ROUTES

SIEEIM

COMPILED IN THB

INTELLIGENCE BRANCH OF THE QUARTERMASTER

GENERAL'S DEPARTMENT IN INDIA.

CAPTAIN W. F. O'CONNOR,
BOTAL OARBIBON ABTILLBBY.

CALCUTTA :
OPFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF QOVEBNMERT POINTING, INDIA.
OCT 1 0 1985
 PREFACE.

Captain W. F. O'Connor reviaitad Sikkim in July and Auguat 1900, and

rn the result of his travela the Intelligenoe Branoh is now able to publish
the Routes in Sikkim " revised and brought up to date.
The Intelligence Branoh is muoh indebted to Captain O'Connor for the
great pains he has taken in the production of t h work.

E. W. S. K . MACONCHY, Major,
O f g . Assistant Quarter Buster Q w r a l ,
Intelligence Branoh.
S~LA, a
16th November 1900.
 AUTHORITIES CONSULTED.

1. Routes in Sikkim, 1894.

2. Report on the Ohumbi Valley by Captain P.0. aolomb, 42nd Gurkha
Riflea, 1896.
3. Report on Roads from Tangu and Laohung by Surgeon-Osptain A.
Pearse, A.M.S., 1895.
4. Report on Road from Gantok to Qiaogong by Brigadier-General Peat-
man-Biggs, C.B., 1896.
6. Report'on &ad from Giaogong to Momay Samdong by Brigadier-
General Yeatman-Biggs, C.B., 1896.
6. Reports on Roads in Lho-Nak by Lieutenant W. P. O'Oonnor, B. A,,
1896.
b

7. Hooker's Himalayan Journals.

8. Reports of Great Trigonornetrial Survey.
9. Notes on Roads in Sikkim by Political Officer, Sikkim, 1897, 1899, and
1900.
b
10. Routes in Asia.
11. Aocount of an embassy to the Court of Teshoo Lama in Tibet, etc.,
by Captain Turner, 1783.
12. Notes on Roads near Talung by Lieutenant W. Strong, R.A,, 1897.
1
I. B. Diary No.
 SIKKIM ROUTES.
No . 1 . Prom To Rmu~nxa . W e.

1 . .
Jalpsignri . Padong . . . ...... 3
2 Bilignri. , . Teeste Bridge . . ...... 6
8 . .
Darjeeling . Qnathong . . . Vid Bhenock . . . . . 7
4 Do. . . . . Gantok . Ditto . i!d
5 Do. . . . DO . Vid Rungpo . 16

6 D . 0. Do . I . . Vid Namohi . . . 16
7 . D o. . VidSedam . 19
.
Do
8 Do. . . Pamionohi . Pi6 Singla Bazar 20
0 Do. . Ohiabhanjan . . . Vid. Nepal frontier road . 22
10 Do. .... DO . . . . VidQokh . . . . . 25
11 Do. . Samatek . * . .
Vid Namchi and T e e d valley 26

12 Qnathong . . . Chumbi . . . Vid Jelep La . . . . . 27

13 DO . . . . DO . . F i d Nsthn La . . . 31
14 Do . . . 4 Qantok . . . Vid Legyap La . . . . 33
15 Do . . . ChoLs . . . .....I 96
Do . . . . Donohnk Laand Doka La .... 38
.
16 U

17 Do . . . YakLa ...... 40
18 Donohnkthang . . Jelep La . . . ...... 42
19 Yak La . . . Bebdo Tso . . . ...... ib .
20 hntok . . . Cho Lm . . . .... 43
. . .
H

21 DO . . YakLa .
n ... 44
!a! Do. . . . Qiaogoog . . ...... 46

23 DO. . . Donkhya La . . . ...... 61

B ( a ) Mommy Ssmdong . . Ksrpo La . . . ...... 66
24 Do . . . . Pamionohi . Vi680ng . . . 66
25 Do . . . . Naku h . . Pi6 Talnng . . . . 57
. . . Thsnka La . . . ...... .
26
.
Lschung ib
W(a) Chumboaum Gorge . . Pato Lm . ...... 68
27 Laohnng . . . Lamteng . . . Pid BenrmLa . . . . 60

28 Do . . . GIhomLB . . . ...... 61
~g(a)TnkpooComo . . . Sethang . a . PidCheyohirmr . . 6s
%I ~echung . . SdomaySamdong . . Ditto . . . . . . 3
SO Qiaogong . . . Donkhya L. . . . Pi6 Cholsmo laker 6 4

81 Do . . Momay Samdong . * Vid Sebn La . . . ;b.

32 Tmgn . . Sitong . . . . Pid Longtong La and Pallung La . 66
38 DO . . . ~ S e b n h ...... 66
Do. . . Nakn La . . . PiG Lungna Ls .
54
85 Tebli . . . Choten Nima La . . ......
67
68
36 Zemn hmdong . . Neku Ls . . . Pid Zemn Cha . . . . 70
-
 No. From To BIYAUI. PW.
-. -
37 Tslnng . . . Luntang . . . Vid Tnkohum La . . . . 70

88 Be . . . . . . . VibQuiohrh
Jongri. . . 71

89 Pamionohi . . .
Ia . .
Kang ."... ib.
40 Do. . . . Qunothmg Lake Dirfriet . ...... 72
41 Do. . . . Chiabhanjan . . . VU . . . . . Denh 78

42 Do. . . Nampuk . . . ViBUngduntro~~Ihlling . a*

43 Bhrnwk . . L s g y a p h . . . ViaDekkeling . . a 74

44 Chi~bhmjm . . Jongri . . Pi6 Q u n o t h g h b Dirtriot . .- 76

CEUYBI VALLEY
ROUTES.
1 Chnmbi . . . Phari . . . . ...... 76
Phari . . . Paro (in Bhutan) . .
B
8 Chnmbi. . . . Paro(iuBhutan) . . .
......
......
78
79
4 DO. . . . . h h n n g . . . VidThanhb . . . 80

C _
6 Phari . . . . Qhora La . . . Vib Khombn . . . . .- 81

TIRETAN BOUTES
1 Pbri . . L h a . . . . ViPQ~.ogtre. . . a 81
2 Donkhyah. . . Bhigabe . . Ditto . . 84

. . . , . . V'ib f i m b . Jag . , . . 86

. .Theriverrod. .
3 Qiaogong Do.
4 Shigtm . . . L h a . . 86
6 Choten NimaLa
- -
. Qimgong . . Via Kongrr h . -
. 87
-
 Route No. 1.
FBOYJALPAIGURI TO PADONQ (ON THE ROAD).
DARJEILINQ-QNATBONC)

dutlloritier and date.-MAJor A. A. A. Kr~mca,1877, r m CAPTAIN0. B. Zouoa-DABRAE,

THE QUEEN'S REGIMENT, 1893.

Bod raised and quite flat between Jalpaignri and the

Teeata river, wh~ohis reaohed at 6 miles ; no villages
sre parsed, and there is no drinking water along this
portion of the road. The bed of the Teeeta is a mile
wide, and the stream is broken up into many ahannelr,
which are oonshntly changing ;i t is omsed by a ferry
consisting of rafta oonetrnoted of two countr boat^,
eaoh 36 x 9 feet, l v h d together, a rough plat&rm PO
feet square forming the deok. Esoh I'erry raft is
capable of oroming four native oarta with their bnllooks
(unhnmeneed) per trip, or six laden mules or three
field gum ; there are in all eight ferry boats. The
Teeeta is quite onfordable,* and its rater in muddy.
Boad now rises imprce tibly for 6 miles. being raised
10 feet. and p w m p t ~ m n p houltinted oonntry up to
amp. At Kirinti Thana there in a post and tlegra h
oRce and a police out-pat ; no supplies procnnbb.
Water from the Chel river. On left of road, olose to
the river bank, is a good camping ground large enough
for two bsttalions. From Kirinti an unmetalled road
lee& left (wwt) to Cbsngmari Hat, a small bazor 3
miles distant, where marketa are held on Mondays and
Wedoesdays.
At 4) milea a broad nnmetalled aart track on an em-
bankment leads ri ht to Bataigol railway station. A t
6 m i l r p u s ddfadanga, a villayeof lome SOhuta,
and one mile on enter forest reserve ; road embanked
and ditohed. Crom the Chel river, a fordable strenm
with a p v e l and oand bottom with a rapid ourrent
one to two and a half feet deep, Bowing in a ohannel
160 yards wide. Space to north of river sufficient to
camp one battalion ; good water from river. A larger
force could oamp in the neighbonring rioe fields, but
the orops are not off the ground till the end of the
rear. Nearest barar, whenae supplies am proourable,
la Dam Dim, kt miles north.

For first mile through forest and rim fields, then enter
tea gnrdenq orosaing at 1mile a stream s
bridge oonstruoted of iron railr and stout o p road-
m y 16 feet. At 2 miles oross a second similar bridge
over a sluggbh stream 3 feet deep. At 4) miles reaah
Uam Dim, the largeat bazar north of Jalpaignri in
this art of the dintriot. The village consists of some
41) tiatohed wooden honaea and 20 wooden houses
roofed with corrupted iron. Post and telegraph
offioes ;rnpplies available in large quantities ; wster
bad from wells. Dam Dim ir the terminus of the
new milway from Jalpaignri crid Bataigol, whioh wan
opened about the end of 1893. Thenae through tea
gardens, the mad being nnmetalled from the 7th mile '
onward and following the left bank of the Uhel river.
Sombaria HBt ir a bmwof some 36 snhotantial wooden
huh with thrtohd roofs ; suppliee available after due
notice. The aamping ground lies imlnediately to the
north of the bazm, and ie su5cient for half a batta-
lion ;water from the Chel river. To the east of the
r o d lies the Gorubatham plateau, where two brigades
would find room to enormp.
A good asrt track leads from Sombaria HAt to Eilignri,
distant 28 miles, oib the Manabari Tea Eshte.

-
Peration of Somberis Hit, 1,000 feet.
I

It 11 po-4ble, here m d there, to lord tb Tee#(. on elephant. during the wiutmr montbr W. B. O'C.
 Route No. 1-contd.

No. of
mtngem.
Namw of atraw.
1 z:;ie.1
- -

Total.

5,) &d now enters the hills and beoomea a six-foot traak.
enerally out in the hill-side; it is onmetalled, but ir
frm and in good repair. The whole of thia &age ia
through forest, and the road ia well ehaded. For first
mile r o d level with rim fields on either side, a etream
being crossed at ) mile, at whioh point n r o d
brsnchea off left np the Nimlo hill to Pagoo tea
mate, oroseing the Chel* river by nmall ban~boo
bridge. Between 1 mile and I+ miles many mall
nubridged streams crotle the road, flowing from a biyh
ridge to right of road ;at 1) miles oroas a large monn-
tain stream by two bridges spnning two arms
separated b an island. Each bridge is 20 feet lon
and 6 feet aLve l o r water level ; they are conatruote!
of bamboo, and have a 6-foot roadway maable to
traneport animalc but not to wheeled t&o At 2
miles heavy bsmbw jnngle and high cliffs to t'he right
of the road. At 2) miles the Chel river is within 100
yards off, and 100 feet below the r o d to the left;
enter 8 narrow defile between the Daling Ma ridge
and the Chel river, and at 3 miles ascend at a slope of
So throl~gh dense jungle; road htrre in bad repair;
n little further on the r o d pasaes throngh tea planta-
tions and in not so stre , but oontinnea steadily
arendillg. C m a smal!~tream roughly bridged a t
49 miler, bridge of bamboo 20 feet long aud too light
for baggage animals, whioh oan ford river immediately
below bridge ; to right of road are high forest-clad
hills, while to the left are fields and a few thatohed
huts; road hare in bad repeir. Ambiokh is reached
a t 64 miles ; village oonsiste of a few h u b and two
Hindu temples ;no supplies procurable ;good wafer
I and fuel in abnodanw, and a omping ground mffioient
for 3 brigndes. Hnlf 8 mile to the east of, and above
Ambiokh, is Daling Kot or Fort Daling (elevation
3,560 feet), now in ruins and overarown with dense
jnl~gle; a steep, narrow path ciroling round ths hill
forme the only approaah to the fort.
At 6 miles the Chel river is aroused by a rtrong log
bridge 67 feet in span and 23 feet above the strea~n
level in the oold eeaaon. Strong stone piem support
the bridge on either bank, and- the roadway is 6 feet
wide in the olear. The Chel river is here a torrent, U)
ards wide. flowing in a bed muoh obetrncted by
l u l d a s , with a depth of from 8 to 6 feat; the rrp.
of the river is 100 yards wide. Henoe road anoen~sby
sharp zigzags, and is then level for half 8mile,c~088ing
several small mountain streams whioh are epanned by
bridges sufficiently strong to bear pmk mimala. At
7 miles the villnge of Keithongchin, consisting of
five or six thatoiled huts, is reached. The stage may
be broken here if neoessary, as there is an open spMe
on either side of the road rnffioient fbr two battalions
to enoamp, and an abundant and good wnter-supply is
available within 100 yards of the oamp ; mmp is well
sheltered and foe1 is plentiful, bnt no soppliw an,
available. I n the next half mile r o d arosses five
small bridged mountain streams. At 7f miles the
road is less level, and for the next half mile there'
ie a steep m n t at s gradient of from %O0to so,
after wh~oh ascent is w i e r np to the 11th mile;
gradients about 8". Oountry, thin forest with m
undergrowth of bracken and ~ r n ;bp u s the Pashiteng
foreat hut at 11 milen; here there t a mmpinp
ground for a couple of companies, qnd hence road ~r
fairly level for one mile, after whioh there t a sharp
dement ta a atriam at la1 miles ; at I2 mil- a tmt
on left leadm to the P o~ tea estate on the southern
slopea of Nimlo bill,?iatant 10 miler Awnd from
stream for 4 a mile a t 8 slope of 8' ; road ant in hill-
side, then desoend and finally asoend to mm half a
mile nhort of which a bridle path on left reads to
Tolleia Bssti and another right. fit for pedestrians
only, to the Bhutan frontier v i a Pankasari (3 miles
distant) at Riahi La, and continues along the rid e
defining the ihutnn-Sitkim frontier to ~h&m%i,
about 1) miles south-went of Gnathong.

-
____-.- -
_ .-
- --
+ Or Chi Chu.
 Route No. 1-cmcld.

Lubah is a village of 16 to 20 thatobed hub, inhabited

by Ne lese, at an elevation of 6,600 feet. There is a
d% n ground to the left of the road
oamping
sufficient for one battalion. Water from a spring 300
yardn from camp ;no supplies available.
&d in good repair throughout this stage. h n d ' g r r -
dually for 19 miles; at 2 miles descend at a dope of
about 10'. Here a good bridle path leads right down
a long apur to the Jeenit Miseion Chn 1, 6 miles dis-
tant, opposite Padong, snd thence to rhenmk. Bad
now through bamboo jungle, descending at first steeply
and then more gently. At Sf milee pass an o en
spaae in the forest called Mirig Nangi; hero half a
battalion oould encamp ;nearest water-sup ly half a
mile down the bill-side. At 44 miles a pat! l e d s off
left downhill to a stream of good water 400 yerdr
distant. Desoend gradunlly alon summit of ridge and
de~aendsteeply b a ~ i g z a gfor '200 yards i track
narrow. A t 7 mifeu p m ,he Biuum Bungalow at an
elevation of 6,410 feet; here a company oould encamp,
and a battalion, were the ground on the southern hill
slope aleared ;water obtainable half a mile down hill-
side; the bungalow, which is situated on the summit
of a hill, from which a fine view is obtained, is a pro-
nobed from the road by a zigzag path ;road now girlp
level for a short distance, when a good path branchea
off left to Tolleie Bmti, distant 10 miles ; here main
road descends steeply for a quarter of a mile by a stee
zigzag. A t 8 miles the trmk bifurcates, one brano
driking off left to Kalimpong joining Route No. 3,
1
about 1) miles on. Road now level through denae
wood ;oross a stream of good aster sod about 600
yards on pass Chumeikchin monartery at 104 miler ;
here the main road from Dsrjeeling to Qnathong ir
struck, and ie traversed for 13 miles to Padoug (vidr
Route No. 3).

Route No. 2.
SILIOUBI TO THE TEESTA SUSPENSION BRIDGE (ON T R ~DABJEELINQ-QHATHONQ
ROAD).

dutk0ritk8.-QUARTBE MASTERQENEBAL'B DEPARTMINTAL MEMOEANDUM DATED l 8 T DECEMBBP

1887, LIEUTBNANT
C. VICKERB, TEE QUEEN'S REGIMENT, 1894, AND LIEUTPN-
ANT W. F. O'CONNOR,
R.A., 1897.

NO. of
etagem.
Names of st.pea.
I 2" 1 To+al. 1
General direction, north.

The road generally follows the Tee~tevalley and panuem

through a district in which malaria is very prevalent
during the rainy aearon. It is pansable to oartr
throughout and is well shaded : th~= anglrs, however.
are sharp ; and as the road in the hilld is narrow and
there are no parapet walls, d traffio by night is at-
tended with danger.
Road learer the Siliguri railway station and runs north-
went for half a mile : it then turns due north and
paases through rice fields along en embankment for
 Route No. 2 - 0 o ~ M .
--
A
--

D~n~mms.
lo. of Bamm of #tap#, BIMAIU
etasea.
. Total.
- ---
6 t miles, when the Terai is entered, throngh whioh
road rnna in a direat line for the remainder of t h e
stage. At 7) miles arosa a s t r a m by 8 atrong wooden
bridge 34 fret long in 3 spana, and at 7) milea a
second bridge of the name type 14 feet long. Paas a
small villape a t 5 miles. The Terai forest becomea
more dense an k v o k e is apprwhed. Sevoke is a
smrll olearinp; in the Terai with a few bamboo
shanties, and a bazar consirtin of about 8 dozen
h o u ~ e sinhabited mostly by ~ e p 5 e s esettlen ;B few
maundn of rice or bhuta could generally be procnred
here. There is a shed for sheltering baggs e animaln,
40 isst by 18 feet. i h e villqge in s i t u a d n n r the
jnnotion of the Sevoke stream, a nala aontaining
a few il~ahesof water, with the Tresta river. Water
from the Treata, which flows within 600 gards of
camp i ground availuble for a brigade. Sevoke is
unhealthy at n~oattimes of the year owing to ito
situation a t the immediate foot of the hills, but
during the months of December and January i t is
uite healthy and the climate plesaant. Earnboo
?odder plentiful. Road, 12 to 14 feet wide, in good
repair and metalled. Parsable to carts. Them is a
ferry here wcross the Teesb aonneoting Srroke with
the tm-prdens of the L ) I I ;~there are 1boats, each
abont 18 feet long, hollowed out of logo of wood, which
can take abont 10 peraons a t a time.
2 Ruxe . Road now enters the bills and rnns up the right bank
of the Teasta, being aut oul; of the steep hibide from
10 to 50 feet above the level of the stream : the width
of the metalled portion is now fro111 7 to 8 feet, and
ths total wldth from 10 to 18 feet ; the road is level
repair, metal and bridging timl~erbeing
d:yk:i f$. Along this d a y s the nlrd i~ liable to
be blocked by boulders dipping from the bill-slop
above. At 6 miles aroas the Rali-Jorr stream, a h ~ c h
ia crossed by an iron bridge 120 feet long and 8 feet
wide i n the clear ; bridge consists of a ringle s p n
resting on stone abntn~ents, 13 feet above the aold
weather level of the stream. At KaliJora there ir a
dAk bu~lgalowand a small bazar. A t 124 miles aroes
the Rinng river by an iron suspension bridge 135 feet
long and 7 feet t r o ~ ~ind the o1rer.e Numerous other
strong wooden bridges and culverts are clprud.
Biang is a small bazar oonsieting of about a down
houses and a Police Thanr a t the junotion of the
Biang river with the Teesta. Carmpin~ground to the
left of the mad, to the uorth of and behind tho
village. DBk b u n g s i o ~; country thick jungle
throughout. A small q u a ~ ~ t i tof
y rice and bhuta can
generally be obtained here : bamboo fodder pletitifd.
A road brepchee o f here to the left, leading up to
Pon~non and other tea ~ n t n h . and joioing the
~hoom-ganhokroad a t the 8th mile, a t a diatanae of
about 10 milea from Hiany ( d o h u b No. 3); elevr-
tion of Biang 626 feet.

%g$ b a d good and level throughout. Numerous etrong

wooden culverts ere oroased, and a t 1 miler and 4
miles two streams are moused by well-built wooden
bridges 60 and 64 feet long respectirely. At the
bridge there is a P. W. D. bungalow, Blevation 710
feet, a post offioe, and a small bazar. No camping
gronnd, and water-supply m n t y from a rivulet Bow-
ing throngh the b a a r about 300 lards from the
bridge. Tewta water penerallg very muddy. Small
quantities of rim and bhuta muld geuerally be ob-
tained ;bamboo fodder plrntiful in the jllnglrs. Troops
would not ordinarily halt here, but would move on, if
making for Gantok, to Kalimpong ; 10 miles further
on b cart-rorrd, or 7 by bridle-path (vide Route No. 3).
R~K along the right bank of T e w a from bridge
lesding to D a r j e e h g either wid Paehok or Bengit
(aide Route No. 3).

-
1 I I Elnation of T o s t a bridge 710 feet.
.
T h e Bonds of IbDB did a gmt d d of at the U n g river; hondredm of yard8 of the robdwdrq ware deatmged, and (be b*
W to bc dismantled. A t the time of writing (Ang. 1800) thb md Im only p.subls for aoollsa and udadsn .n&.
 FROM
DARJEELING TO QNATHONB (vib KALIXPONG,
RBBNOCK,
AND LINGTO).

dulhoril? a& d a t e . - S m ~ r ROUTRE,

1891, AND CAPTAINF. C. COLOYB~ % N G)u
D
RIFLES,
MAY 18Q6.

