
 Box and Whisker Plot

Exercise:

Lower Upper
Quartile Quartile

Source: www.khanacademy.org
 Box and Whisker Plot

Example:
 Graph Construction
Graphs must have:
• Figure title
• Legend
• Label items

Avoid:
• Confusion in color combination
• Avoid manipulating the scale
• Avoid 3D as it distorts visual presentation
 Other References

Lecture presentation on Summarizing and Presenting

Vital Statistics and Health Parameters for Biostatistics by
H. Ho, 2010.

Lecture notes on Tabular Presentation for Biostatistics

201 from UPM CPH DEBS, 2013.

Lecture notes on Graphical Presentation for Biostatistics

201 from UPM CPH DEBS, 2013.
 Other References

Lecture presentation on Summarizing and Presenting

Vital Statistics and Health Parameters for Biostatistics by
H. Ho, 2010.

Lecture notes on Tabular Presentation for Biostatistics

201 from UPM CPH DEBS, 2013.

Lecture notes on Graphical Presentation for Biostatistics

201 from UPM CPH DEBS, 2013.