DrmAmalr m YILII.
No. of Names ol s h p g
.t.SOl.

mt",g;.Total.
- -- -
1 PA~EOK . 17.b 174 From Darjeelino a good almost level bridle-path leads
round the emtern f w of the hill to J o r Bungalow,
3 miles.
Jor Bnngalow is a considenrble buzar on the saddle
between t be Jalapahar and Benohal peaks ; it in close
to the Qboom milway station.
Troops arriving from the plaim would start tiom Jor
Bung,tlow, thus diminishing the m m h to Paehok
by 3 miles.
There is no r y i e e d camping-ground a t J o r B u n g r
low, hut smnl bodies of men could encamp on the
Jalapahar hill above the Ghoom railway station, and
ale0 on the mountain battery parade ground.
The Peshok road tarns off left from the nouthern end
of the bazar, elevation 7,370 feet, and is n level oart-
road for 3 miles ; a t its narrowest i t ia 1 2 feet broad
and runs through forest, there k i n g several open
speoes suitable for shunting places. At 6 t miled (2t
from Jor Bungalow) road left to Rnnparoon DLk and
forest bungalows, ~ i t a a t e dabout 1,000 feet down the
hill-aide. A t the 6th mile (3rd from J o r Bungalow)
is a small village and wood-cutters' settlement, and bere
3 roads turn oB to the right : one up Senohnl hill prac-
tioable for ponies or mountain batteries ;the centre one
to a new forest bnngalow 3 or 4 miles distant, and
the third to the Government ohinohona plantations ;
here there is camping spaae for two oompaniee
if mttered. Hence for 3 miles the road hss been
realigned en a oart mad, the new trsoe running along
the southern faoa of the spur. This new portion is
I a good 12 feet metalled road almost level. The old
road, whioh runs along the northern face of the h i l l
join* i t again a t the 9th mile (6th from J o r Bunga-
low). At 94 miles (64from J o r Bungnlow) the road
forks, the lower or left-baud hrnr~ohbeing the old road,
which has beep e l l o r d to fall into disrepair. A t 11
miles (8 from J o r B n n g ~ l o r rmd
) right to Poomong
1 and other tea plantations, rbioh eventually debouohes
1 on to the Teesta valley road a t Hiang, a distance of
about 10 miles. A well kept road, too steep' for:ccrrte,
but excellent for mulee or horses. At 2! miles along
this road reaah Hoom forest bunp.slow, where 2 com-
panies, or a w t i o n of a mountain battery, could he
wmped. Water from streerne orowing the road,
bamboo fodder.
At 13 milea, where the road under report emergem
from the denee forest through whioh i t hea h i t h ~ r t o
peened, there is a forest bungalow and an open spaae
on whioh f re iment mold encamp ; water, fuel and
fodder pleatiff. Name of this plaae is Lopchu. h
path turns off to the left to the Lopchu tea estate.
a Tbe lset mile down to Lo bu ia very steep. b a d
henca is a strong b r i d l a p a t k e r a g i n g 6 feet in width,
and the aountrp is alternate scrub jungle and oulti-
vation; a few small stone bridges e p n n i n g unimport-
a n t streerne are crowed.
At the 14th mile enter tea garden, and the r o d descends
steeply, till a t the 16th mile the tea f a t o r y of the
Psabok tea estate ia passed ; here therd is always a
plentiful water-supply. Road steep to 17th mile where
enter foreet; and a t 17f reaah Pmhok bungalow.
The bnngalow is built in a clearing in s i l forest above
and to the north of the road ; acaommodaticn 4 rooms,
no servants kept, except a care-taker ;in the immediate
Route No. 3-contd.

vicinity of the bungalow there is space for f a battalion

to encamp, if urattered, on fairly level ground.
Water: there are 2 small pools about 1,000 P.&
from the bnngniow in a northerly direction on the
northern face of tbs hill; a narrow patb l e d s to one ;
and to resch the other, it is n e e e r s v ~to scramble
down the bill-side, beyond where the p t h pelrses,
through tea bushes. Ranrport animdn may be watered
a t the 13tb mile (from Jor Bungalow) by tbe Pmhok
tea eatate factory, where there u e 3 or 4 large b m l r
on the road always kept filled by an exosnent stream
of rater. Grass and bamboo f ~ d d eobtainable
~ in
lenty two miles down the hill-eide fo the loutb.
i u e l plentiful ; no supplia.
The road on the whole is good, md ir p m t i a b l s for
animal cnrringe, infantry a d mountain artillery.
There are no gradients greater tbsn 1 in 8,md no
bridges or rtreams of any importama
#levation of bnngalow, 8,900 feet.
Descend eteadily for 24 milerr to tbe Teestavalle~,e l r ~ e -
tion about 700 feet; road, a good bridle-path through
sdI end other forest throughont ; avenge gradient
&, widthof road 12feet, hut in plam it narrows to
8 feat. At 24 miles the carbroad, which conneotr
Siliguri witb Badamtam wid the valleys of the Teesta
and Rangit is reaohed ; from this spot it is, by the
cnrtroad, SO mil- to Siliyuri and 18 to Dnrjeeling.
The onrt-road is nor followed for 4 mile to the
Tresta bridge ;it is S feet wide at its narrowest, and
lien along the bank of the river some 80 feet above its
flood-level. Quarter of a mile above. where the bridle-
~ a t joins
h the aart-road, the Pashok Khoh is orossed by
a good wooden bridge 20 yards long and p a ~ a b l eto
carb; stream would form no obstacle except in the
rains. Two villages are passed, the second of which,
Tresta Pul, ia at the bridge ibelf; here there is a p t
offire, P.W.D.bungalow, and BI agency of the British-
Bhutan Carrying Compan At l'eests Pul four or
fire carts may generally b e 6 d without notice, but
no ooolies are available. The Teeeta flows through a
narrow, rwky, wooded valley ; ir nowllere fordable.
and is from 60 to 100 yard8 wide according to the
reanon of the year. The river is spanned by wire
rope sue nsion bridge 100 yardr long and 8 feet
wide in tre clear, and about 100 f e d above high-wata
level, elevation 710 feet; it ia piusable to infnntry and
mountun guns ringly. C s r t d m oan crors the
bridge.
From the bridge to Kalimpong is a climb of 3,300 f e d
either by a fair cart-road ~n 10 miles or by a bridle-
ath in about 7. Ttie first two miles are thronyh the
Porest, and a .mall village is then reached where a g w d
stream of water crosses tbe road, and where there is
camping-ground for one regiment in forest.
mile above Teesta bridge the new Teeeb vallej r
branohes off (vide Route No. 6).
ALi
Koad then emerges on a gently sloping, oloasly oaltivated
hillaide, dotted with villages and small nettlemenb.
The lest two miles the road is nlmost level and 15 feet
wide, winding ronud a well onltivated valley. Average
gradient of the bridle-pth ;the arbroad ie not
u~etallrdand beoomes very heavy after rain ; a r t s
plying np the hill should only carry the lightest loads.
One nmall wl~odenbridge, 33 fert lotlg and 6 feet 6
incl~eswide, i n crowsed, but the rtream w11ioh it spun8
forms no obstacle. The bridle-path end oart-road
unite 2 miles short of Kalimpong. The bridlepath,
although steep, can be used for infsntry or mountein
artillery.
The dbk bungalow, whioh has four large rooms, is
situated in a clearing in the forest to the m t of
and $300feet above Kalimpong Uazer, and is m h e d
 by a path which turns off right about 4 mile short of
the baear. A force of 600 men could enoamp on the
flat grassy compound of the bungalow if crowded
together. Water good, from a pipe in the compound,
the supply being about two gallons per minute. Fuel
in plenty in immediate vicinity. Fodder can only be
out on a paasfrom the Tenduk Raja whose agent at
K-alimpong can supply any quanJty on notice being
glven. Bamboos pleutiful about hiil-side.
Kalimpong is a large bazar, elevation 4,000 feet, on a
flat saddle, from which the slope on either side iagentle
and high1 cultivsted. The houses are of w d with
cormg&eg-iron roofa. There are a large number of
bunninhs' shops through which mpplies in oonsider-
able quantities could be obtained on 10 days' notics
being given. Pos: an& telegraph offices, c h m h and
head-quarters of Scotch Miaalonary Society. To tho
east of the bozar is a fairly level camping-ground
large enough for two regiment8 ; good and abundant
water from a stream close at hand ; good grazing for
animals on neighbouriug hill-s!opee.
A p t h leads from the 6asar to the new Temta valley
road, joining it at Mali Q hat, 3 miles from Teest.
bridge (see Route No. 6). Half a mile boyond t h
bazar another path leads across the ridge to the left
and henae down to the new Teesta valley road, joining
it at the 9th mile from Teesta bridge (see Bonte
No. 6.)
AItarnatiw Bmla.~
184 [The Teesta bridge can also be renched from Dajeeling
by the Rangit river road, .which leaves the " chan-
raste " at Darjeeling a i ~ dzigzags down the Lebot~g
spur, reaohing its foot a t an elevation of l@OOfeet
in 10 miles. Hence the mud is almost level fallowing
the right bank of the Rangit liver. I t has no
gradiei~ta of more than A, and is passsble for carts
tl~roughout. There are sevsrul smell timber bridges,
the largest of which is at the 14th mile [about 60 fret
span). The junction of the Great Rangit and Terrta
rivers is at the 17th mile, where there ia a level piece
of ground wl~iohwould give camping s p a e for over
I
1,bOO men, but the jungle would have to be cleared.
I
Tliis road meets the Jor Bungalow-Kalimpong road,
1mile sl~ortof the Teeata bridge. (For the first half
of this road, see Lloute No. 6.)]
I
From Kalimpong to Padong is 12 miles. but if the
march ia coil~mencedfrom the d8k bungulow it ie in-
creased by a a mile.
I he road throughoat is a broad bridle-path, along the
first 6 or 6 miles of whioh carts travel. Average
width 12 feet ;no streams of any importance c r d
For 9 rniles from Kalimpong tbe road ascenda steadily,
gradiente not greater than 4 ; the first 8 miles are
through oultivation, mnny small villages being paeaed,
and the road passing over the eastern slopes of a
range, the highest peaks of which rise some 1,WO
feet above the road. At the 9 ~ nile
h forest is entered
and a small village called Poyun Argarah is reached ;
here the road from Jalpaiguri ui& Kimm, Labah end
Daling (aide Bwte No. 1) jail's In. At 9 miles 4
I
resc.11es its high& point 6,100 feet an c r o w 8
mddle in thick tree jungle. The dewnt is apparently
too steep for carts, thongh carts carrying 6 or 6
maur~ds occasior~ally 111 between Kalimpong and
Padong. On nearing tk end of stage the r o d
emerges from the foreat, and the hill 8l0pr~below the
r o d are gently sloping and closely cultivated. Them
is water along tho road for the first 2 or 3 miles. after
which thew are 110 streams nuti1 after the aid& ie
oroseed.
The Padong bungalow i~ situated on an open grassy
hill-side at an elevation of 4,i60 feet and contains four
rooms ; immediately to the south af the bug~g&w is
-_-. - - -- - - - -
The mrt mad alun# the ripht bank of the Ranpit Irom rhe foot of the Badrmb~nrpor to the jauctlon of the Bangit with ae
C. ~ been mado pamuble for dinah.
Tawu w u mtlraly dsrtrojed br the Lood ln 1800. At the time of writing (Aug. 1WW)) r L ~ A ha
 Route No. 3-cmtd.

a grassy, f.lirly level campin ground sufficient to

accomrn.date two regiments. Cater (from a spring
to the north of and juat below the bungalow) scanty,
except during the rains. Tmmport animab can be
watered from this same atream about 200 jards below
the rod, where the stream exparids in some marshy
bottoms. There ia a certain amount of grazing for
animale abont the hill-sidea, and a little bamboo i n
svailrhle, otherwise fodder is not very lentiful. Fuel
in plenty from woad. above the bongafow.
Fadong village is 4 a mile beyond and below tbe b u n p
low ; it cor-eista of a collection of wooden honsea ('2
or 3 of which are of mnsiderabl~size and could be
utilized a8 barracks or hoepitab), poet office 8lld a
stone church. For the fimt 0 milea it wo~lldrequire
600 pioneers 3 days to put the road in good order for
carts, but beyond this the r o d is too steep and re-
quires to be reeligned. Thir would take the u m e
number of men 10 days or a fortnight.

I I I I A branch r o d to (lmtok l n v s Padong left.

A steep zigzag desoent for 4 milea to the Bishi Cbu,
elevation 2,080 feet ; roed, a wide bridlepath, in fair
order, and paved with cobble stone8 in plsces, throu h
cultivatitln, except in the valley bottom wl~rret%r
jungle in fairly thick. Average gradient 1in 6.
No water along the road nntil the Bishi is reaahed
The stream is a considerable mountain torrent which
is unfordnble in the mills ; it is croased by a rtrong
timber lattice bridge of two spans, 17 and 221 yards
long, with a 74 feet clrnr roadway abont 80 feet above
the cold weelher level of the river. The ruins of the
old bridge, which conld be repaired without lnuch W-
culty, are 60 yards up stream.
Hence an equally deep escent for 4 miles to Ari ; the
first mile up from the river is throu h tree foreet,
theroad being narrow and rough paved with
cobble stoneti. Yore open country is then entered
and at 14, miles Bhenock Bazar is rewhed. The
baror, elevation 3,031, feet, consist8 of a sinale street
with 8 s~nnllculleation of wooden houses, thatched
with pnaq, on either side. Two fair-sized houses use-
ful a8 barracks ; good water sopply on the spot and
fuel obtainable. Poet and telegraph office and two-
roomed dhk bungalow. Country in vicinity open and
fairly well oulGmted.
1 man of the plaae is a Nepdi named
psncp
Chandrr Iiir, who owns a considerable property in the
neighbourhood, and would make arrangement for
ooolies, supplies, etc.
From Bheooak Bazar road left to Ghntok distant two
rnamhea (wide Route No. A).
Hence tbe r o d is good, paved in plwea, passing through
cultivation and ptchea of jungle. to Ari. Water at
intervals JonR road above Pheuock Bazer. Average
gradient of ascent 1in 10.
The Ari bungalow is situsted on 8 fairly level npur nt
an eirvetion of 4,600 feet and 200 fret below the
saddle where the road crows the Bbenock ridge.
The burlgalow ir a small rest-bonre with 3 roonlo. Half
a regiment could camp on the sptlr, bat the grass
warms with leeches; fuel plentiful; water crcnroe
from a condnit on roadside jumt abore the 'rest-house.
No village or supplies. No poet 0ffi00. Fodder mnat be
arranged for from Bhenook bw.

64 Amnd 200 feet and orosll the Rhenock ridge and d m d

4 milts to the Rongli Chu by a very rough bridle-path
paved in places passing though t m jungle throughout.
No. of R a m n of *We#.
sugea.
Inter-
mediate.

Average gradients 1 in 8 ;road 8 feet wide. Half a

mile short of the Rongli a stream M crossed by a rough
lop: bridge, 12 yards long ;roadway 6 feet. no hand
r~iils. Strealn fordable at any time, but bnnks stee ;
they are however easily ramped, u the soil is loft.
Hewe it is half a mile by a level r o d to the Rongli
Chu, on the left bank of which stands Rongli village, a
miserable colleation of some dozen grass huts. No
supplies.
There is drinking water along the road throughout the
doscent. hlevation of Rol~gli2,690 feet ; no bungalow
now exists here. The IIong11 Chu is only fordable in
the cold weather when it is at its lowest ; it is oroeaed
by a new iron truss bridge of one span, 30 yards
lonu, sop!~orted on strong stone abutments ; rond-
way 6 feet wide in the clear and 60 feet above the cold
weather levd of the stream,
I
The dd road aid Lingtam turns to the left and ascends
the I~ill-aideim111ediate1.yafter crossing the bridge, but
is no longer kept up. The new road tllrna to the right
and fi~llowsthe right bank of the Rongli Chu oocanion-
ally risilte t o circumvent precipitous banka I t is
t h r o ~ ~ dg el ~~ ~ eforest
e and is inl'eated by myriads of
leeches, and is in plilcen not more than 6 feet wide,.
thongh the aver.ge is a b o ~ 8~ tfeet. At the 7th mile
a wooden bridge, 7 yards long, npans a ~tream. At
the 8th mile the bank of the Rongli is left and the
road turns north up the valley of the Lingtam Chn.
At 9 miles pnss Lin~tamtho, a clearin% where a
regiment could encamp, with a mall collection of
grass huts and a good nabrsnpply, and ) mile on
cross the Lingtam Chu by a single span wooden bridge
9 srds long and 6 fe1.t in the clear; the stream in ford-
abfe, hut the banks are steep. At 10&miles the old road
joins in from the left alld the Keu Chu is cmnsed by a
lop; bridge, 10 ~ a r d el o ~ ~with g a Befoot roadway ;
strenm nnl'ordable. Here a stiff nscent, average
gradient 1 in 10, commencer for the next 24 miles
into camp. Keu village lien above and to the left
(west) of the Ken Chu. At 12 miles pa~n Phaden-
ohell, a rmdl hamlet of grasa hute with a fair water-
supqly, ~ituatedon ge11t1.vloping ground in a clear-
Ing In the forest and at 13 milen reach Sedongohen, a
I scattered colleotion of some SO bamboo mat h o u a .
The rest-house, which stands above the village at an
elevation of 6,600 feat, is s rough wooden bullding
containing two small roolns. Water is oarried to the
bungalow in iron pipes, and hence is carried on in
woo den trongha to the viilage below ;supplv good snd
abundant. T11e camping-ground lies below the
bungalow to the left of the r o d and is sufficient to
accommodate half a regiment, but aa it lies in o
hollow into which the rurface dmina of the ridge
and village flows it could not be used a E r rain ; it in
generally used as a pioketinq ground b j the numerour
muleoarevens pas~ingthron h and would therefore
require tborough cleaning d o r e being n11pIoyed by
troops. Fodder (bamboo) obtai~lableon hill-diden below
the village.
No post or telegraph offioes.
The march is through dense jungle throughout and
would be very trying to truo st any time except
during the winter. The r a c y of the Rol~gLiM very
narrow and becomes exceseively hot at mid-day.

734 A steady ament by B paved road, which in plaaer is very

had, through foreat which gradually becomea thinner
and gives place to fin and rhododendrons as the
enmmit of Lingtu is approaohed.
At 2 miles pans Jeyluk, s dAk-runner's halting-
place, consisting of two huts, one of *tone and the
other of matting, elevation 9,060 feet ; here there in a
 considerable clearing in the forest. Above Jeyluk the
awent become8 very steep, the average being 1in 7.
At 34 milen water is obtainable from a mountain
torrent flowing to the right of the road. At 44 milea
r w h Qnrnei, a single stone hut, here tbe new road
round Lingtu turna off left, thua avoiding several
hundred feet of climb over the rummit of the bill ;
the new road rejoim the old track a mile on, but in
narrow and rough, and is not peesable before the middle
of Mny owing to the heavy snow which lies in the
re-ecrtrant angles. The old road croeses the summit
of Lingtu, elevation 12,617 feet. Henoe to Gnathong
the road in over undulating hill-sides and there are
numerous ancents and descents of from 200 to 400 feet,
but the gradients are ensy. The lent mile into
Gnathong the road is,very rough ; hill-midee fair1 open
with here and there patchea of fir f o r a t and rho%ode.-
dron.
Fort Gnathong, elmtion 13,030 feet, her n o r been
destroyed, and the only building whioh remaim ie a
small wooden dPk bunpalow. To tbe south of the
bungalow is o lake some 100 yards lnng drained
by a considerable stream. Wnter-eupply is a spring
on the h~ll-ide due soul h. There ia ample space to
the wuth of the fort on which to encamp
troops. Fuel abundant from clumps of pine forest
iu the vicinity but no fodder. Hill8 in the vicinity
are fairly open and gently sloping a l ~ drise some 800
feet higher than the fort itself. Iu addition to the
diik bu~~galow some 17 wooden huts, more or less in
a state of dinrepair, am still standing. They are used
an wood-sleds by tradere.
The road is metalled in phws nnd bridged throughout
and is psesahle to infantry, bnpgnge animaln and
mountain artillery without any difficulty.

Roote No. 4.
FROMDARJEELING TO G ANTOK (rri8 KALIHPONQ,
RHENOOK
AND PAKYONG).

dulAority and dole.-BOUTES CAPTAIN

IN SIKKIM,1894, AND F. C. COLOMB,
4 2 GWKHA
~ ~
RIFLES,SEPTEYBBB
1895.

49 For Darjeeling to Padong, see b a t e No. 8.

To Rhenock Baear, 63 miles (aeeRonte No. S), hence

the Qantok road branches off N.-W. It is generally in
aondition, being aell ved in all its steep m n t r
and d * a n t ~ . I t is m w t r oot in nuch hard atone
aa to render metalling unneoessary. Its a v e ~
width is 7 feet, but when paving ir laid down it hru
only a breadth of 4 feet. For the firet 3 milem after
leaving Bhenoak the road is almost level and ia cot
thronph the cultivated elopes of a hill-side facing &-W.
A d d l e is then croered, and in the next I f miles the
r o d dro about 1,000 feet to the Rungpo Chu,
pseing tffronph thin jungle and patches of a d t h
tlon, grsdienta about fi, road well paved and in exoel-
lent order, but very sllppery after rain.
 13
Route No. 4-contd.

D18rrncsa.
NO.of Namn of stylea Bax~axa.
.L.pe.
Totd.

- --
The Runapo Chn is a rapid stream flomng in a rocky
bed t t ~ m u p ha valley wb~ell here opens out into a
conuiderable erpanne of flat cultivated l a ~ whieb
~ d in
the w i n t ~ rmol~tbswould form a11 exoellent camping
grtiund sufficient for the requirements of a brigade.
In summer i t is aodred with rice eultiv.tion. The
averwe eleration of this vnlley ir 1,%Mfeet or 1,130
feet below Bhel~oakBazar. The river is unfordable a t
~ tjards wide
all nrnsons of the jear, it averages a b o ~ 30
and has gently sloping bankn. I t i s npaul~ed by a
wotden bridpeon the cantilever system, 31 yards Ion
with a 7-foot roadway, 16 feet high above water l e v 3
b a d now for 4 mile is along the flat valley ; this por-
tion becomes boggy in the rains when the adjoining
rtrvtches ot cultivation are under irrilration. At 4
mile* cross the Khani-Khda stream by a wocbd~nbridge
on the name principle an that above deuaribed; bridge
is 20 yard* long w ~ t hn roadwily 6 feet in the clear and
26 feet above high water level. The stream is un-
important and is fordable at all neesons, but its banks,
above the bridge, are rocky and precipitous.
Tbe road nowaeoendr the Pakyong epnr by eaqy zigzags
n p which there are Inany ~ h o r touts; on the lower
spurs there is thick b n ~ hand tree jungle which giver
place to cultivation and clearings as the smeut ia
coutinued.
A t 18 miles pans Pachi-Khani a village of 60 or 60
bambbo and glass huts, lyine to the ri 111 of and
below the road ; in the ne~ghbonrhmdo f t h e villnge
are extensive copper minee ; elevntion of village 3,200
feet. For the next two miles the aseent in easy ; the
o u t Half n mile
last mile into P a k ~ o n gin a l ~ ~ ~ level.
short of Pakyong the road from Rungpo joins the
road nuder report (wide Route No. 6).
There is a ncarcity of drinking water along the road
between Bhenock Bazsr and the Rnngpo Chu, but
beyond that i t is plentifnl a t all reasons.
Pakjonp, elevation 4,600 feet, is situnted on a saddle,
tile bill-"lopea rising w i l y t o eit!ier side ; an erten-
rive view is obtained towards Oantok and Ilhenock.
There is a good Lazar aontainiug several bvnniahs'
~ a fair sized wooden house sufficiel~t to
r h t ~ pand
acaommodate 60 men. A market is held every hlonday
when f'resl~beef and pork a t d a small sopply of vege-
tables nlay be purchased. The prirlcil~al man here ir
a Nawar aalled Lacbmi Narayan, who crrn supply
coolien, eta.
Good stone dHk bnngnlow onntaining 3 furnished roomr
with drcsning-rooms. Alonw the ridge is a fairly
level open stretch of ground where half a battalion
oonld enaamp if scattered. A better camp sutfioient
for one regiment is to be found to thn west about t.
mile distnnt up the hill towards the Kartok monasterg,
i t is fairly level and ~neaeures100 x 50 yards. The
monastery is a good stone building of the usultl pattern.
well situated nnar the summit of the ridge, and
commanding an extensive view towards the sontb and
east. I n front of i t there is a level terrace about 60
yards s uare, and there are numerous smaller buildingr
round aiout. Water: there is a sprin some 300 feet
below the barar and another a t the %bk bungalow,
but both furuiah a very scanty supply and are liable
t o dry u p between November and Y arch. Transport
animals a n , however, be watered a t the small strearno
which cross the road from f mile to 1mile from
bungalow. Bamboo fodder ir plentiful, and there ia a
little w i n g for animak
5 GAY~K . . , 104 68f From Pakyong the rod descenb to t h e Boro Chu st an
even and fair1 easy gradient ; in its upper portion i t
pla over cToBB~ycultivated hill-m~dadotted with
small settlemento, while in the vicinity of the v ~ l l e y
bottoms there is tree jungle with thin undergrowth.

D
Route No. 4--conid.

The road ia thronghont good. At 2f milem orom the

Nampe Chn, an unimportant stream flowin in
narrow valley throngh h a r y forest, by a dngfe span
wooden bridge 7 gude long and 6 feet wide on stone
pien ; no hac~d railr At 4 milem the Bonko Chu
crossed by a single span wooden brike, mthout hand
rails, 10 yards long with a 6-foot roadway.
The next 4 mile the road is np the left bank of the
Rongni Chu and M almost level pesring a t fir& through
foreat, then emer ing on open aultioated flat where
there is a small r i k e . At Lf milee the h t s o m Chu
or Singtam-Khola, a stream whiah is only fordable a t
the driest s r m n of the yeer, is mowed by s strong.
sinale span wooden bridge 13 ards long and 16
feet a high a e v e ; e?kation 2,880 feet.
Hence the road is level, armsing a fair sized aultivated
flat, where r brignde could encamp, to the Boro Chu.
The atream ia 19 yards wide, very rapid and flowing
over large boulders, only 'fordable, and that with di5-
oulty, at the driest season of the year. It in crosned
by a single apan iron truss bridge, 41 yards long with
a 6-foot medwa 14 feet above high watar lereL
Mevation 9,000 {kt.
Eenre the road gradually asoends 'through thin tree
jungle to Gantok ; it is in excellent order ; metalled
where the soil re uires it, is 6 feet wide and has an
dl
, average gmdisnt A. The fnae h u lntely been a n -
sidembly improved and the length of the mamh l o m e
1 what shortened.
At Bf miles a road turns off left to h j e e l i n g vi6 b o g
and Namobi ( d o Boute NO. 6) or to Pamionobi
( d o Route No. 24).
Qantok is the name given td s number of wnttered
hebitations ocoupying soma milee of the ridge and hill-
side south of and below the Intclri monartery. Since
the location of troops a emall bazm hee sprung up
north of and alone to the Raja's
a
h e , and between
this bara* and the knoll ocoupid the Intohi m o n v
tery is the station aonsistin of post and telegraph
d
of6aee and dbk bungalow, o cem' mess, and two other
houses. The elevation of the b a w is aboub 6,900 feet,
the lines are about 100 feet lower. Water is brought
in from the valley towards the Penlong La, in 24 inch
iron pipes; the s s ply ia nulimited at the head, but
h u to be n n v e j 2 in pipa lome 2 miles to the
atation. The politiasl offiaer has his residenoe on
the w e d slope of the hillr rgther bigher than the mt
of the ntatinn, and north of, and about f mile d i h t
from, the military hen.
Qantok p s s e s m a m p racommodntion for about two
battalionsof infantry if mttered, the best p o n d
for this pu being on the small flat round the
by,
placa and r ow and to the m t of the alsae where
there ia a atretch of odtintion on frirl eve1 ground.
I t would be diEcult to camp tmp a t &ntok hetween
the montha of April and Ootober owing to the enor-
mous number of leeches whiah are found there. The
Raja's p a h is a atrong stone buildin with walls 6
feet thiok at their b e ;it consists of tfree stories, and
is capable of holding 200 men ; the roof ie of sheet
iron. Outside the plaoe ir a piece of flat ground some
60 yards square.
There i the following b a m k maommodatinn. h
neparate barracks, double storied, atone, iron roofs,
Lansdowue pattern, slightly modified, e ~ divided
h
into four seation rooma The two barracks are for a
oompanier, i . ~ . , 234 rank and file. Native officers'
quartem; single storey, stone, iron roof, to hold 4
native officers. Hospital : Single storey, stone, iron
roof, 'to hold 13 he& and aontaining Hospital Assint-
ant's room, office, dispenmry and godown. Fohwera
lines are in mums of constmotion.
 Route No. 4-concld.

No. of Nama of *el.

Wnter-mpply : five springn enoloaed in stone upon the

hill above the Residency about EiOO feet above the
barracks, bro~lghtdown in pipes (iron) 14" thick ;the
bnrnck supply is led into s stone tank 8' sqnnre m d
aontaining 4' of water. Parade ground 96 X 16 ydr.
Cholrrn camp eest of the baear ridge 2,000' below it ;
g o d wster-snpply ; no habitations near. Bationr
supplied by commieearist, no poeeibility of their being
supplied otheraim.
Transport animals aan be oamped on eome flat ground
below the Intohi Kazi's house, and aan be watered
from a small stream which aromes the r o d near this
p i n t . Bamboo fodder can be obtained in any qunu-
tity from along the new Laggap road and elsewhere.
From Gantok roads lead to Qnathoog m4 L aw h,to
Darjeeling vih Hangit Bazar. Bong and ~ a m c k ,and
to the north of Sikkim aid Turnlong.
A bazar is held on Sundmvs when grain is proonrable.
Local supplies consist of Indian corn, sslt from Tibet,
and country veyetables. No euppliea in any quantities
are, however, procurable without early notice. Helio-
rph aignslling is possible between Qantok and
alapahar (distant 25 to 30 miles M the crow flies) in
clear wehther, which is generally only to be found
from October to ,Marah.

Route No. 5.
FROM DARJEELINQ TO GANTOK (wid RUNQPO).
ArtAority and CAPTAIN W. F. O'CONNOB,R.Q.A., 1900.

I D~nr=ona.
No. of N u n a of M e . Bxn~nrs.
Itsgas.
Total.
-
1 T ~ E ~ BBIDGB
TA . . 188 18f For thin stage see Buute No. 3.
2 Rnlro~o . . . 14 32) C m s the Teesta by the suspension bridge desoribed in
Route No. 3. Follow the Kalimpong a r t road for 4
mile ; here the new cart road up the Teeeta valley
branches off. This is a pwd 12-foot road, unmetalled
at present, running practically level for 14 miles to
Hungpo. Numerous small side streams are crossed
which are bridged by strong wooden bridges. The road
runs through heavy jungle throughout along the left
bank of the Teests some few hundred feet above the
levelof the dream. A t 3 miles reach Malighat. Here
there is a small wooden two-roomed dak bnngalow.
The river crn he crceaed here during the cold weather
in a dug-out canoe. Camping prouud 120 feet s uam
h u been cle~redof jungle. A larger area mu% be
olesred if required.
Riding path leads hence np the hill to Kalimpong Bazar.
At 9 milea apath to the ri h t leads up to Kalimpon
a distanoe of 8 miles. 6nr the first mile this patf
leads np the Tar Chu, which hae to he forded three
times ; dream 2 feet deep, current swift, bottom
stony. For the next two miles the path r i ~ e ssteeply
through foreat,and then emerges on an open cultivated
hill-side. Fair pstbwn y for 4 milen further to areat
of hill overlooking Kalimponp, whence f miles de-
went and f mile level into Kalimpong Bamr. A fair
p t h ;p a a b l e for ponies or laden animals throughout.
Following the art-road from the 9th mile a camping
I ground eimilar to that desaribed above is found at 10f
 Route No. 5.-concld.

miles. The name of thir pboe is Tnmng and them ir

a ferrp here a l ~ oduring the oold weather. One mile
sl~urtof the Rllngpo the r o d baa M n bluted through
p~rpettdiaolarclilf ovnr-hangitlg the river. At I 4 milm
reaah the bank of the Bun C'hn whiah is arcesed by
s light enap~mionbrid.8
taking laden animal..
Y%o feet s an aapnble d
The atream ital!can be forded
for 10 m ~ ~ n t hi ne the pear, an the water isonly I f to 24
feet deep and I ha river bed rmooth and gravelly. On
the further side lies Rnngpo Bssar, a mlleation of none
1 0 or 12 bsmboo ehantim where a very small quantity
of supplies mav br obtained, ahiefl Indian corn. The
dhk b u r ~ g l o wlien just beyond a n d above the (..or :
it is a small, wooden, 3-roomed houre with the necce-
nary furniture. Linlited a m ing groand near the
bul~g.lnw. A ~ ~ o t hmpot n snitabre for a m p i n near the
river mboot 400 pvdn q n m . Water a n f bamboo
fodder plentiful. A large well-kept orange omhard
just Iehind the bungalow. A path I d s from here u p
the left bank of the Teenla to Tolrnl panning Katong,
and con~lectingRoutes Nch 6, 6, and 7, dirtanae aboot
7b miles. Thir i n a fair path and ponies san be taken
along it, but in severs1 plaaes it ia too narrow for
a laden animal to pass. At 2 miks Katong flat is
reached (ree Route No. 7) half a mile beyond which
in t h ferrv.
~ Here Bonte No. 7 in ommpd. Heme to
Toknl ia 6) miles, the path running a t an average
height of about 100 feet above the river throngh forest
and cultivation, and 1 mile from Tokal tile Ron
Chu, or Bingtam Kholn, in m d by a strong w o o g i
ca~ttileverbridge, 100 feat span &foot roadway, atrong
enough ta take laden animals. The stream, during
t the rain*, ir nnfordable. Ground in the neighbourhood
of the mouth of the stream where i t joina the Teest.
level and open. This would make s good camping
ground if the graru jnnvle were oleared. A t 71 miles
'I'oknl bungalow for whioh ree Boute No. 6.
Along steady pull np a winding &foot t m k for 3) milm
to where Ronte No. 7 joins the road under report a t
the turning off to Dug*, which lies f mile off np the
hill to the Irft ; benoe level for f mile, and then de-
scend dightly to cross a small atresm by a strong
wooden bridge, whence steady rise t o areet of hill
over Pakyong st 8 miles. H o d rung through rise
and maize cnltivation tl~rougbsut. On the crwt of the
ridge there is s fair camping ground ; enough for two
buttnlions a t a push ; pasture fair; good water supply
f mile down the road towardo Pak ong. Henae eany
d e m t of I mile to join ~ h e n m ~ - ~ a kroad ~ o nt ~
mile from Pakyong d.k bungalow, for which me
Route No. 4.

4 GAm~o. . . . I I I
104 IS) For (hi# rtnge me Routs No.+

~ d u t eNo. 6.

1...MNA

I
u f i i r . .I 11; 11 Leaving Derjeeling tbere are two roulo as far ar

(
b b o n g ;one runs eteeply down from the chowrants
elevation 7,010 feet, pamen throngh " Bhutia baati "
 Route No. 6--contd.

No. of
mtyya.
NlElU Of 8tlgM.

mediate. I 1
Tot&

a t f mile, and meets the cart-road 2 miles b e l m

Ilarjee1:ng. I t is a steep road, having a gradient of f
in ~ ~ l n r r but
e , is quite practicable for laden animals ;
average width 8 feet. The orher road is a firetalaas
l l t-road (a continuntion in f a d of the rail-
u ~ r t ~d~ nil1
W H Y road) running from the Darjeelillg station
t h ~ o u r h the buzar, ronnd birch hill, resuing St.
Jttsvph'm ooll-re a t Singarnari (here a aide road to
Slrlgla turns off to the left, ser B o ~ ~No. t e 8), and join-
ing t h road~ from the ohowrasta just above L e b o n ~ .
elevrtion 6 00 1 feet. T l ~ i sn d continues to Lebong,
distance 44 milee from Darjeeling.
Tbe rmd down to the Rangit turns off t o the right from
the big cart.rt~ad 4 mile ellort of Lebtmg, and passes
I the Darjeeling und Ging tea companies galdens. A t
6 ~ ~ ~ iBitd
l e *emtam tea faotoly is panred (3,333 feet),
+
nnd mile further 011 is the rdamt'am d i k bunga-
lor, a cood 3-roomed stone btrngalow, where, however,
the10 is little or no rampi~lgground, as the bungalow
is rnrrounded by forest, w i ~ htea growing juut below.
Road rootlni~wto drsoend tl~rongh forest until a t 8
ulilru it reeal~r*the c ~ r h of
t the spur. The old road
to Klngit, I T .Jalnng, qaznr now rnnn to the right ;
i t ran be followed to the hank of the Rangit river
(10th mile) whence a track (Ibrmerly a aart.rosd)
lends along the right bnnk of the river to the junotion
of the Rnngit with the Tersta (nee Route No 3). The
new road Yanjhit:nr h z n r ie a good traok, 4 to 6
t a l

feet in width, carried down the face of the spur

through forest a t an ensy gradient for 3 miles to the
river bnnk opposite the lazar. From this spot roadr
run up end down the Rangit.
The road rantling up the right bank reaches Singla
Eazar a t 3 ~rlilea;i t is a narrow 3-foot track, level,
rnnlli~lg t h ough
~ forest, prsoticable for bnggsge
animals. 200 yda from where it lraves the Badautem
mnd i t crnsses the Jhebi Kholq a wide rhallow stream
easily fordablr except after heavy rain. This path
joins Route No. 8 a t Singla.
The m d which rune down the right bank joins the
old Ranpit valley road a t 1 mile. It is a rood &foot
traak, level, and fit for psesege of baggageenimals.
A soanension bridge is now in course of ornetmation
a t Msr~jlritar. This bridge will have a span of
660 feet. A t present the river oan be c r o w d in a
dug-out canoe. There are 3 of thew canoes worked
by boatmen on tbe epot. They are each about 40 feet
long, 24 feet wide, sides 2b feet high. They aan
o rry 12 to 16 persons a t a time. The river is
about 120 yearda in width, and quite unfordable;
onrrent very swift. A ~ h m l ecan ' however be rwnm
norm except i~nmediately after heavy rain. Ferry
rntae 1pice per pasenger, or maund of baggage.
Manjhitar Baznr stends on the left bank of-the Raneit
immediately above the ferry. It is a long straggling
street of some 30 or 4 0 bamboo hub, maetly shops
kept by Hindu merchants. Twenty or 30 mannde of rim
oould probably be proonred on the spot, and also a
conaiderablo quantity of Indian corn. Tlla latter
could be provided in practically unlimited qusntitier
on e few days' notice. There is a port o6ce here
but norest bourn. Camping ground limited and dirty.
Space oonld probehly be found for a mountain battery
or battnlion of infant. if wttered. Water from
he river. Bamboo fodber.
LellvinR Manjhitar Bamr the road rnnn through forest
for 3& miles to Keitam rising gradually st an easy
gradient for the first 2 miles, and henae more steeply
to the villnge of Keitam ; avers e width of road abotLt 6
feet. About one mile 8h0* o f ~ e i t n mthere is a piece
of ground sufficient t o enclrmp two mmpanien in a
sheltered pnsition with alimited waterenpply. Keiteru
is a rillage of 60 housea, 8) miles from the Rangit
 Route No. 6-umtd.

No. 01
mtyle.

bridge, elevation 2,576 feet, situated on a drg, h d t h y

s nr, water from a spring a quarter of a mile beyond
t i e village ; a market is held here on Fridays, but no
supplies in any uantity are available. Mika, which
k a sub-dirkion 01 Keitam, is psaed la miles on;
elevation 4000 feet ; no supplies and no aacommods-
tion.

a gradient
Namchi.
*
From Mika a new road hes been cut, 6 feet wide with
along the hill-ide to the mddle below
Namchi, elevation 6,608 feet, oaonpies the c& of a
low-lying d d l e on the r below Tendong.
v9
paaama about 100 h e r o f a t t l e and a mnsidenb
supply of food-grains. On the right hand side, about
200 feet up the spur, Lies the Namchi m o o 7 and
OII the left, about YO0 yarde from the road, is t e dAk
bungalow, iu the vicin~tyof whiah accommodation for
about two companies is available; a third company
could camp in scattered parties on the ledgee of ground
slopin to the north and east. Water for transport
auimaf would be bmaght from the stream below the
road. There is small bazar of half a dozen s h o p
where snpplies in small quotities a n be procured.
There is extensive anltivation botb above and below the
rond throughout the stage, though the slope* of the
h i b are steep and sk~ny. Between Keitam and
Namchi, forest has been entirely aleared off the h i h
From Namchi two paths run down to the Banpit ; one
to Singls Bazar, where there is at prewnt no bridge
(see Route No. 8), and the other to a suspension
bridge which crosRes the Bangit 4 mile above the
junction of the Rammnm (see Boute No. 8). These
are botb good paths, fit for animals ; and the latter
is at present the only route by which animals can be
brought from Namchi to Dsrjeeling or vice v s r r d
Road 4 fret wide, m n d i n a t an easy gradient skirting
the hill along the soatfern dope with precipitous
khuda on the left hand side, water nbundant. Bosd
then asaends at a steeper gradient for about 2fr miles,
and turning abruptly to the right oronwe the ridge
oounecting the Tendong and Bufu Ln peaks and leav-
ing L)anlthang, elevation 6,640 feet, balf a mile off
the road on the left. From here the mad to Pamionchi
turns off to the left (nidc Boute NO. 24). Road now
throu h heavy forest ; rocky and liable to be carried
away $ elips during the rmins ; asoent is gentle. At
18 miles a steep descent commences, gradient #, a
north-easterly spur of Tendong being followed. The
dense foreat continues for about 9 miles and suddenly
, terminates,when the road emerges on the highest fields
of Temi at an elevation of 6,400 feet, the village lying
to the left of the rond. Here one company could en-
camp were the jungle deared ;water is limited and 300
or 400 yards distant.
Hence a r o d l e d to Barmie monrstery, distant 34
miles east ; it is a fair track and is ridable through-
out, excp~tin a few plnoes, where rocb require hl.et-
ing. Altltnde of Barmie, 6,100 feet.
From Temi the road descends to the village of Turko,
altitude 3,000 feet, pnssing Chowbo *half way ; soil
claj or loam the whole m y , m d very slippery after
rain.
The greater part of thin road har now been metalled.
Turko is on the right hand side of tbe road, the houses
being scattered and few ; from the roadway itself the
village is scarcely visible. From Turko the road
descendn steeply tllronrh dense jungle and under-
growth, swarming with leeches in the rains, for about
I&miles in zigzags, slope at times is IUI much aa 12O.
At the foot of the deamnt the Teesta river is leached, the
stream in the rains being 100 yards in width and quite
nnfordrble. Follow the right bank down for mile
to where the old bridge existed which wm waahed
+
 Route No. 6-cmcld. .

No. of

away some years ago. On the far side of the river

(left bank) is a small village oalled Linetsi. Aooom-
modation available here for half a battalion of infantry
and a mountain battery ; elevation 1,460 feet. -From
Lingtai the old road asaends steeply at elopes of from
1%' to 18' up the south-west spur from Ganam,
averaging 6 feet in width and becoming lesa steep an
the upper slopen ere reaohed. Water 1s plentiful all
along the route.
On reaching the bottom of the hill, 8 new road haa been
- m ~ d ealong the right bank of the Teesta to the new
bridge at Tokul, which has a B26 feet span and a &foot
roadway ; distance 24 miles along bank of river. At
Tokul there b a poor oamping-ground on left bank, a
m a l l barn* and a rest-house containing B small
rooms. From Tokul the new road eigsags up the hill
and joins theold one
bungalow.
+ mile before reaching Song
From Tokul a mad runs along the Teerta to Eungpo
junction, 74 miles. Vide Boute No. 6.
Song consists of many soattered houees extending all
over the southern and western slopes of Gsnam, where
muoh ground is cultivated and oranges largely
On the right hand side of the road n r some *
(monuments) is the d8k bnngalow.
g:?:
Road aecends slightly and skirts the slopen of Qanam
and Phambong, passing Mnrtam s t 6 miles, average
width 6 feet. It now turns north and becoming eke er
seoends for 3 miles to Bamthek. Here a consideAle
number of men wuld 0UQamp in scattered parties ;
water abundant alrd bamboo fodder easily obtairiahle :
a limited number of cooliea procurable. There in a
atone monastery in good condition. Bond now due
north and level for a mile, when it descends 8t.e l y to
tbe river Rahni at a gradient of 3, the roadway %eing
6 to 8 feet wide. The foot of the hill is resched a t
five miles, forest being passed through, and the river
is crossed by a wire ope bridge about 60 feet long and
3 feet wide. Henoe an ascent at first at a gradient of
+ +
and latterly at for about milea where the main
road to Giantok ( d o Route No. 4) in joined. For
the next 2 milee the road is 7 feet wide and rinde np
the spur at a slo e of 4" to .6 Beaahin Qantok the
'
road becomes &ost level. For anto of, see Route
No. 4.

Route No. 7.
DARJEELING TO GANTOK (oi& SEDAM).
FEOY

Authority and date.-CAPT. W. F. O'CONNOR,R. Q. A., 1900.

From Man-jhitar Bazar keep dong the Namohi rod for

3 miles; then turn off to the right and follow a
fairly level road to Man nr Khols, at 44 milw. Henoe
I+ miln steep rise to Arnk, where there is a small
village, and the rwidence of a wea1t.h~Nepali, Lachmi
Dae,who is a man of considerable lorn1 influence, b n d
could collect coolies or supplies. He keapn a room here
for the aae of tnrvellere. Hence B miles steep rille to
Sedam, where t h e e ia a amall hazar, and a Mission
houre, where travellers can be lodged. No proper camp-
ing ground. Practioally no supplies, a!thongh a little
 Route No. 7-concld.

Indian oom and rice might be mllected. Water-

e l ~ p1y plet~cifnlfrom ntrermr. Bamboo fodder. The
mB thron.hout in a p d 4 to 6 feet track, p d l e
for baggage animalr.
The rond from Sedam runs at an 088y gradient along
the hill-side for 8 milen to Namton (or Nemthang) ;
reveral *mall streams are crossed. but they offer no
difficultiee, p i e n t o easy. At Nnmton there ie
od~lleotiono s few bamboo hntr and a room for
travellem. Sn p l i a practically aU. No p r o G Y 3
ing ground. 4.1. and fodder abnndrot.
aud practicable for animah.
Road rirea from Nnmton for s short dishnce to the
mnlmit of the ridge leaving the twin peaks of Tameok
on the ~i ht. Henc* steep d m n t of some 3,000 feet
tbrough foreat to the Tenta river nt 1 mils.. H e n
the river aen be o r o d during the wld weather in a
dug-out oanoe ; during the mine the crossit~gis danger-
onq nnd is not used by the natives. The ferry ie
called Bndang Qhnt, or solt~etimes Katong Ghat.
Wi lth of river 100 ynrds. The current i u swift and
deep, and the river ia never fordable. Cronning the
river a path is found running aiong the left bank of
the Teentn (sea Route No. 6). Follua thin path to
the light for 4 mile nkirtit~g the large fertile
of Katong. This ia a ~tretanof rim cultivation at:
4 mile by ) mile, dotted w i ~ hhousea, and lgiug about
160 feet above the river.
There ie excellent level camping ground hera on firm
RrassJ land for a bet!alit~n o f infantry or a mountain
battery. Wocd, water, and foddrr abundaut. The
path toDnga now turna north np the hill through foreat
for 14 milee to a village of " Kamie " or smith, where
a great deal of copper ameltina ie done.
Hence 2 milea steady rime through lice and maize
oultivlrtion to tbe amnll hamlet ttf 1)uga sif.uatrd on s
saddle of the ridge. Here there ia a little 2-roomed
wooden bnngnlow for the ac.aommo&tion of travellers.
It is the property of a Nepeli tlarned h h t n i Nemysn
who lives a t Kalimpone. Uood a m p i n g ground for a
battalion near by. Water-anpply scanty but good, from
e spring 200 yards below the bunplow. A little
Indian aorn prwnrabl~locally; otherwiee no rnpplier.
Bamboo fodder plent.fnl.
This last aection of the road from the river up to Duga
is very narrow in plsces; b a t ie prmticmhle for
animnls.
Path from Dugs level for ) mile, then steep d e w n t ( f )
for $ mile to join Iinngpo-Pskyong roed 61 milea
from Pskyong. Henoe to Pakyong see Bonte No. 6.
No. L
( For thir stage la Boute

Route No. 8.
Fsov DARJEELING TO PAMIONCHI (vid SINQLABAZAB,CHAKANQ,
AND R I N C B ~ N ~ O ~ B ) .

I
Aution'ty dote.-LIEUT. W. F. O'CONNOR,K.A., 18g6 ; POLITIOAL
OIPICEBI N

I:&:-
1 CXAXAXQ
-

Nun- d mtwF.

. . .
-
1
-
-
SIKKIM,1897.

Dxlnaosa.

modiste.

17
/
17
*
Bnrrnxo.
-

Follow the cart road from Darjeeling as far a9 St. Joseph'r

College a t Singamari. Here turn otf to the left end
follow a road whioh runs steeply down hill to Singla
 Route No. 8-cmtd.
\

7- I Dmrxomm. I

Bamr on the great Rangit river; the road follows

generally the crest of the T a k v w spur, and is a
good 8-foot r o d , steepest gradiout +, running a t
first through forest, and afterwards throngh tea
gardens down to the river, distance 11miles.
Three milea from Singamad the road forks ; the right
hand one being the road under report, that .to the left
follouing the crest of another epur down to the
Littla Rangit (see Houte No. 10).
Siigla is a fair dzed basar where aoolies from the
neighbouring tea gardens get moet of their supplies.
At present there is no bridge mas* the Hilngit here,
a s the old bridge has been dismantled and
removed; h ~ n~new t 0110 will probably be constructed
t l ~ i srear jl(r00). A good path rolls up the opposite
hill. side to Naluohi (see Route No. 6).
The r o d to Chakang turns west from Singla, and follows
the bmk of the (,reat Hangit for about mile, when
the Little bangit is crossed by a wre rope s~spenaiou
brit~gr120 fr. rpwn. Continue along the right bank of
the G eat ltang~tfor 1mile to t l ~ el(Hrnn~amriver which.
is crozsed by a wire rope suspension bridge 180 ft. span
and t~enoezip-ca* steeply nu tbe hill to Chakang
bnngalow ou the rummit of the ridge, 6 miled from
S~ngia.
Half way b?tween the Little Rangit and Ra,mmam
~ s up the Cfokh
river* s p~tthifit for animal*) t u r ~ west
spur joiiriilg Houie No. 10 higher up.
After or,lssing tho Ramrnaru a path leads off to the
right to n b~idgeborotcs the G r r a ~Kanrit 1 mile above
t l ~ ajnno~in o! the Great Ibngit and Rimmam river&
Thia is a light snspension footwag, winlilar to tllat at
l i u ~ ~ g p(see
o Route No. 6), capable of taking laden
a,aimalr. Henoe a path led8 up to Nsmohi (see h u t e
No. 6).
Cllaiiang is a good 3-roomed bungalow with serranb'
quarters, stables, eto. ; rupplies n i l ; fuel, fodder, and
water abundant. Caliiying space liiilited ; there in
roolil for a wedion of a moo~ltniu battery or 2 cum-
puniea. Klevation, 6,190 fwt.
A good level road runs from here along tbs northern
face of the hill to Berioug O miles, see Boute Nu. 10.

Down a steep dope nc~rth-er~st from the bungalow to

a s~nallatreant, mross rlriuh there is a rough foot-
bridge, * t r a m uo obstaale to pollies or mnlea ; then
turn north up the hill-side a ~ ~O ~d~ I E ridge
E after
a climb of about 1,000 feet. Dowo steeply the other
side, crosa small atream and u the saddle of spur
thrown out from Hrlu pk. {mm thin point a new
road runs north-weet to Dentam, meeting Route No.
10st Hi at distnnoe of 8 ~uilea; it is wlmost level,
and streams are bridged. B o d to Rinchen ug turns
north--1 from tbi. addle and runs roun(?northrr~~
alopes of s ur slmont level tu the dPk bungalow, which
is situate8 n a r the rummit. b d g o d a11 tile way,
though gradients in early part are steep. Bungalow
is formed from a native h o w , well roofed andfloored,
with doors andwindm 1st in, 2 large rooms, and 2
smaller ones ;small monastery 600 yards away of usual
pattern. Hill-side well cultivated : but i u neighbow-
hood of bungalow open and grassy. Here troops
oonld be camped, but ~ntar-mnpplyk rraanty. Fuel
plentiful ;bamboo fodder oan br brought from s short
distenoe. Bupplies nil.
Elevation of bungalow, 6,610
General direation north ; slope at first, then s b p
down to the Kulhait Chn, 8 considerable rtresrn
whioh in here bridged by stroog bridge ot d l t i m h
Route No. 9-contd.

throngh the G hoom Bazsr just short of the station add

joins tile main road a t 1mile from Ghoom, p a ~ i n g
the Ghooln Mons~tery). Henae the road asaenda
r' tlany till, at 4 lllilee from Qhoorn, the villnge of
ungri is reached. Good road ail the way fit for field
+
artillery ; of a mile further on peas Qhoom Book,"
which ir the highest point on this seation of the road.
At 44 milesft.0111Qhuorn there is asmall village on the
crest of the ridge, whenoe two paths lead down to the
right, one going to the forest bonralow, Lepahs Jagat,
and the other to Pul Bazar and the Little Rangit
river. At 7 miles from Ghoam reaoh Sukia Pokri,
where there is a li~rge bazar, buzar day Friday, and
where the Nel~aleseassemble in oonsiderable numbers
to su ply the neighbooring gardens with cooliw.
Here tiere is a polioa thana and a post and telegraph
office. At the weut end of the bazar the road to Jor
Pokri JPk b~~ngalow branches off to the ri bt, and lea&
to the hu~~galc~w 111.n- the ore& oaf the rijge, th6 main
mad aonti~lningto the left. The bungalow l~as3 good
rooms iund is well fitted up. The road is good all the
way, and has 110 steep gradients. During the rains it
is 21 good ded out up by art traffio. Water-nnpply
soanty.
Elevntion of dAk bungalow, 7,400 feet.
Bridle path from the bungalow down to the cart-road
which it joins Inear Binlanu. Here the aart-road ter-
minates. Two ro:~dnlead onwlcrd.de; the one to the left
going t o Merrik (or Mirig) in Sepal, 16 miles further
on, and that to the right to Tonrlu. The first Nepalese
b0undai.r stoue in at the fork of the rods. and also
a small village. The l'c~nglurclad deeoends rapidly by
a aeriea of zigza a for I t miles to Inni-lihanjan
whence three trziofs diverge; that to the left leads to
Ilam in Sepal, the oentre one to Tonglo, and the
ligt,t~hand one is a forest p t h . The road now leads
up u steep 7.ig.zng to a v~llagecalled Chittri between
tile 13th and 14th mile-stones. Here there is s fine
open granny knoll, where 600 men oclnld be enoamped
if spread nbout. There in a moderate watersupply
from a spring on the Nepal side of the hill.
From Chittri about 4 miles of fairly level road, throngh
a bamboo junxle and 1 mile of sharp ancent b r i n g
you to Tenglu, 10 miles from Jor Pokri, and almost
at the 19th rt~ile-stone. TEue far the road is very
good and reaently repaired. No bridges or oulvert~
mcept on the cart-roed to Bimana, on which seation
they are all first rate. Nearly the whole road is through
forest. Water is Posrce in d r j seaaons. There is e nd
amping-ground at Tonglu for a brigade ; fair vater-
supply at ordinary timvs, but nmnll in dry weather.
+
Water at lorester's house mile, British hide, and at e
pond on Nepal side. Glad three-roomed bungalow;
verylerge irun-mofed rtnble, and good poliae bunelow.
From here a foot path leads to Ilam and other plaoes
in Nepal. The trees here are webhiana, jaxus, juniper, \

birch, moun,tain ash, and 6 eorts of rhododendron.

Elevation, 10,074 feet.

36 At the 19th mile-iltone is a forest bnnp;alow, which

stands on s small upor. There is a spring in the ravine
on esoh side a little way down.
9
At 21 miles the road to Ilam, eto., turnr off to the left
at a long mendong" or praying plaae, the road wind-
ing down s spur of a pointed hill called Thumka.
At 214 miles there is wsbr, and jnst beyond 29 milem
a good stream with abnttdant water. From Thumka
the road runs down a wooded hill at a sharp zi mg
to a neat at about the 2ilh mile. T h e m d is %ady
I m d good for mda, and water is abundant. At the
 84th mile there is a steep rigzag went. Juat beyond
the 28th mileatone ir the Kdi Pokri (black pool),
8 fiJr a i d tank of deaent water, enough for a brigade.
l'lm tank is on tne top of the rid* at Nepal p i b r
No. 18. From Kali Pokri the road maend* by a very
irreguli~rzig-rag over a abarp ridge (a sbort ant goen k
the Irft) f81r 9 mil*, and then down a sharp deueetit on
the other nide. Over the ridge theregetstion mddenly
ahrngps, and there u e quantitien of pica, webhina,
and rhododendron onmpbellii. The road about here
i n very bad and rough. though prmble for nruler.
At the 81st mile-rtons thvre is a Bat, and then a @harp
rllgged stoily rise to Sandakphu, 824 milea. W a t u
is very aceroe on this ridge.
There is a rnrd into Nepalfrom this point. 8eenery
verv wild. I n dry weather the water-supply u rer.r
bad. One spring, .Nepal side, below bungalow. A
catchmat haain in required.
I
I I I E l s t i o n of dhk bungalow, 11,990 feet. '

. . .1
I
I3 48 The road is good and fairly level, no amp gradientr
Ground o en and barn and there is a very poor wa&
m~ipply. $he a r d ruris mainly through open forata of
silver fir and rhododendron with wcwionsl bare g r m y
pldces. At a little Leiond 39th mile-mtone is a deep

i d l r y wit11 a stream of excellent water, wltiah rru

runtling well at the end of an exception~llydry seaaoq.
Tlti. is balf any. 'I'he namaof thestream is Siri Klrolr
At the 4let rnile.ntone there is a oonspiouous bira
hill aalled Snbarkl~rn; elevation 11,640 feet. Hem .
the main h'elrd trade route arosma the ridye, a d runr
down to Bimlniok, eta. It is much worn. The road
now runs nlorrg n rrries of knife edges with magni-
ficent woaded vallry~on each side. At 46 rrliles P h d -
lut. The hungaltw is comfortable with a gocd stable.
The hill is very bare aud the country b l e d mud wild.
Water-supply poor.

I I I I Elevation of bungalow, 11,810 feet.

From Phallnt there ir a drop nf 400 feet,steep but
fairly easy t o a col, and thenoe a very steep
and difficult ascent to Singaleh. The road in bad, at
times almoat danperooa Singalela (12,130 feet) is the
highest point on the rod. Thence the roed dmaends
m d p e e s rllong a very narrow 001, not more than 3
feet wide in plrceg with a dense growth oE rhododen-
dron on either sida. On pa~singthe ool the road runs
on the east side of the hill, then crosrem an open speae
and runs down the side of the spur to Chiahhanjau at
the blot mile-stone. 1-t 9 miles road very bad :
gradient emy. DAk bungalow of 3 rooms with fnrni-
tnre, ~ r v s n t quarters,
' and stablea There is a large
deep. 1 of water clone to Chinbbanjan bnngalow,
difiourof aweno for animals at present, but a traok
oould emily be made. The water is not fit for menel
nee. There L a spring at the bunflow.

1 1 I ( Elevation of bungslow, l0,3!20 feet

NOT..-After
F
leaving PhaUut, and near o 1 b o n n d y
illar the msd beers to the 1 f t to h'e el to
bn&-l'hap, Kebnli Bn.ar, and a new ~ifitary
station Tapli-Jong. It in No 6 &tion. Them
are 12 of them poets from Katmurdu, whioh ia
No. 1 (the B n t ~ hfrontier station at.llam in
independent of them) ;e e J of these efst~onshu
8 out-pta. Tapli-Jong whl, newly formed in
1896. This chain of pee* rpne dong the TibeC
frontier. They are rebd- barraoh rnd @-
down&
From here 8 roads branoh off ;one east,to Pamionohi, w i d
Dentsm (side Boute No. 41),one north along the crat
of the ridge to Jongri and the Gismothaog Lake Diw
triot (vide Route No. 441,and the third west to U h n p
thap in N e d
 Route No. 10.
FROM
DARJEELINQ TO CHIA HHANJAN (add GOKE AND DENTAM).

Road rulls down Takvaar mpnr from Singammi on t h e

new oart-rasd to L b o ~ l p . Three miles down it f o r b
(vide Route No. 8). Take left hand road and d e ~ r p d
through k a gardrrla to Little b n g i t . Cross river
by nalrow wile suspanrion bridge, which swags can-
~iderablg; river fordable except during the rains.
Road genc.mIl g a d , eaay. A d n d steeply
for xbout 2 ~nllreto summit of Gokh ridpe. Henae
a path run* ~ I I W I the
I cl.ent tO Great Bnn& river (oid.
Route KO. 8). Road runs west, deerending very
steeply to rel1e.v of Rs~l~rnarnriver through jungle.
H o d hither f r o n ~Little Rangit. narrow and stony.
The valley of tbc 1:amrnam ia here o p n and level
Troopa coulll be camped in the fields. Water from
river. I?a~~lboo f*adder from jungle. No supplies.
This vnllrp in inhabited chiefly bg Nepalme, who pow.en
a good many caws, g~lata,and sheep.

:.
Road level allrng ri h t bnnk of Rammnm through open
cultivated valley k r a b n n t 8 miler. Cross the stream
by a wooden bridge onrrrnt rapid ; stream fordable
exoept when in Rod. Henoe enornd by a g d bridle
path to Suriong, grndieut a t fimt eaqg, growing *teeper
near the top of the ridge; hill.sidee a~~ltivated and
open. From Srriong good level road rast to Chakang.
4 miles. Small Latar of 6 s h o p a t Seriong. Small
qnanli1it.s of lice and mahe procurable ; water, fnel,
and fodder abundant.
31 Road from Seriong Kinds along the hill-sidea for about
9 milra, and enter* forest land a t an elevl~tion of
6,300 fwt. Hrnre the path runs through forest for
some 7 miles as far aa H i village clenrinp, when the
road from Binchenpong joine road under report
(see Route N a 8). Hence to Dentam 2 miles; mad
nearly lrvel. Dentnm is a broad tmot of rim o~lltira-
tion on the risht bnnk of the Knlbait'Chn. There ir
s p m for 8 I egiment* to encamp when the field#are dry.
Water, fodder, and fuel abundant. Thrre is a
4-roomed dhk ~ U I I ~ I I Wbuilt
, of rtons with sheet-
iron mof. Elera~ion4500 feet.
1 Hence road to Pamionchi (wide B o o b No. 41).
N.B.-The traak through the forest between Seriong
and H i is a narrow p t h along which ponies om ba
led. Some repairs would be necerary before M e n
animalr oould be taken over it.
Path up right bank of Knlhait Chn. Cross two streams
l y wooden bridgee. Banks of atrenmr thiokly wood-
ed, hill-midee o t h e r ~ o e bare. Road leaves banks
of stream and m o d s hill-aide steeplp to Monqthang
platenu, whiuh extends for about 2 miles,when K n l b i t
Chn is again reached elid steep macent commwoer.
ahioh last^ right up to Chiabhanjrm, through nartow
vnlley with deep wooded hills on either side ; orow the
Kulhait by a wooden bridge, and ascend steeply to
nummit of mmall ridge. From here the road turns
right and makea a loo cig-aeg to mmmit of ridge,
p v i o g through dense$mboo and rhdodendmu jun-
gle. There is a very steep abort cot to the bungalow.
Road fair throughout and p a w b l e to laden mulem.
For dearription of bunpalow and other r d a l e d i n g
thither, see b d e No. 0.

.- -
I
-- I
- ---- -I
Tbia bridle hu been w r h e d a q ; them I#at prcaent s k m p o r . r ~l & w y (September 1800).
 FBOYDARJEELING TO AnD Tarmr VALLEY
SAMATEK (aid NAMOHI ROAD).

ROUTEBOOK, 1894; POLITICAL

dwt~o&tyand date.--SI~~ru OPPICER,
SIKKIM,
1897.

N a m a of rtrger.
mrdhtr.

I Follow Route No. Bar far ~r Temi.

Follow Bmte No. 6 .e far u the Teeeta : hen, i n r t e d of
turllil~g~011thto the new bridge, t o m north up the
rivht bank of the river, craeing the Bimpi Chn, whioh
in fordable erorpt after hravy rain. From the Bimpi
Chu t o the Bungpo Chn is a level 4-mile over. cnlti-
vation.
The Rnnppo Ch~iis fordable, but a riaketty bamboo
bridge exirta, whioh is only ured when the stream m i in
flood. Hence r d level for + mile over rice fieldr,
after whioh there is r .harp amcnt of one mile over a
bad and rook bit to mme fields, altitude 1,900 feet,
wben - I I ~ L o m a eany and gnd.111 on a good gra-
vellv road for 21 miles to the usual campingground
of Na~t~puk, nhioh is a oolleotion of villages on the
dope of the llill east of Yangong monutary. Camping-
pround good, and water plentiful. Elevation, 8,400
feet. Tile Teesta Valley is very hot and infested with
I' pips," but there are no leeches anywhere under
3,000 faet.

49h A di5cnlt march owing to numerous ascenb and 2e-

soents, and to the great Ineat in the vallr of the Teesta
and in the weveral l ~ ~ t e r anullnhs
l nhioi are crwsed,
all of whinh are of a tropiml charrctrr. From Nsm-
nk the road keeps levrl and good for ) mile, than
!eaceuds for ) mile to the Bmgum Chu, a atream,
altitude 2.1100feet, whioh is ororsed b a riaketty
bridge. I t then attoends to Nrh ~endron I mile,
altit~lde5,700 feet; thin u m t is prticn~bly b d ,
rocky, atee and narrow, and is not p a b l e to tlsns-
rt animaL; no water at Seh Mendong. Thia Yen-
E n g is fnmons u bring the place where the Oorkbv
were driven baok fl.om their co~~quest of Sikkim in
li87. Giganti0 aliffr extend from thim spot to Moi-
nam m k , altitllde 9,900 feet. The Lepcbaa mnd
Bbntins made this a strot~gdrfensive position and
/ hurled down enormous rocks on the invaders, who
were oompell~dto retreat with heavy lorn.
The road now deaoenda ) mile to the Bungkum Nala
whioh is dry in the hot erason, then sswnds 2 miles
to Lingmo Mendong, altitude 3,260 feet. Two pure
spring* of water are pmmd on the road 4 mile bt. ond
Snngkum N a l r With the exception of 4 m i i of
gcld road the rest of this last 24 miles of path ir a
mere ntlrrow rookp t m k unfit for laden mules, but
ritieablc with a good hill pony. No water at 1.ingmo
M endong. From here the m d is in good order and
dewenda ~sdurrllyfor f mile to Kosseir Mendong,
altitude 2,900 feet, where tbere ir a nmall spring of
water. Two more mil- 01descent over a Rir but
stony road, m d the l'ee~tariver is reached at Bhommng
Sa~lidong,nltitnde 1,480 feet. Just before reaohing
the river the Bnnnett Chn in crossed.
Henas a rmd oronses the Teesta and l e a b to Tumlong,
wid Nampung, 2 marchen, 23 nliler, joining the Gantok-
Tomlong road before it crosses the Dik Chn. The
Teesta is crorsed by a cane bridge whioh in kept up for
local use and is often ill a rotten condition. The Teest.
here is altnwt alwejs impsaable for ponies, exoept
in the middle of the oold weather, when they have
to be dragged acrow by ronen. Road is only naed local-
ly by foot patsangen. (Tide Route No. 42, Stage 1.)

494 R o d dong right bank of Tcesta for lbmiles to the juna-

tion of the Rumphn river, up which it turns for
mile. On leaving tpe Raul~hi~p stream I very steep
~ t the village of Lingtkm, 82 miles ; altitude
a ~ o e r to
4,4(X, feet.
No. of ~ u n e of
g stages.

r*u-
Path leads over some fine oliffs to the Sandang s ur and
Mendonp, 3 miles, altitude 6,050 feet; thence &mends
to the Pi Chu river. 2 miles below the village of Qonrb. 4
Frnm here there is a short ascent over a preaipioe
followed by a descent of 3 miles to the jnnotion ol' a
sn>alletren~nwith the Teesta, then lave1 for a mile along
the bank of the river to tbe camping-ground at the
oane bridge over the Teeeta a t Belung Ghat.
Eleration, 1,660 feet.
Croea by the cane bridge to the left bank of the Teerfa
and follow bank fur 4 miles to the junction of the
Bongrong Chu, then nn m n t of ) mile over a pre-
cipice ; road here bud and dangerous. From the sun^-
mit of the olitia grntle ascent to the village of Dapia
1 or Tngyia, elevation 3,'200 feet ; hence road aecende to
the Ringon Ipur for 1 mile, rhenoe it ia fairly level
to Nnliug, 2 miles further on.

I / I I Balung oros~ingalmost always impamable for ponies.

These last three marches are impamble for ponies and
hardly to be called a road.
Road from here runs up a spar to the new Tnmlong-
Samatek road, meeting it about I f miles £ram Bnmtek.
(See Route No. 28, Stage 2.)
The whole of this Teesta valley road, which was formerly
the high-way into the north of Sikkim, ha8 IIOW fallen
into aomplete di~repnir. The road is impssable for
animals, and the Call0 bridges are mostly rloketty and
rotten; it is only used by foot pessengere fbr led
purposes, and has been entirely superseded by the new
Qantok-Turnlong-Samatek d.

Route No. 12.

Faoar GNATBONG TO CHUMBI (vd JBLEP LA).

No. of
hpn.

Road leaves (fmthong snd descends moraine slope for

some 150 feet and then aqcrnds in n north-easterly
direotion the hill slopes on the right bank of the Qna-
thong stream, reaohing the Tuko Ls, elevrtioo, 18,660
feet in 2 miles ; gradienb 1 in 6, r11.d a narrow rough
stony traok, hill- ides open and sloprs generally easy.
The Tnka La ridge fawe north and in an excellent
position from whioh to oommand the road to the Jelep
La. Thence an eaay descent and asoent of some 300
feet, road rounding the head of a gently sloping open
d e y to the Nim La ridge at 3 miles; henoe a steady
descent over a rough r o d , but grndienta easy, round
the north of the flat valley in whioll lies the Bidang
Tso (lake), a sheet of water about one mile long by f
a mile wide. From itia southern extremity a p t h
leads to the Donobuk Ls formerly oalled the Pernber-
ingo paaa (uids Route 18). Cross a low ridge tbiokly
oavered with rhododendron sorub nnd a strip of marshy
ground ; at 6 milea oman the Jelop utream, whioh is at
all times fordable, by a log foot-bridue. Here the med
np the Jelep tnrnr off right. 0 1 1 the right bank of
the Jelep stream ir Kophn, a large open undulating
Route No. 12-contd.

trnat, mu.hy in plwer, an which 1@0 men a d d

enmulp; fnrl, rhododendron m o b , plcntiful in vioi-
nity ; el.varlon, 12,700 feet. Kophn h aommsnded b y
Tent hiil, so d l e d from itr &ape. whioh ri-en 1,000
I feet with avers steep evrn slope frcm the A r e of the
oamp~ng-g~onnd to the north-eut. J5ll-ridesope. and
I rmky.
Path is up the right h n k of tbe Jelep str-m .nd
I,+ is fttirly lrvel but rrretchdly bad for t n ile when
&trt ctwp s m t M s to an open r i d p within
~ , M ) Jy u d ~of the summit of the paas. He- the
& in w y , the lower d o p a O! the hllln over w h k h
i t p~ssse k i n g g e ~ ~ t l e .The Jelvp yur (elevation
14,sg.~ferl) is a sadale some 400 yards long. a t either
end of wldich rim precipitous rocks, rome aOOfeet
higher thsn the p u s itrelf. Tho* to the n~~rtrl-west
are ICESI,reoipitous than thom to the a o u t h s u t , but in
h t h cases tilay are aoxmible onlj to i ~ ~ f a n t r y .~ h n t .
500 jardo abort ot toe rnmmit on lhr Sikkirn side
there is a wide open s p where 1,000 men could
e n c a 1 1 water
~ lion .?ream r u n n i ~ ~down
g n l l q , rho-
d d a n rolr ~ r n hfor furl W O U \have ~ to be b r o ~ ~ g h t
fro111a mllr down the ~MO. Cmntty bare aud rugged.
Iluring the winter the p i n oloaed by snow, wbiat
fall, to a grrat depth. It ir p o ~ ~ h ltoe reach the
ban,-huk La ( P e ~ ~ ~ b u r i npg ao ~ direct
) from the Jelep,
but here ia praoticlrlly IIO path and vety d i 5 0 d t
conntr? lias to be maeed (mid8 I(ouh No. 18). On b e
Tibet aide clf t b r Jelep La the bills open out enolodng
a bare ,.later-likr vlalley. The pat11 18 r ~ w g hand stony
and d e w a d s rapid1.v to 8 smnll lake cd.r& the C h o h
T ~ o ,falliug 600 feet in the tirat 4 of r ~llile,it then
pasnee aionp the uinthern nborr of the lake. 'J%h
d e m n t Itlay be mule more grsdnal by taking I he mili-
t s r j rc1.d which Lee to the hill-aide to the north and
doornd* more gentr. W no* drops down a spur
very rteelDly to the valley ol the Langrntlg river, rough
and dong. tiem there is 8 c-mp~ng-zroui\dfor lm
men alled Byuthang. Etltrr tir and rhladudendron
ju~~ple,rt~sal verv bad, boggy and rook?., rougltlJ follow-
ing the left hank of the Lsllgra11g t i v ~ r . A t about 3)
mllm paas L a n g m g , elevatioal 12 930 feet, ~ b v r ethem
iaa slon. rest.Italuse built fhsr Et~rup- a11mrrchrmts but
nrver usrd, and r fair Cam! i l l y - g ~ o ~ for
l ~ ~ad regiment
if trnts were crowded togrthrr. 1 8th now ieav- t b s
main xallej a ~ d~r tdp down a ~ l l n ~r l ~ r l ~ thick
u g h jungle
due norlh ormning a furdable tributary rtrealu by 8
r o n ~ hplnnk bridge imrnediatclg be!ond wtioh there is
a olr~tring called Tarohung, elevaritm Il.zi8 feet,
where H rrgimcnt aonld e n m n p ; th1811cealo~tgbank of
stream to its junction with tile mnin rlver, road rough
of which are rougirly bridged wit11 lorn. A t Dun-
Lochen, a clearing, elevation 11,170 fret, is stony
camping-ground for 500 men, and allr~ostimr~ediat.1~
after passing this the Ernt bridge ovqr the L ~ I B
.
and rtcbnj, nlnny tributary strealno bei~!gcrosced, most

~ ~
river is reached. Path crosrces the river sir tiwee in
the last mile and a half by strong log bridg- avemg.
inn 6 feet wide, without hsnd rails. Tlie valley bere
is very narrow and thickly wooded and the road is bod,
being rough sod rocky arid crosaing numerous boggy
holltrws. Yatung is reached immrdiatrly a f e r c r w .
iug the last bridge a t the junction of the Nsthu and
h ~ ~ g r a nstreams;
g here the lower r a d fmm the
Nathu joins in. Patung oonairts of the honee of
tbe Coamisnioner of Chinene Cnstorns,' four blockll of
shops and a Tibetan guard-llonae ; tile a5018 form a
rough square, ant built of stone and wood and m u p y a
flat spsoe nome 60jards broad between the Ilill-side and
the river whioh in now oalled the Yatong Chn. The
Nuthu atream joins the main river imuredintely belor
the settlement of Yatuap. The house of tire Commie.
mioner of Chinese C'ustomr stcmdn in the centre of a ,
stone wall enolosnre,. 26 x 20 galdo in urea, the wP)ln
being 10 feet high and !2& feet thick; there a m
loopholes or snangem~ntn for defenoe. The lo&
storey of the houle is stone and the upper light 4-
- 1
 Route No. 12-contd.

No. of Nunem of st.ges.

-0.

-I work and lath and plaster. The western side of the

outer wall is built against the hill-side, and at the
mouth-went angle one oan step off the hill-side on to the
roof of the servants' houses. The main road panad
between the s h o p and the Commissioner'u boase. The
sbops nnmber 18 in four bloaks, the outer walls being
stolle ; the two larger hlooks are esoh about 26 yards
long and the smaller each about 18 yarda. These
shops, whioh were intended for traders, are unwcupied
except by the Chinese oustoms officials. The Tibetan
guard-house comprises two stone buildings in the north-
west corner of tbe settlement ;the most easterly of the
two has a raised platform abont the height of the top
of the wall which oould be uned es a banquette, but
the buildings, whioh nre of stone, are not loopholed.
The aocommodation available at Yatung is roughly 20
men to each shop, 40 in the Tibetan guard-bouae and
60 in the Commissioner's enclosure. The position of
Yatung is one inoapahle of defence againrt a well armed
enemy an it is oolnmanded east and west a t ranges of
60 jards, the hills rising very steeply on either side to
a considerable height ;those to the east and south-weat
are wooded, those to the north-west open.
A regiment cof~ldenoamp on the river bank above and
below Yatung and on a flat open spur to the north of
and 100 feet immediately abcve the settlement. Fuel
plentifol, but no snpplies.
Prom the to of the Jelep pass to Yatnng is 7 miles
and the roafis regulrly travelled by laden mulea, but
the gradienb are in places as rnuch as 1in 6 and the
road 10 in general bad, rook?, and boggy.
Elevation of Yatung, 11,000 feet.

6f 20 Leaving Yatung the road is level for 100 yards to the

Natho stream, which is crossed by a atrong wooden
bridge, stream is only a few yards wide but is some 3
feet deep and would be difficnlt to ford owing to the
etrength of the ourrent.
Just beyond the bridge a path tarns off left up-hill
to the Kajui monastery, distant abont 1 mile. Valley
now o na out, is free from forest and the road
enem& improves. ~ o a keep d level and good along
feft bank of the Yatnng river for 800 yards to the
Chinese wall which ie built right aoross the valley,
occupying the whole of the flat portion (abont 100
yards) and mending the hill-slope for about the same
distanoe on either side. I t nverages 16 feet in height
and is 10 feet thiok at the base. Along the summit are
alternate embrasures and loopholes, the parapet here
being about 2fr feet ttiok and built of stone, as is the
whole wall. The mortar used is of inferior qoality
m d the wall is one which would apparently be easily
dedro ed by artillery fire.* At either extremity are
stone ~lookhouses,hut the only flank defenoes are the
north-west blwkhonse and the gateway, the latter
only affording flank fim for two or three rifles. The
garrison is 20 Chinese and 81Tibetana, who are unarmed.
The well is roofed over from end to end and tbe
oeotions on either side of the stream are conneoted by
a plank bridge. Aacefis to the banquette 1s by m a n e
of stone steps at intervals along tbe rear of the wall.
The wall may easily be outhnked by sdvanoing over
the open h i sidea towards the Kajui monastery.
The road to Chumbi passes throa h a gateway in the
wall whioh can be closed by w J e n doom whioh are
not rifle-proof ; and immediately in rear of the gate
are rows of single-storied stone houses on either side
of the road where the guard have their quarters.
Close to the Kajni monertery is a small stone fort
which commands the road below.
A t 1mile from Yatung the road enters a forest of silver
fir ; gradients in this portion do not exceed 1 in 1G.
Just before entering Binohengong is a sharp, short
e w e n t of 200 yards followed by a rough desoent which
is in plaoes very steep.

ThL w i d w.s dn*tmyed by the earthqnrks in 1887 and again by floods in 1W. It W Mre-bollt by the Chiuew on u c h o c c u i o n
P
 Route No. i 2 4 o n c l d .

No.ul N.mndBbw.
am.

Binohengong is sitnated on the right bank of the Mo Chn

and is bisected by the Jelep strmm, whioh is npnned
by a good bridge. The Mo Chu is alw bridged a little
below Rinohengong ; this river is 60 yards wide end
very rapid. Rinohengon~conbins 16 wellanstrnated
houses, amnged in double rtories, the lower being
&one and the u per a r t h and planter, roofs of h k r .
There are stretc!es of mltintron about the &ge on
either h n k of the No Chn. There ie a path lending
direot from Rinohengong to the Donchuk pess up a
very stee spur. The Chumbi Valley ie 800 to 600
yards wige III the viainity ~f Binahengong, and bmp
would hnve no diIIioulty in finding a camping-ground.
Fuel plentiful.
From Rinohen ng Chnmbi lies north-north-weut up the
right bank o80the Mo C h a Road is 6 feet wide and
rises with an imperceptible gradient ; it p s e a at timer
between stone wnlls, and at others over stretohem of
p t n r e land ;hillr on eitlpr aide of the valley are steep
and roaky, on the north-east slopes and lower rpum of
tbe southern slopes are patohm of silver fir forest.
Elevation of the valley in about 9,300 feet. Qslling
(6 homes on the left bank of the Mo Chn) ie panned at +
mile. This village ie the reeidence of all the Chief
Tibeten offloiak of the lower Chumbi valley. At I milea
Phema village with 10 or 12 doubhtoried o n m
rimilar to t h m at Rinohengong, and here the th from
b
the Nathu La joins the main road. The Ohu im
spanned by a ood cantilever bridge, 100 feet in lengtb,
'ust above ~ f e m a . A quarter of a mile beyond
bhema i..Pebitbao . a new village antaining about 70
housed inhabited safely
by the Cbinsu 05ioLL of the
Chnmbi valley and their suite. About +
mile before
m h i n g Chumbi the valley narrow8 to a width of 200
yude and the road pmer over a s h e narrow ridge
abont 50 feet above the stream ; this !&me a
defemive position. The road from Cho k is men to
the mth-went desoending a valley some 200 yards
broad and ororsing the small stream draining the valley
by a roo h plank bridge ;thii road joins the main road
at ~ h n m f i .
Chnmbi is situated on the right bank of the Mo Cha, and
consists of the p.laoe. and some 4 doran other h o n ~ l k
Ib ition im snob M to w m m n d all apprcwahw by
the & La, Nathu La,u d Jelep La 4 s . Thezmain
r o d to Phnri orosmem from the right to the left bank
of the Mo Chn a t Chnmbi by a good cantilever bridge
100 feet in length with an 8-foot roadway. Then is
a good oam ing-ground for a foroe of 8,000 men on
the left hen% of the Mo Chu at Chumbi with water
from the river. Fuel from fir forest on neighbonring
bill slopes. The peo le of the Chumbi nllsy are
p r o p r o u t m d the m i l e land of the v e ie suffi-
oient to sn port three times the present population.
Then in n n h ~ i t e dgrazing for animah.
The road from the Jelap L8 M on the whole bad, the
gradients in plaoecl bemg M muoh M 1 in 6. There
are no di5oultim in the m y of making a good bridle
path.

-
The pmhw b a Lrge m b l l n g Uuw4arfed building, mund rhioh the nd of the viUg im h u t .
 Route No. 13.
FROMQNATHONG TO CHUMBI (vid NATEULA).

d#th&; RIFLH, 1896.

ddt!.-CAPTAIN F. C. COMYB,~ % N DOWBKHA

Q m b i(aidc Route No. 12) is '

The ~ n b t h o n ~ - ~ e l e p - ~ h uroad
followed as far as Kophn or Knpnp, 6 mila.
Patb north-west keeping on the rigbt bank of the Jelep
stream whioh Bows into the Menmo Teo gorge. Open
gmsey undulatitlg country for one mile, p t h g e n d y
rough and stony. On reaching fir forest at the edge
of the gorge the path turne ncmth, oroases a small
stream and wiods round a spur, here it t narrow and
dangerous to mules. I t then desoends 450 feet very
steeply, gradients being as mnoh re 4, cmeses the
Meumo etream, which is always fordable, b rough log
foot bridge. and ancends for an eqnd istantw the
opposite alope. Tbe path acroae the gorge is exaeed-
ingly bad and can only be traversed by mules with
g r e ~ tdifficulty; it is roaky throughotrt and fir treea
mwing close to the p h in plaon require felling.
50 the south-west of t e rOBd and abott 14 miles
distant liea the Yenmo Tsotlake), whioh is surronnded
on all sides, except to the south-west, or exit end, by
steep firwlnd hills. To the north-eaet the valley ends
abruptly in a rugged basin of reoipitous rooks.
On leaving the fir and rhododenko forest in the
valley the path emerges on open graae land and now
mentie for ) mile more gently, crossing eeveral bog
places. C r w a low hill, elevation Cd.600 feet, on t ,
snmrnit of which is a cetrleebed tenantedi from July 6 0
September, and desoend gently to the exit stream from
the Onak Tao, a nhallow reedy lake lying in a Bat
marshy valley 1; by mile. Croee the stream, rhioh
is hlrnjs tordahle, and leaving the lake to the right
proceed up the valley for oue mile by a very stonp
bad path, whioh, hmever, is almost level. The ground
here is a mane of rivuleta which drain the low, rhodo-
dendron-clad range to the west of the road. The
valley is doped to the north-west by a moraine forma-
tion rising 160 feet above the eneral level ; up thie
the path aecenb easily and jnst h o w the mmmit are
Borne almost flat, though somewhat marshy, stretches
where half s regiment might encemp if mattered ; the
eouth-east sloper are open and gnrsay, thoee fsoing
north-west tbickly covered with rhododendron ecrub.
Water plrntiful aud good from numerous s rings in
the hill-side to the south-wed of camp. %levatior,
18,160 feet.
A path turnsoff here to the L a ~ y a pLa, by whiah Gmtok
m y be reached. (Vide Bonte No. 14.)
Ascend the Yewkongteng spnr north-east by a well
marked path ; for the first 4 mile the road is level ;
a small fordable stream is then orowed and an open
s ~ u amended
r by an easy gradient. At 1 mile from
oamp the roed from Ciantok joins in from the west
and hence the aecent is gentle to the puss. Two llrkea
are left to the right of the road aud below it, and the
valley gradually cloaea in IUI the Nathu La is approach-
ed. Beaoh the pass at 2 milee, elevation 14,260 feot,
aeoent from aamp 1,100 feet. The pass is an open
saddle, 100 yards long aommanded on either side by
roaky h e i ~ h t swhich terminate in inaooessible peaks ;
the dope immediately to the west of the may be
d e d by infantry and the paw t h w t n m r
1)eeeend w i l y by a low open rpnr for 1) miles to the
Nathu or Chumdhe stream which is crossed to the left
bank by a stone foot-bridge; stream fordable at all
~ o s Here . is an open, undnlatin maidau called
Shaog-L Thang, where a regiment mdk enoamp.
 Route No. 13-confd.

No. of
atylea.
I Nama of
I . I
At this spot the uppar Nathu La road t u r n off left
Path now dewends rather steeply 200
e k i " , : k , " t " k rmky bank of the ntrenm, nfbr whioh
the valley for a bit is flat and the path good, but the
m u b rhododendron is thiok in plrraer. At 4( miles,
at a spot oalled Cham i Thang, elevation 19,950 feet,
sr formt is entned r a f p a t h dewer~dagndually to an
o n flat where 400 men oonld encrrmp at 6) miles.
T 'd l e y now oommenoen to a l a s in and the rhodo-
dendron and fir forest is in p h e s very thick. At 64
miles isaoother fair camping-ground for 600 m e n d e d
Chudnng Thang, elevation 11,662 feet, and a little
fnther on yet another clearing of the amme sim oalled
Chonama. At 91 miles the path leaves the left bank '
of the stream whioh it h~ M, h r followed and win&
round the h e d bf a w n d a ry vallej denomding very

I I 1
adually over an open hill-side, and finally r m h m
F a h u g just below the rttlemeot.

3 CHCXBI . . . bi 2ij Henoe to Chumbi, nee h n t e No. 12.

I Alternative Eorcts.

I !&I Uppw NatAm La road.

The Upper Nathn La road leads direot to Phema, one
mile south of Cbumbi t h m avoiding the defenaes at
Yatung. I t turns off the main route down the valley
at Bhang-la Thang 14 miles from the summit of the
pase on the Tibet side. The spot is ersily reoognieed,
as it is about 200 yards beyond he foot bridge and
above tbe spot at whioh the st&n makes a sudden
descent of 200 feet in a 8eries of 0u1des.
The path rises very slightly a t firat dong the slopee on
the left bank of the stream and keep along the open
hill-sides ;here it is rough and stony for a very short
distanoe, but is not 80 bad as to prevent mules travel-
ling along it. At 44 miles from Yewkoagbng (a
from the Nathu La) is an open, flat spur over whlch
flows a aoneiderable etream; here 400 men could
encamp if mattered ; a steepisb rooky olimb tbrongh
bush jungle ascending 150 feet follows, and then the
path IB fairly level for $ of a mile to a spur on whiob
are some cattlesbeds; here a regiment could eucnmp,
water and pine fuel plentiful. At the cattleshed 8
path turns off north-eaat t h r o ~ ~pine
h forest ; it is
said to lead to the Kajni monastery. The main path
now turns sharp to the left and m e n d s 250 feet
paning tbrough mrub jungle and emerging on gently
sloping downs within 600 feet of the summit of the
ridge.
A few open p n spars are rounded, the path pessing
just below a addle at 7 m i b r For the nest two miles
path as before rounding gently loping spure with here
and there mattered fir trees ; hill dope rises about
feet above road to the left and is perfeatly open. At 9
miles there is a aattleshed and bere the road isalong the
summit on the ridge whiah a little dintanoe on beoomee
olothed with fir forent and denoeudn rapidly towards the
Chumbi v d e y ; elevsiton 13,700 feet ; path bow
drop8 dorm spar apparently at an easy gradient fork-
ing some dietsnce down, the right hand
t~ the Knjui monastery and the left &%tti"iiz
Phema Distance to Phema from Pewkongteng about
11 miles.
This ~ t ishpaneable throngho~tto mule ccuri '$ bt
the jungle on either side of the road reqnirer o eanng
and here and there rooks should be removed ; a t tirree
the route paeses through thiok sarub jungle and atohes
of fir foreat, but generally keep jnst above thr k i t of
trees. Beyond the first oattJeahed mentioned the hill-
 No. of Nsmas of stager.
stages.

I- -I-I I
side is seamed with paths whioh are y a y u 4 by
cattle and mulm, these animals being riven up from
the Chumbi valley to graze on the upper slopes.
The two Nathu La routes on the Tibet side are in6n-
itely preferable to the Jelep, though slightly longer
from Gnathong. These paths are neither so rough
nor so steep as that over the Jelep Ia, the camping-
gronnds are better and the jnngle in the lower valleys ie
lese dense. The Nathn La too, is mme 140 feet
lower than the Jelep La, and has a l w a p less snow on it.
The objeotion to t h ~ route
s on the Sikkim nide in that
I
the Menmo Tso gorge hse to be orossed from Qna-
thong ; to obviete the diffioulties in this gorge, however,
v e r j little road-making is necessary.

Route ~ 0 . ~ 1 4
FROMGYATHOKG TO GANTOK (vi8 LAOYAP'
LA).
VALLEY,
~ ~CHUMBI
Authority and d a t e . - R ~ m ON 1895 ;AND POLITIOAL~FPIOEB,
SIKKII,1900.

No. of
stages.

1 Namea of #tagem.

-
For this r o d , nee Route No. IS, stage 1.
L e n v i n ~the moraine deeoend a gentle rhododendron-
clad slope for 160 feet crossing a fordable stream flow-
ing down f r o 3 the Nathu La a t ) mile, then along
the gentle northern slopes oE the Pheupeu valley
whiot~is flat, o n and boggy, and some 600 yards ,
b a g by U X ) r i g
ht + mile omss a seoond small stream and anoend
northern slopen of valley over an open rook-studded
slope for 100 g a r b striking the repular route from
Qantok to the Nathn Ta a t 1+ miles from a m p .
I
The Pheupu valley ends preoipitonaly to the north-
east, the stream plunging down a roaky fall into a
deep fir-olad gorge ; to the south-west of the valley the
hille rise some 800 feet and ?re gently sloping and
thick1y clad with rhododendron, to the north-east they
are higher and open but rooky and preoipitous.
Afier joining the main route the path for mile is +
rooky and leads along a preoipitous hill-side with a
valley 800 feet d w p and thickly wooded with pine to
the left. At I t mlle pass a emall flattish open space
onlled Sharah, where a p t h turns off to the Yak Ls,
north, after which descend 60 feet to the end of a lake
700 yards long by 800 ds wide orossiug the exit
stream whioh is d r a y s G a b l e ;elevation lY,W feet.
Henoe ascend 260 feet in 4 of a mile by a rough, roaky
path, in places o r w i n g a series of stone steps and reaoh
at 2) milea an open rolling plateau, 260 yards in
diameter, a h oalled Sharah, where s oompny could
encamp if scattered, b a t the ground is rough and for
the greater part of the year marshy. Croasa stream
which drains a large lake lying further up the valley,
by a series of stepping Btoase (elevation 18;LSO b e t ) md
turning south-west ascend for one mile to the summit
of the Sebn La, elevation 13,600 feet, distanoe from
camp 3) miles. This portion of the rmrd is better, but
is rocky in places, gradients not more than +. The
pase is a narrow opening between low rooks, the slopes
 Route No. 14-concld.

Dzrrraaas.
No. of Nuner of a l g ~ . BBMAI~.
nag-.

I
difficulty in enaamping, tho h there in no laak of
level ground in among the xododendron trm on tho
addle and numero~~e overhanging rooks under whioh n
small force oould bivouwk. Water fmm the Tali Chu
+mile disbnt ae tbe supply on the spot is bad. Fuel
in plenty. Elevation 10,260 feet. There is a small
%roomed wooden bungalow ; stone chimney8 ; iron
roof. There are a h wooden linen to eaoommodnte 10
mnlea or poniee.
The above is an exceedingly hard mamh for either mulee
or coolien, and anlees the trans r t is very lightly
laden the much should be b n c n by halting at
Chsungu.
3 Grziron . . la 13 34 From the bungalow the road runs level for 9 mile
skirting the hill-aide in a motherly direation. Hence
the mad g ~ d u a l l y desoende to Oarrtok, winding
round the hill-side. The h c e is a good one, the
a&nts and desoents being gentle, average gradient A.
For the firat few miles the road rune through pine and
rhododendron forest, and afterwards through thick
bamboo jungle, emergin close to the Iatohi monse-
tsry. Then are two mo&e rent-nmp on the r o d a t
' thelrd and 8th milm from Lsggap Water plenti-
ful all along the road. This is the new r o d and her
o111y reoently been oompleted; it requires oonstsnt
repairs, and some work would generally be necessary
on it before laden animale aould pees.
The old road to Lagyap paeeee below the new r o d on
leavin Qantok and goes down h p l y to the bed of the
Roro Ckn ;hence rining at a deep gradient to Lagyap-
a long, r i n g seoent. Thie road is very bad and ham
fallen into dimsa

--
I For Qentolr,~ R o u ~k~
e e

Route No. 15.

GlNATHONG TO CHOLA.
FBOM

---
Drsz~saae
No. d Names of 8Wfa. BlMAlU
Tow.

-, --
1"ay,;.*

1 YXWKO~QT~NQ . . 9 9 Vide Bantee Nos.12 nnd IS.

2 CHAUBQU . . 69 Follow Route No. 14 er far na Chaungu.
3 RAW . . . 7) 224 From Chsnnga turn north end amend for 4 a mile to
the Tani La, a broad open grassy d d l e , to whioh the
esoent is very gentle ; elevation 13,500 feet. Hens
a very bnd rocky dement over boulders and jagged
rocks through dense rhododendron jungle for +mile to
the Yali Chu ;the deeoent in only prsotiaable tooooliee
and the most lightly laden mules. The Ysli Chu, a
stream flowing here in a gravelly bed, is 16 yards
wide, 1b feet d at other spots it is narrower and
daper. Tbe v 3 4 i. flattiah and p a u y averaging
100 yards wide ; elevation 12,500 feet. Junt acrose
the stream is a flat open spgoe where a regiment mold
encamp, oalled Byuthang, while above and below are
other open tmcte of equal extent. The hille rise
from 600 t o 1,000 feet on either aide, are open to the
 Route No. 15-contd.

No. of
1.m.

north and densely clad with rhododendron to he south.

There are oattle enmmpmenb in the Yali Chu valley
in July to September whenae about 10 coolies are
obtainable.
The Ynli Chu valley is shut in to the north-erst by
preoipitons roaky ,hilb rising 1,600 feet above the
valley. About f mile above where the atream is
crossed a path turns off right up the hill-ride leading
to the Yak La, rid the Y e t h g La
From Byuthang the th for the first ) mile anoendn
the right bank o E h e Ynli Chu rising gentl. over
open round ; it then turns north np the hill-side
whiah is open but very rooky in plaoer. At f mile,
elevation 13,150 fe&, paw to the ri ht of a small lake
1 ing in a hollow on t h hill~ide.
~ ~ % ament
e oontinuw
Par l h miles p$from Chmngu) by fairly good path to
the mtamit of the Bynm La, the l.et 600 yards being
over undulating und studded with enormous bloolre
of m k . A h u n g d yard. short of the mmmit the
path pannee between two perpendiculer rooks, 26 feet
high ;that on the right ia surmounted by the remains
of a stone hut formerly tenanted by a ~ a r m r while
, on
the left ir a small outorop of limestone uwd ee a
shrine. The Byues Ir, is an open saddle 100 yards
long overlooking, towards the north, a wall, bare
undulating valle oalled Byusethang. Elevation of pses
13,650 feet;
gentle and open.
bdd o p e on either .id. of the saddle

'
Descent oommcnoes by m m i n g Byuoathang, elemtion
+
13,600 feet, then mile from s (3 from Chaungn),
turn north-weat down the b a n E f the ltr- draining
the valley leaving two lakes called Qainnala Tw
or Byukaa Tso below the road to the left ; for a short
distance the road is fairly level along an open, gently
sloping hill-side, it then turns north into a narrow,
shallow valley and is veryrocky and bad up to If
miles ; here a emall marsh ie croleed and dense fir and
rhododendron jungle entered. Path now plunges
suddenly down a etee spur, the gradients in plaaw
being as muob as j. h i s dement continoes to the Dik
and after rain becomes impansable to
g e b muddy and elippery.
The Dik Chu is a rapid torrent, 26 gardm wide and
24 feet deep, which becomes unfordable after heavy
rain ;ample material is at band all along the valley for
bridge building ; heavy rhododendron and other jungle
along the left bank of the stream, the right is more open.
The river is crowed at a spot called &girup,no village ;
elevation 12,900 feet. Path now turns up the right
bank and risen gently through bueh jungle. At 6 )
miles orosa the stream which drains the Tambia Tsu
by a rough foot bridpe of three logs ; stream fordable ;
200 yarda on cross a sevond small rtream. At 7+ milee
a stona cattleshed in ruins, and hero a path turns up
the hill lrft to the Tnmbia Tso. A quarter of a mile
on orass the Chomnago Chu, a fordable stream, by a
rough foot bridge and reach Chomnqo, a smell granny
flat at the junction' of the Chomnago Chu and the
stream from the Cho La The spot is marshy and
would nob afford space for more than nix small tents,
but there are large overhanging roaks about the a m p
under which 60 men oould bivouaok. Fuel, rhododen-
dron and fir in plenty.
Elevation, 12,600 feet. A preaipice 800 feet high over-
hangs Chomnago to the north.

I I I Rmd pasmble to lightly laden mules in fine weather

when the descent to the Dik Chu is not imprwtiable.
Ascend enat up the right bank of the Dik Chn, wbioh
flows down from the Cho La for # of a mile by a
good path through bush jungle to a [mall open grassy
spaoe where two oompaniea could encamp ;elevation
 Route No. 15-oontd.
\

lo, of N u n W 01
11.e~

-
U,876 feet; here a path toms off elmoot due north
and ascends the hill-side into the valley of the Chom-
nag0 Chu, crossing that rtream and again secending
over the precipice which overhangs Chomnago, and
finally deecendr into the wlle of the Tambia Tso:
this path is very narrow and littre used and is pusable
only to coolien. Ita starting point is diffioult to find
and for the h t mile it in muoh obstructed by bnsh
jungle.
The main path up the valley leaves the Dik Chu here
to avoid the moraines of large boulders which line the
banks, and turning north zi zags up the hill-eide
throueh rhododeudron and bnl$'juolle. A t i f miles
the h~ll-sidebecomes more open and the path tnrnr
east following the oontour of the hill and rising 400
feet in the next mile.
\
At 23 miles reach a flat valley, elevation 14,000 feet,
oountry quite open, h i b rising about 1,000 feet above
the valley, the dopes faoing north being covered with
thin rhododendron jungle, while those facing south are
open, p s s y , and rocky. Here the path rtrikw the
right bank of the Dik Chu again whioh at this eleva-
tion is a mere bmok.
Leaving a small lake, called the Patheag Tro to the
right the path is now level along the right bank
of the stream for j a mile ; an easy but rough and
rocky aceant for $ of a mile following. Another flat,
bare, rwky valley, elevation 14,600 feet, is now resahed ;
here there ia a second small lake to the south of which
rise two bare, iwceesible, rocky peaks, their summits
being some 800 feet above the valle . To the north
the hill, are lower, open and .mnsibL to infantry.
Leaving the m a l l lake to the right the path nowawends
60 feet in the next mile to the su~nmitof the Cho
La, elevation 15560 feet. Total ascent from Chom-
nago 2,000 feet in 4) miles.
The pass is a long o n mddle whioh i t would be
di5cnlt to defend w i t r a f o m of less than 1,000 men
as it is easily outflanked from either ride. To the right
and left of the pass bare, open, rocky slopes rise very
gently in terraoes from 6 to 30 feet in height; to the
south is a long flat ssddle some 300 feet higher than
the and by crossing whioh the Yak La
may !?;ached in an hour u mm red with a long
day's maroh if moving on the [likErn side of the
frontier (vide Ronte No. 19).

'I
A brigade could encamp at the pif wrttered : water
plentiful but no fuel.
The earlier portion of this stage ae far an the Pstheng
Tso shows signs of having at one time been kept care-
fully in repair. The trnoe is good, it havingorigiually
been a cut bridle-path some 3 feet wide. This portion
ie paasable to mules throughout.
The upper half in nnt in such good order, there being
man slippery, sloping slabs of rock over whiob molse
won& have a difficulty in climbing.
R
n the whole,
lightly M e n mulee eoanstomed to trave ing in rough
oonntry might be taken to the summit of the pam
though not beyond.
The Cho La is not defended by stone walls es is the case
with the p w r further muth.

(30 La route leads directly into Chnmbi, the

distance from the samluit of the p s being said to be
8 miles.

8
 Route No. 16-aonald.

No.of Name#Of

On leaving the rummit of the u s n rmdl fht valley

is traversed for n few h n m d yards; then damend
rlightly to a very narrow nlley ahoked with hogs
boulden and shut in by rscipim to either flank.
The d a y now mnkm 8 rudLn hend to the north a d
the psth deraends along the edge of the dream whiah
falL in a wrim of omden, wme of whioh .re 30 feet
high. Down the rides of them rrtaf.llr the p.th
l e d in rough stone atepa.
The valley r g J u tnrne mat and opsnr out, the path
arming the rtreun t h over rough - and m k y
amand;
Beyond t h i ~there is no further dil3oalt ,tbe I& bank
tb. atrum being followed down n &t open valley ;
hill-alopes to the north open, t h w to the nonth oovered
with denne sorub rhododendron. The stream ir ford-
able mywhere. At 4 milm are the h b d o TH)kka
where n regiment might encam if ~ t t a r e d . Per-
, rond inspation of rout. o e d %ere.) at the L ea
I the pnth nncendn the firae of ihe northern hill-slop
m d finally M the range dooransea in elevation r u m
along the summit of the ridge, eventually dropping into
Chnmbi Viewed from the hill-to nbove the Kajni
nonutmy the r o d n p p a n level an! in good orden up
to the point where the deeaent oommenoes.
The route from the rummit of the Oho Ia ir in ib
prenent oondition -ble only M m l y trayport,

Route No. 16.

Fnox ONATHONO m DONCHUK LA (PEMBERINGO PASS) AND
DOKA LA.
Awthority ond d o t b . 4 b P T h t ~F. C. COLOYB,4 ~ ~ RIPLES,MAY1895.
2 G~UBKEA
- ..
Duruon.
Na ol Nunrolrty. B.YIXII.
Nm
TOW.
- -
,

1 KOPHVOB KVPUP 6 6 Vids Route N a 18.

a Do~anuxr~ae . - 4 Q Turn bsok alonv the GnaLhon~r o d for l few hundred
yards then strlke off eonth-ea& to the northern end
of the Bidan Tm (lake) ; path ir tben at timen dong
the watervrAge and at othern 50 feet above it. B W -
faoe over stony and marehy ground. At the muth-
east extremity of the lake tnrn north-eret np r narrow
gorge, path being up the right bank of tha stream ;
it L rough and rocky in places, but is preeable t o
l o d trnnrport nnirnrle. The a m n t up the m h y ~IJ
ntle and the ~ d l e yg r n d d y openr out and beoomm
Ettar. camp on 8 eat but m m q t r a t at the jme
tion of two strenms below the point nt whioh the p t k
amends l spur to the Donohnk La. Spnx for three
regiments to epormp, ~f w t t e d , writer good from
the stream; rhododendron and fir fuel plentiw nlf 8
mile down the valley. Elevation 13,130 feet. The
cam ir oommsnded on dl aides by open hills which
-bm 1.mto S,OCM feet h t a . d y .
Bouts from Donchdlang to Donohuk 1;a (W
Psmbwkgo Para).
Diutance 2 miles.
C r m the stream at oamp by 8 ford and then lrsoend the
bare hill-aide to the north-east. At firnt the rwrent in
wry gentle, then the p a ~ hzig-za np n shep rlope
rpohing no d m t i o n of 13810 & t a mile from
-
Route No. 16 -contd.

t
camp. Hence for 1 milen aver open, undulating
ground to the Dono ok Ls, a brve ridge 200 yarda
loo$, commanded on both rid- by roaky heights
whioh u e snleable by infantry. Thme rocks rim 800
feet above the p m to tbe north and 600 feet to the
sooth. Elevation of p u s 14,800 fwt. There ue ruins
of Tibebn walla r t the rnmmit and at intervale on the
Sikkim ride of the frontier. The dement from the
p s towardr Chumhi is w y for 600 feet, nfter which
i t rnoe along the level bed of a s h a m for 1mile and
then tuns sart down the valley.

There u e two paws, 1,200 yardr to the north, by

whioh the Donohuk La ma be turned. The path to
t h w pvlq which are t i e name elentian u the
Donohok La, l e d up the valley to the west of the
d i m t road and is m y for 1 mile ;here tl~ree&kee are
after which there ir a steep .scent over piled
g"
eap of mck to the p a m a This route in traveranble
only by infantry.
A very oiraoitow r o d neaeseibted by the intervention
of a high roaky range running aonth-wed. Croes the
stream to the e u t of a m p and w e n d rlightly through
patoher of rhododendron wrnb oroesiog a lleaond
stream d ) mile. Here the p t h turnr due south and
a m p for MO men on tL +
m o d s a gently slopin hill-s~de. At of a mile 8 p o d
shore of 8 8 m l l hke. At it
milea q w h a mddle 'net before wbmh the pnth cr&
bouldem for !3W y a r d ; h a the path in only p r b l e
to ooolies. U p to this point the path im so badly
mnrked M to be diiE6uit to follow. Path now better
+
marked for of a mile to r saddle where it turns north-
east m d deaaends rnpidly over rough ground, then
north-wt b esrt keeping fairly h e 1 over marrhy
p o n d ntudded with rocks. H e w tO osmp there u
no traae of a path owing to the route being so little
n ~ d . Down the bed of a stream for 100 yards to 8
small nurow d a y whioh t crossed end the opposite
hill-side ~eoendedto 14,700 feet elmtion ; the ascent
is stee and roely. Dewend 800 feet to the shore of
a r m J h k e ; here there t smping s p o e for one
aompnny. Henas the genernl dimtion is south-enst
b t rounding the northern slope of a knoll immediately
above the kke, then amsing a rough, rocky, but fairly
level spur droppin 160 feet to an open valley oalled
Lsbathnng where&ere in .In& level groundon rhioh
two re imenta wold enonmp Good water and fuel
L
rhodobedron m u b ) in rbundum. Elevntion, 13,780

I Labathang to NN.odoJen La.

The path lead8 due north ririog gently up the Laba-

thang v&y, thro turns wed up a bare hill-side ; here
the pnth in very steep but ; finally turning north
r in rerah the p a , a rocPO('
y snddle on the summit of
*%oh b a small lake, e h t i o n 14,800 feet. By this
p m the route from the Donohnk La into Cbnmbi
may be 'oined. Eight hundred feet below the pam
on the ~ k e dde
t is 8 broad open &y rtodded with
lakea ;ham a brignde wdd ewunp.

From L n h t b m g dercend suddenly keeping to the hill-

nide on the right bank of the rtream, dropping 800
feet in of a mile, path well marked m d pessing
through rhododendm wrnb in a wriw of ahnrp eig-
At bottom of valley is a lake + a mile long
3 2 0 yards ride nhut in to the e u t by high oliffn
and mwea of rook d6bria Round the emtern end of
the bke over mlrsses of jngged rook then follow thr
 Route No. 16-uokold.

- -

mnth-mat shore to a point where a stream Born in.

Turn up the stream and m u d about 2,000 feet in
two miles, generally over rough ground; in pleoer
there are steep rooky b i b over whioh no baggage-
a n i d could travel. After o w i n g the ridge the psth
kee s to the Tibetan faoe of the waterahed and crosses,
at Brat, r a g b ground which gradu~llygiver plaoe to
the open rolling downs of the Doka La es the path
deseenda On these downr (elevation about 19,100
feet) a brigade muld xhanmnvre and 6,000 men
encamp. On the Tibetan ride i a broad open valley
only n few feet lower than the pose, through whioh
flown a considerable stranm su5oient for the r u i r e
ments of 6,000 men ;rhododendron and fir fuel yenti-
b l at a d i ~ h o aof 4 a mile from the Doka Ls iownr

Route No. 17.

FROMGNATHONG TO YAK LA.

duthorify and CAPTAIN P. C. COLOUB,4 ~ ~ RIFLES, JUNB 1895.

2 GURKHA

For I f miles M far as Bharnh follow the Gantoh road,

vide Route No. 14. Sharah is a small fairly level
mok.strewn spa00 just above a small lake.
Here the route to the Yak La. a mrml? dintinguish-
able patb, turns off north and deeoends 100 feet by p
p t l y slop in^ rook-rtrewn spur. It then aroeres the
-tern marshy shore of the lake, elevation 13,160
feet, and a t 24 miles amends a gently sloping valley
rtrewu with rocke and more thiokly vegetated than is
usual a t this elevation. Turn west and asmnd to a
low mddle overlooking a seoond lake lying wwt of
and 100 feet below the road ; thence eseend gradually
along an open spur, keeping along the enatern side of
the valley to a lake 100 yards wide situated in a
orater-like hollow at an elevation of 14,000 feet ; die-
tanoe 4) miles. Here a aom y oould enoam
rhododendmn fuel in plenty jwit%ow the lake. ~%f
above ir a very little uaed path and is very diffioult to
f ollor.
Tbe main path from Oantok to the Yak La in&Boute
No. 81) pama to the north-went of and 200 feet above
the lake; whiohever side of the lake h taken the
soramble u p to this patb is rough and difficult, the
hill-side belng strewn with hnge rocks.
Henoe the main path risee gently but im very bad, here
and there amending in s t e p and at times pawing over
rlippery sloping slabs of rook.
P~M another small lake leaving it to the emt and
emerge at 6# miler on a bare, Bsttieh valley 100
yards wide and strewn with bouldem; proceed .up
this valley for 4 a mile over nearly flat ground p i n g
a smell lake a few feet below the summit of the p w .
' Fifty men oould encamp on the shore of the lake, but
no fuel is available nearer than It miles.
The pass is a Battish saddle aome SO0 yards long, the
slope to whioh on either side is very gentle. Eleva-
tiou, 14,6CO feet. There are no defences along the
 Route NO. 17-cmcld.

No. of
#tagel.
Irrnea of st.1~0~.

I . I I
snmmit ; on either side of the pass rise rockg preoi-
pitous hilla for 1,000 feet which might with di5culty
be scaled by infantry.
After leaving the paas the peth down into Chnmbi is
fairly level for # of a mile keeping to the eastern slops
of a low rooky spur. A quarter of a mile from the pnss
is a lake Bome 400 yards loog about 160 feet above and
along the western side of whioh the road passes. At
the ontlet from the lake a path tnros off right and keeps
to the northern slopes of the range ; it is very badly
marked and was found by natives who examined i t to
come to an end about 4 miles down the valley. At the
lake outlet the main path tnros north and descend8
aligbtly to an open, grasuy valley: with an amphitheatre
of precipices 300 yard8 to the west, over which falls a
fine aascade, 200 feet hi h. Here a regiment oould
encamp ;rhododendron fuekand water in plenty.
Between the Yak La and Camp the ath is eroeedingly
bad, crossing an it d o a heaped up goolder and sloping
sheets of a rock over which no laden baggage animal
oould pss. The same may be said of the route on the
khkkirn side of the frontier.
Beyond the csmping-gronnd the t h turns east, be-
comes better and deaomds to the %tom of the valley,
striking the No Chu at Phema.

I I I I th tar native routs.

Along portions of this route there are uigns of a path,
but it is evidently very little nsed. I t is not paesable
to animal oarriage.
Stsrting from Yewkongteng (utage 2), aeaend first by
the path to the Nathu La, then on reaching the point
at whioh the road from Qantok joins in turn off roag
and ascend hill-side north-east by an ill-marked path.
The climb from Yewkongteng is 600 feet. Path now
descends 200 feet and orouues a small stream, at the
point a t whioh i t leaves a flattish stony valley backed
to the right by an amphitheatre of precipitous oliffa
Thence ascend 300 feet almost due west up an esey
slope by a bad1 marked path over slabs of rock and
thmngh rhoddndron mrub raching a addle l3,QOO
feet in elevation immediately below the precipitous
slopes of the main range. Here all traces of the path
are- lost. Turn north and keep along a sort of shelf
with a sheer precipice to the left and a preci itous hill
slope to the right ; for a mile the ground ir Pairb level
but very rookg, then a lake 200 yards long, elevation
14,000 feet, is reached ; pass round ita errstern shore
and m e n d the opposite open, ently slo ing ridge to
14,160 feet, after rhioh cross !air1 lev8 ground for
mile to a saddle, elevation 14,200 Let, whence aacend
b l a steep but unobstructed path np an open hill-
side to thm crater-like valley and lake mentioned in
the former route. Dista~loe44 miles. Hence follow
former route over the Yak La.
This alternative route lies throughout on the hill-slopes
immediately above the direct route.
 Route No. IQ-uwld.

No. of Namr of atago&

:*t.gln.
Inter-
medLW.
-
common b all the higher valleys of Bikkim m d the
Chnmbi valley.
The Cho La may be reached direct from the Yak Ia
i n about 2 milea by keeping to tbe west shore of the
s e m i - o i r d r lake and u ~ e n d i o gabout 800 feet to a
long Bet saddle whenae a short h n t over rocky
ground to the Cho La Open wuntry throughout
easily txnvernable.by infantry.

Route No. 20.

Fsox QANTOK TO CHO LA.
F. Ewa~s,I.M.S., 1895.
Authority and ~~~~.-~uRQEON-CAPTAIN

No. of N m e r of &go#,
-- Dmuc*m.
BIYAIU.

---2 .
*ages.

-
1 Bcrnpo . . . 114 llt Leaving
General direction, d h - c a s t .
Oantok follow route No. 4 es far u the
Penlong La, a good bridle-pth in exoellent order.
Here the Rnnkpo path turns off the main r i d
right and goes straight down hill following the
bed of o watemonrw for 3) miles to the Dik Chu
w i n g the village of Satak (or Cherta). Above
and to the mat of Cberta are eome open slopes suit-
able for camping-grounds. At Cherta a path turnr
off left to Phenson~,the path under report passing u,
the w t of tbe village 8nd oronsing a s m d marsh
after whioh it is down the right bank of a ernell
=vine to the Dilc Chu and in very steep and quits
impmaticable to any form of transport exoept coolies.
The I)ik Chu is croesed by 8 aure bridge, 60 feet
long ;altitude 3,960 feet. The river b unfordable at
.11searons of the year. The constrnction of a perma-
nent brid would be a matter of no ditEanltg, as the
banks of tE river are high and timber ie available on
the spot. Path now ascends very steeply for 1+
miles to the village of Lingoham, elevation 6,300
feet, through thiok 'ungle with cultivation clear-
i n p hem and there. helow Linpcbam in a nuommion
oc small o en plateaux which would form good camps ;
rater an{ fuel on the spot. ~benoeto Run+, 1
mile, elevation 6,950 feet. Runkpo contains one
bonee, and is ritnated on the Fieungon ridge, up
rhioh tbe Cbo La Nd from Oantok an! Tumlonp
rum; tbe two roads unite at Setha La. Water-supply
limited ; a small spring near village only flows in the
rains; a seo~mdsprin which would only sn ply l
small detaohmmnt, b e 9 a mile d o m mutb s E p of
hilL From Penlong La the path b sfeep and stony
and only passable to cooly transport.
a D~xucala . . 7) 19 Ancend steeply up the ridge, following tbe crest of the
Fienngong apur for 9 miles, path through bamboo
'ungle and passable to mule trrmsport, in fair order
t u t ve narrow. No water and no oamping-gro~nd~
availabz without clearing. At 3 milq m a p o g r ~
ing ground on summit of ridge where two aom
could encamp ; scanty sopply of aater in pools ;&der
abundant and bamboo hutting meterid available. At
64 miler another open spsoe ; altitude 9,200 feet.
Hence a very stee asoent p i n # a t 6 miles, altihde
9,600 feet, a sm& spring and at 64 a d l -0 on
the left of the fwd where 20 men conld b i o o ~ ~ k ;
thie cave is regularly used by natives parsing up . n d
down as a halting-pllroe ; no water. Hence aeoend a
steep rocky slope whioh h, however, passable to m&
and at 71 milee reeah a ruined stone hut k n m u
Dernlacben, altitude 10,700 feet; no water.
 Ronte NO. 20--~oncJd.

b e n d to the summit of Fienngong, 12,130 feet,

distance 1) milee, paosing a large open ~ p e o embiah
would afford s camping-ground for 1,000 men ; water
probably available an it in need aa a asttle stetion.
Rhododendron jnngle in entered and the road beeomm
wider, less nteep and the oountry more open. Path
now keeps along the ridge whioh in pretty level or
undulating for abont a mlle, a series of open slopen
and several rnim of large stone honeee being p a d .
A mile of eteep aaoent follows, two small caves being
passed. Here another open space, f mile long, is
passed. b a d is now much more open, tben descends
abruptly down a stony zi -zag for 1+ miles to a small
open s p m called Bekup, %it& 11,600 feet. P a t a r
plentiful ; oamping-spaw for 100 men if ground were
levelled for tents.
Descending very steeply from Beknp, the Dik Chn
is reached at 1mile on at a place d e d Tdong (11,000
feet) ;dement in almort too rteep for mulee.
Henoe the road rises gradually kee ing to the right
bank of the rtream through fir Lent. Two milen
on is an open space oalled Barfonohen, where two
regiments oonld encamp. Numerous small oaves and
come yak hnts are p e e d . Pass Dnmgo Chen, s large
csve capable of eheltering 20 men, where there is a
rude gateway of pine logs and a rock with a Tibetan
inscription, elevation 12,100 feet, and a mile on remh
J3egirue;s gying-ground, where the lad over the
Byuea joins lo. Henae it is 2 milee to Chomnago,
and from there 4 t to the Cho La (wide Bout.
No. 16).
Note.-Thia is on the whole a fair road, and in former dmya
was regularly need by mulea and ponies.

Route NO. 21.

FROXGANTOK TO YAK LA.

DIBTAXOBO:
No. of N n m * of ~ l g e r . Bmx~nxs,
atarm.

--
16 ( 16 / For this march, lee b u t s l o . 1L
Follow the Cfnathongroad (vide Ronte No. 14) to within
t a mile of the Yali Chu bridge turning off to the
eft and paaeing the bridge about 200 feet higher n
the hill-side. "he hill-side above and ta the r e e t of
the bridge is called Beramarbo. Half .a mile beyond
the bridge the valley opens out and a dearing and
aattle rtation called Holep is p s d , elevation 11,000
feet ; here 8 regiment could enoamp.
Three miles from Lagya La a rocky torrent in c&
by a foot bridge of tLee log4 1" yards long. rtream
nnforbble after heavy rain. Two hundred srdr
beyond the stream a path turns o5left and ascen$s the
hill orowing the range to the west of the LJyaea La
and joining the road to Chomnago. The main path
keeps level along the hill-side paasing at St mil-
another flat open marshy space oalled Yahbirnm whsre
two companies oodd encamp. The road it then along
the bank of the Yali Chu paasin throu h a grasag
valley 300 yards wide and 3 mile fong &ed Pnmu-
 Route No. 21-concld.
-- -

Drsz~uo8s.
NO. of N a m m o f stsges. BXYAI~.
Itages.
. &*?.; T0t.l.

-. --
thang ; at the np r end of this open apace is a alight
ascent to a m t t t station called Tikhu, elevation
11,700 feet. Here a patah of fir forest, ) mile wide,
is p s e d through beyond whioh is a large gently
slo ing open space where t w o regimenb aould enoamp,
alfed Yomtho ; elevation 12,000 feet. Beyond this
point fir forest praotically o w and the valley is open
and grassy, the hill elopes to the right of the road
being densely clothed wit11 scrub rhododendron. A
rather rough climb for f mile over stony ground
follows to Shingon, a flat valley, elevation 12,356 feet,
+
and hence it is a mile over open green land to Byu-
thang (vide Boute No. 16).
The first half of this stage is not practicable to animal
transport. The earlier pnrtion of the stage is through
dense rhododendron and fir forest.
An alternative to this stage ie to follow the Qnathong
road m far as Channgu above the Tani Tso and then
croes the Tani La ( a s Rmte No. 16~. Though this
route is perhapa eaeier ae far as Chaungu, the ohjec-
tion to i t is the very rocky descent from the Tani
La to Byuthang, which is only pageable to tmnaport
aninale with great diffioulty.
YAKL LA . . . 8 30 Prom Byuthang the Yali Chn Valley t a b a harp turn
to the north ;the road asaenda the gorge for 11 miles io
, a small lake named Pjamokom Tm, elevation 13,600
feet, thence it keeps along a ridge for another mile to
a tarn d l e d Lnngbu Tso, elevation 14.000 feet ;half a
*
mile on the last lake is reaohed called Y ohum Teo.
elevation 14,900feet, 8nd mile further~:summit of
the Yet,hang La, 14,600 feet; the ia a level
sheet of hare rock 100 yards ride d i v i c R the bead-
waters of the Yali and Bong Chus. Thence a eli ht
dement for f mile skirting a high precipitous rifge
and l e b r oroseing the valley ; this portion is bad and
unrideable, psssing chiefly over anolent moraine for-
mations; five small lakes are passed, hill-sides hare
and rugged. Here join Ronte No. 17 whioh ia followed
to the Yak La. At the summit of the Yak La
(14,450feet P) is the usual heapof stones and a remrrrk-
able rocking stone of Bome 12 tone in weight.
The Yak La may be reaohed from Qantok, wid Bunkpo
and Fienngong by crowing the Dik Chn where the
river isstrnck at Begimp, 1+ miles short of Chomnago,
and ascending to the Byusa Ls thpn dropping into
the Yali Chn Valley a t Byuthang (oids Houtea Nor.
90 and 17).
The Yak La is out of consideration as a ronte ru i t
is a very difficult peas, the Nathn La, to which it is
quite oloee, being
- .-
a murh easier road.

Route No. 22.

FROMQANTOK TO GIAOGONG.

rnm~~oms.
No. o f P.YA.U.
rt.8~ N m m 01 o m .

1 I b x ~ o n o(6,660 feet)
- -
13 After laving Qantok (Residency, 6,000 feet) the road
wends ntlp to the Penlong Lg 41 miles (6,260feet).
It then gscends (at 44 mile*, gcxd ~ t a g efor tramport)
to the Dik Chu bridge, 9 miles (2,700 feet), with a
ruling gradient of +, though it ir steeper in plnces.
-+
 R O U NO.
~ ~ 22-~ontd.

Dxnuan.
No. of Baluua.
mtrgsm. N.ma of *a.
,Et.,. TOW.

--
far Y this the road is generally 6 feet wide, some
times narrower. The Dik Chu bridge is a dmple iron
Bus sion bridge. 9%feet span, 4' 8" wide in the clear,
a n r w e l l above the water. Owing to want of tie. i t
is shaky when transport animals am panning over.
B d loads must be taken off owing to narrownera
Dik Chu nufordable here. There ia level spaoe for
n g by. Here changing p l ~ efor mulea
~ a m ~ i olose
The road now mends in gig- zag^, very steeply, often
). It ir rocky and narrow (4 feet in pl.ees). At 11)
mila it beoomes lew s w p . At 181 milea Phodong
mo-tery. At 13miles rest-honre jnet above Labrong
monastery. The whole road requires repairs and widen-
ing in hoes. A Pioneer regiment would put it right
in a . Water plentiful thrngbout. J w t below
Labrong is Tumlong, with the Bsja's pslrae. Round
I
L a b r o n ~there in amping ground for 400 or 600 men.
Within s radius of ) mile 600 men oould be sheltered
in existin
Muoh barnfoobr"ldinRs
. Water good and plentifnL
orage within ) mile. The reet-house
hae three rooms, b e t h r ~ m k+erandrh, nnd oothouwo.

B m c h Boad8.
&tha Ln, on the Fieangong ridge, in reaohd M fol.
lows :-
I.-From Penlong La by steep footpath oid 8.w
down to the Dik Chu oroesed by m e or tempo-
rary bridge (not enitable for muler), then s*
ancent (vids Route 20).
11.-From Dik Chn bri e a male path l e d 8 up left
"g
bank. Dik Chn es to be forded just above.
jnnction with Bokaha Cha, thence mteep -t
to Batha La.
111.-F'rom Tumlon a mole path desoende by zig-
to Bakoha b u , no mula bridge, then up to
Eatbn La.
From Satha La a rosd I d s tothe Cho La, see Route UX
From Dik Chu b r i d p a footpath, not good enough for
mules, leads down left bank of Dik Chu to the T e w b
at Semdong, where there is a cane bridge. It is
rapid here to swim mules wross the Teest-lr.
From Tnmlong two rosda lead down to the Teesta .t
Bingon,-one oid Ma6 Le, m d one oid Detong m o n w
tery.

a SAMATEX
(6,961 feet) 10 93 The road ascends by steep z i g q (# in places) for 84
miles to crest of ndge (8,100 feet). The soil in red olay
and after rain terribly slippery. It is only 4 feet wide
in placer. Passage of 100 mules after rain would render
it ~mpaearble. R o d now nearly level, running dong
west side of Endong--Ma6 Ln rid I t is terribl
muddy after nin,snd very liable to e b l w t a d by f d
ing trees. At 6 miles a serieo of extremely bad dips,
the rock consisting of singularly friable mioa schist
To keep the road open oonstant repair8 are necessary,
and then i t is very unsatisfaotory. At 6# miles,
(changing place for mules) cross the Ron~rongChu, o
roaring torrent, by a good bridge of two 20 feet spans.
At 7f miles m e Chnmar by a bridge of 15 feet
span. Bosd then pradualr descend. to Samatek rmt-
house, 10 miles. At 74 m P e ~there is a flat piece of
~ r o n n dwhioh, if cleared, would give a oam ing-ground
of b0 yaxds b 300. This is the only level ground on
this stage. gamatek is merely a clearing in the jungle,
The road is through jungle all the way. I n dry wmther
little water ae far a~ Rongrong Chu. The road in ver
muddy nearly tbmh..t..ahoutand w v bad.
improvea near S w t e k . It in only 4 feet wide in
d
 Daavrnoxa.
No. of Names of stages.
stagem.
2E. Total*

- .--
bridge, 32 feet span. From the bridge there is a steep
ascent to the monsetery of Cbungthang (6 mil-).
There is enough ground below the monastery to a m p
2,000 or 3,000 men. Borne of the ground, however,
is damp, and it might be ~ n b ~ l t h yThe
. upper store,
of the monsetery has been made into a rest-house, 3
rooms. Chungthang, standing a t the junction of the
h h e n and Laohung valleys, is of some strategioal
importanoe, aa it bars 811 ingrew from the northern
frontier of Sikkim. There are only some five hou-.
I n ite preaent condition tbe road in far too narrow
for peck transport, especially a t the roaky cuttings
mentioned. W ~ t hgreat oare a few mules can be got
over. I t would take a oompny of Sapper8 and a regi-
ment of Pioneen, two L y e t o make lt suitable for
large convoys.

I Alternative Routs.
The road on the left bank of the Teesta is extreme]
bad; several cane bridges hare to be c r d .
is only suitable for foot paeaengers and very little
wed
I Branch Bods.
From here a road leads up the Lachnng valley to the
Donkhya La,sea Route No. 23.

6 LAHTBRQ
(8,880 feet) . 13 4'4 U o d up laft bank of Laahen. A t 1 mile 6 or 6 .ares
o n gr'bund suitable for a camp. Road now riser
s c r p l y to mme 300 feet above stream, which is bere
a n impetuous torrent. The roed is very steep ()) and
narrow (in plaaes only 4 feet), pessillg over oliffe.
Loat three mules hers. 1)esoend to river very steeply,
nearly f in plaoes. Paas two flat bits of ground a t 3)
and 4) milen, suitable for orossinp: p h s or small camp8
(260 to 900 men). At 43 miles bridge over side
stream. At 6! miles changing place. At # miles, 200
feet below road, is a level piece of
!tround9
300 men, nearly opposite village o Latongs.lmp
Path down from new road very bad. Tnkrnrn Chn
for
(6,775).
(7) miles) croesed by wooden bridge. This ie a roaring
torrent coming straight doan the hill-side. Steep
ascent from bridge, then down some 400 feet to Lachen,
8f miles; crow to right bank by ligbt iron sospenaion
bridge, span 90 feet, width 4 t feet (7,275). The two
su~pcnsiorl oables are S t inches in ~imnmferenoe.
Just before reaching bridge there is a nice piece of
level ground, 2 or 3 acres. This might do for crossing
place: A t 11 miles new road from bridge has easy
gradients, and wi~ldsgradually up hill-sides to some
graaey downs, (8,626). Excellent camp for 2,000 men ;
water, fodder, aud fuel in qnantiti~s. After nearly
) mile open level groulld desaend 400 feet to river.
A t 12) miles cross Supo Chu by ood bridge, then a
rim of 300 feet, a f b r which it i. ?eve1 to Lamteog
(13 milee).
Lamteng oontaina from 60 to ?0 honeen. For four or
five months in the vear, vic., November, December,
April and May, the whole population of the Lachen
valley live here. There is camping space for 1.000
men, and the exiotinp houws would afford shelter t o
1,000 men a t a pinah. Good water and fodder i n
abundance. A wooden godown and kitchen afford
shelter t o travellers.
The new road is too narrow for b a ~ l g ~ animals,
gs and
some of the gradients want oorrecting. The hill-side
preaeutr many ditficultiea to making a good hill road.
It is precipitous, rotten, and damp. Road should be
paved throughout. Except a t 11) miles i t is very
damp, ewarlna with leeches, and is through denne jungle.
Lime i~ found at 63 and 8) milea. Spruoe fir begins a t
about 8,000 feet. TO open this stage for mule traffic
would take a aompany of Sappers end a regiment of
Pioneers two or three days.
P
 Route No. 22-contd.

No. of
.ragen.
Name* of stagas.
1 1 1
22:. Toid.

A very bed footpath runs up right bank of Laahen

river from Chungthan . The Lechen haa to be crowd
by a cane bridge just a L e Latong, and joinn new road
a t 63 miles (bridge has now broken down).
Brawh Route.
An extremely 'difficult foot th leads from Lamteng
838
over the mountains to T nng monastery, said to be
three stages, vids Route No. 37.
TALLUY~ A Y D O X Q With the exception of one lrhort descent the path ie
(11,160 feet). very fair to 3 miles, where crow Zemu river (8,900)
by a good cantilever bridge, main span 66 feet, width
6 feet. River 26 yards wide, and not fordable. There
ia level gronnd close by but it is damp and requires
much clearing. Junotion of Zemu and Lachen rivers
f mile below this. Steep aacent of 260 feet. Hem
good camping-ground for 600 or 700 men. Water
and fodder procurable. Road now winds along hill-
side eeveral hundred feet above the river for 2
miles. A strong position here for resisting any attack
from the north. The road now deaoends, and the
hill-side is more open. At 6& miles Phemakarn, a
couple of sheds, and good camp for 760 to 1,000
men, near river (changing place). Path now passes
along foot of a very l a r ~ elandslip which hne partly
blocked the Laahen. I t is fair, but very wet and
rough in places. At 6 t miles Pangri, and at 7&
miles Girchum ; a few sheds and couple of acres
I open ground at each. At 9 t miles orose Lachen by
a 46-foot span cantilever bridge, and a t 9 t milea
reeoh camp Tsllum Samdong.
a
Tallum Barndon is a summer village of 17 honees with
bark roofs. &ere is plenty of amping-ground in
the immediate neighbourhood for 1,000 meu. Water,
fuel, and fodder obtainable. A wooden godown and
kitchen have been built for the nse of traveliers.
Tha new road is passable for laden animals, but is
rough and boggy in p l a c a
Branch Routes.
There' is s yak path np the lefb bank of the Zemu
river as far aa Zadang, but it does not appear to go
farther. See Boute NO. 36.
From Phemakarn LBahung mu be reached aid the .
Benrm La ( v i d e Route No. 27). I t ie only a difficult
footpath. No brid e at present a t Phwurkm, but
the Laohen can be often forded.

TAROW(12,760 feet) . Road all the way up left bank of Lachen, cloee to water,
mostly over old moraine ; grl~diente very fair. At 1)
milea Yathang, some 16 houses, and fair csmping-
gronnd. At 21 miles cross the Yaogru Cbn by 20 feet
bridge, a f a d stream. Here in Ka-Lep, a f a r h o w .
At 4; m' ee the path goee over an open maidan, an ex-
celleot camp for 2,000 men. After orosaing the
Phalung Chu by a 16-foot span bridge rewh Tangu
villsge, 6 milee. Tangu is a summer village of 20
houees and the head-quartere for the feeding of yake.
There is exoellent camping-ground for %,COO men.
Good water, first class graziug, and plenty of fuel.
(Changing places.) A wooden godown end kitchen
afford shelter to travellers.

I
I Frum T a n ~ uto the Naku La w i d the Lungna La.
Laden yaks oan go by thia p t h when there is no
1
i mow. (Boute No. 34.)
 Route NO. 2 2 - O O B ~ ~ .

l o . 01
Ngw.

I l l From Tnngn to Yomay 8amdong d the Bebu Ia. On1y

open for foot passengers. (Bouta No. 31.)
From Tangu to Giaogong over the Komnthongn ridge,
pessable for laden yak& (Boute No. 32.)

31~ooomre (16,490 feet).
Height by boiling point
thermometer, 16,411 feet
1
* their enpponed boundary. Europeans are not permit-
1 Notes on the Laohen Valley.
Path leads up left bank of the Lachen passmg through
nome rooks. At 1) miles cross to right bank by a 16-
foot bridge. Here Lungna La path branch- off to the
left. After this path up right bank of dream all the
way. It is rough and stony and in pleoes wet. I t ia
clone to the stream and pesaes over the detritus from
the mountains above. At milea o m the Ymgdit
C h u b a l t f o o t bridge. At 3) milea ford another
J
g ~ a o stream. ~t 6 mila there ia a yak ~ r t overi
bank into s plain 2 milen long and r
the Laohen. After thin the valley o ne up on the ri ht
mile wide on&
Bitong (14600). A large force might be ormped
here ; rater and prming plentiful ; fuel ve solrrce.
At 64 m i l s and 7# miles am two s.3 g h L I
strea~~lscomin down from Chomiomo. At 83 miles
oamp on right tank of stream f mile short of abetan
wall at Giaogong. This road hes recently been re-
aligned and cleaned, and is in good order to within 2
or 3 miles of Giaogong ; thir remaining motion will
shortly b oompleted.
Csmping ground in sbandanoe ; water and grazing
good ;only yak dung for fnel.
Q-ng is a low s ur, with a stone hut and a sort of
intermittent mugg ntone wall of no apparent use,
except as a wind soreen for look-out men. The Tibet-
ans olaim this aa their frontier, and have a guard here
of half s dozen men. I n s rongh line from this to
Chomiomo they have a h built bib of wall to mark
ted to orots this line. J nct above Q i q o n g the roaky
mountains entirely emse, and the hillr are rounded
like Wiltshire Downs. There are some conical hilln
to the north, 7 or 8 miles off, over 18,000 feet high,
with gentle slopes. No rooks and no s h r u b or trees.
To the north-east the ground an f u aa one can nee is
a smooth rolling plain, gradually rising. The water
parting is apparently 10 or 12 milea to the north-
ward. There are abnolutely no difficulties as to ronte.
except want of fnel end the olimate. Today, 16th
August, it is warm in the sun. The south wind is
very oold, but no front. Not muoh rsin. Some of the
followers oomplain of headmhe.
Po nktion .-300 to 400 men, women, and children
&hut inn).
Number of honeen :-hmteng-60 ; Tallnm Samdong
-16 ; Iietheog Ka-Lep-17 ; 'hngn-20. Below
Lamteng there are no proper houses.

I Movements :-The inhabitant8 live at Lsmteng in

November and December : thev then w down the
valley to the villagee of ~ a t m "T
- - .
~ ,u A o ~Denga,
~,
-

and Qnema. l'hey return to Lsmteng for A il

end ly,and then prooeed up the valley to ~ g m
Samdong, Ysthang, Ka-Lep end Tanqu, where ther
remain till November, then returning to Lamteng.
Cattle:-The totals for the valley are.-yaks--400;
oattle-40 ; ponies-100 ; goate-30. Two hun-
dred of the yaks oarry load& I n winter 100 yaks
remain in Laohen m d YO0 go over into Tibet.
The Tibetans are mid to bring 900 yaks into the La-
ohen and 600 yaks and 1,000 sheep into the Lhonak
valley. These numbere are very unreliable and
most r a r ~considerably. The Laohen headmen sey

,-
 that the Tibetans used ta p y a nominal rent of 74
r n p s for the urn of the Lhonah valley, but that
thu har not been p i d for some peers.
Trees :-Above 8,000 feet the aonifers are oonspicuous,
namely, rilver fir, spruce, larob and juniper, beeides
the yew.
Other trees are b i d . alder, wh, walnut, hazel, eta.,
eta. I n the lower parts bamboos abound.
Food :-Apionlture is nearly unknown ; the people
prootically entirely devote themselvee to their yaks
and cattle. They grow, however, potatoer, turnips,
and a little buck-wheat.

Route No. 23.

FBOM
GANTOK TO DONKHYA LA.
dutbody and d a t e , - C ~ ~ ~v.
. P. O'CONNOB,
B.G.A., 1900.

*** I asi I For road from Gantok to Chungthang, see Route No.
22. Hence road lies up the h h u n g river.
A new rmd hm been oonetrnoted np the right bank of
the Lachung s h a m from Chungthang to kcbung.
I t is at preaent (September 1900) somewhat in disrg
pair, and laden animals oonld with di$oulty be bronght
along it. For the first 3 milea the rod runs almost
level through an open oountry with patahen of cultiva-
tion here and there. Oppogite Chungthang and at 2f
miles the Laahung river is spanned by cane bridges.
At 2) miles the road rune o l m by the river along ths
base of a olifl. At present the roadway hm been washed
away and it ie necemary to strike up by a stnep +-ag
path from 2f miles and paan along above the cliff some
300 feet above the river. A steep muddy dement leads
down again to the proper nrrd beyond the break.
Animals can be got over thia path bat 10ade would have
to be taken off and carried most of the way.
now enters forest and rum almost level for 2 miles
croesing a spur eome 200 feet high opposite the v i l k e
of Keadum which lien on the left bank of the river.
K d n m is a r m d villege of about a dozen wooden
homes standing on a flat ehelf some 200 feet above
the river surrounded by maize cultivation. Here and
to the south of the village ia camping ground for a
brigade ; water, fuel, and bamboo fodder plentiful.
The road to h h n n g oontinnes along the right bank
through foreet. One mile beyond Keadum the river
is spanned by r wooden cantilever bridge 90 feet in
length, 43 feet wide, and 15 feet above the water level.
The aotual width of the stream here is some 60 feet.
The onmnt is swift and nnfordable. A path from the
road nqder report lea& to this bridge and heuce to
Keadnm.
At 6 milee from Chungthang the road emergea from
forest at Linten and runs almoet level through open
grassy Bate with patches of jungle here and there to

:
the Bi Chn at 9 miles. Thin is a small mountain
torrent orossed by a rioketty wooden bridge. The
stream is fordable being about 24 feet deep--current
awift. It might be dangcroue when in flood.
 Route No. 23-contd.

A rteep rim I d s to an open plateau aarosa whioh the

r o d rune ; and in 3 mileu Laohung village ir reached,
the mad passing throuqh an open dretch of g m e y
m u n t ~ ,rising and falling over the spun from the
hill-ei ee to the weet. This pert of the mad is in
places rough and sometimen swampy but offers no
serious dihcultiee. Lachung village lies on the left
bank of the atreem whioh is crossed by a wooden
cantilever bridge, 133 feet long with a 4foot d r a y ,
some 16 feet above the hvel of the rtrqnm. Stream
swift aud unfordeble.
Lachung villke oontains abont 70 houses, the l s r p r
number being on the left bank of the river. It occn-
pies a gentle slope below an open grasey terminal
morame. The honees, enoh of whioh rbnda in a low
etotle-wall enclosure, are mbsbntially built on a found-
ation of loosely piled stones, in which are embedded
the main beams; the u per stories are of wood.
planbred over with mud, t%e roofs being of mhinglen
kept in plaoe by 1nr);restonea; the lower stories would
form good godowns, while the upper might be employ-
ed aa barracks for troolls. The howem ae a whole are
large, the biggeut being 39 x 31 feet outeide maenre-
menh
The supplies available are about 200 aattle and yak8
sarttered about the valley and a few turnips. There
are also about a dozen ponies in the village rhioh
would be available for transport purpoees.
There is also a large dore of Indian corn in the village
after the hameet, which is gradually oonaomed during
the winter months.
The general dimtion of the Laahnng vnlley at Laobnnv
is east and weet ;the river flows in a b r d l ston bed,
the right bank ridng gently from the rater's
200 yards when the hill shoots up in a wries of steep
dge
for
grass slopes and rook preoipioee some 3.000 feet higher ;
the left bank rises iu n gravel prmipiae abont 30 feet
high and then slopes away very gently to the spurs
running down from the Thanka La. Except at
Lnchung itself and the range bounding the Thanka La
valley on the eaet, the hills on the left bank of the
Lnobungare thiokly wuoded with fir forest, and are
generally steep.
To the west of the village on the left bank of the river is
an extensive open flat on whioh a brigade mnld easily
encamp; a stream of excellent water full sufficient for
the requirements of a foroe of the d o v e size flow*
norm the %st. In fect camping- ound aboat Ia-
chun is n~~limited if the flats t o r a r g the Bi Chn are
inolufed. Fuel is plentiful. L.abung;elultion 8,838
feet, hsa a milch drier climate than any spot further
south in Sikkim. The hills for 4 a lllile on all miden
of the village are open, and beyond this ere alternate
open etretches and patoher of 61 foreat ;the lower slopea
are gentle, bnt above they beaome rooky and precipit-
o w and a m n d mpidly to the snovra.
Cross from Lachung village to the left bank of the Le-
ohnng river by the bridge deeoribed above. The r o d
is a rough twok ninding amongst stonea and bouldevr
and rising grednally to the hamlet of Na-mo-naae,
at 2 miles, near, the junction of the Sebu Chub with
the Lachung. Here a road branohm off to the right
cropsing the L ~ h u n gby a wooden hrigo and leadlog
1 to the Ohom La (see Bouta No. 88).
At 3 miles a steep rise of 700 feet through forest leadr
to the summit of a moraine acma the top of whioh
traok runs level for ' mile and then desoenda ateeply
on the other mide. dp to tbL point the track t bad
and broken-boggy in some places and rook in others.
Henm to Ynmthang it is rather better. f t ONMUMI a
wide open maiden, almost level, from 4th to 6th mile,
- -- - 1
-
- I

a There I8 another Bebu Cha which juiom the Lkohung near M o m ~

&mdonp.
 - 63
Route No. 23-contd.

1
and p w s over a steep moraine s t 6f milea. At the
6th mile a rtmam is armed the lar
P of thoee met
along the mad-% ft. deep, elnggis ourrent, sandy
bottom. Beyond this the valley in open level and
p e g , the h h n n g river flowing 01- under the hilh
on the m t . A nhort aoaent and dewent lead into the
Yumthang lain which is a wide open valley rome
2 miles in \ngth, and from f to ) a mile wide.
Through thin the river meanders, win- from ride
to side.
Yumthang village lies abont 4 of the way up thin valley
and is a small village oomieting of some 20 or 90
wooden houses. It Ie a grazing station for the
Iachung people when they bring their yaks, nhwp,
and goats in summer.
Camping ground practically unlimited. Water and fuel
abundant. Fodder ecanty ; animals cmld find grazing
on the maidan. Elevation of Yumthang, 11,660 ft.
One mile short of Yumthang there ia a hot spring
on the left benk of the Laohmg. Temperature of the
water 114" 6F.
Follow the ath along the right benk of the Lehhnng
for 500 ya4 to a wooden cantilever bridge rhioh here
amsees the stream. Strong bridge, fit for laden ani-
mals, 60 feet span. Stream fordable juet below the
bridge ; depth 3 feet; current gentle ; bottom peb-
bly.
From the bridge a path aontinues up the right bank of
the Lachnng leading eventually aaroea the Bennn La
into the Lachen valley (vide Route No. 97).
The road to Momay Samdong now runs level for 1 mile
up the left bunk of the ntream and then entem f m t .
Hence to 3 miles the track is np and down through
forest ; very rough going. At 3 milea amaa the La=
ahnag sgalu by a wooden cantilever bridge, 60 feet
span, strong enough to take animals. Stream very
swift and unfordable. Elevation here 12,600 feet.
From this bridge there ie a long s h p rim of 1,003 feet,
gradient +.Hence steady esoent to en elevation of
14,000 feet. After this elevation the larger scrub
jungle is left behind, bnt small baahen of juniper and
rhododendron snfficient for fuel are found to within
one mile of Momay Samdong. bor the lsst 3 miles the
road is a~moat level, ricliug very gradually to the
stream flowiug from the Bebn La.* Pord this stream
oppoait Barndong. The &am is abont 2f feet deep;
current swift ;stony bottom. There is a small tern-
porary wooden bridge for foot pamengem.
Momay Samdong in a wide granny expanse at the juno.
tion of 3 streems ; one aoming from the Sebn La;
one from the Doukhya La (this is the main stream) ;
and the third, the Temba Chn, from the rnom of the
Chumbi frontier. There are 6 or 7 ffiattered houses ;
bnilt of stone with shingle roofs. Praotically un-
limited camping ground on firm level grssey soil. No
fuel except yak dung within one mila Water plenti-
ful. Soanty grass for fodder.
Momay Samdong is one of the higheat grszin grounds
in Sikkim, and during September and Oobfer nearly
all the Lachung yakn are found here.
Elevation by hypsometer 16,587 feet. It may be noted
here that this place is knowft to the natirm se "Sam-
dong ", The word " Idornay is not in ure amongat
them.
DOESETALA 94 7'6 From Xomsy hmdong the path runs up the right bank
a
of the h h u n g for mile. when the stream is forded ;
water 14 feet. deep ;breadth of stream 46 feet ; bottom

Thrn b motbr &bn La Lnolm u &hbu Ir) on the road north from Qirogong lo Kamb. Jong. I I

I
 55
Route No. 28-conctd.

Dxrr~acn
No. of
w. Nsmw of h g ~ .
Inter-
PIYA*~.
rnedihte.

outline is mnnded and the alopea appear m y . They

could probably he o~oslledin many places. Two p e a ~ s
are known to the immediate north of Bikkim-(aids
Tibetan Boatee Noe. 2 and 3).
The wsternhed of aeversl of the Indian riven (the Bran,
Qandak, and others) is on the aouthern slopes of this
range ; that of the Blahmaputra on the northern.
Elevation of summit of paas 18,100 feet.
Tbe Tibetan g~iardwhiob ie stationed here to wabh tbe
pass, have their qnarten in tbe plain below, same B or
9 miles distant.

Route No. 23(a).

hoar MOMAY SAMDONQ TO KARPO LA.
dwtlority and date.- CAP^. W. F. O'Coa~orr,R.Q.A., 1900.

Nn. of N u n a of nt..n.

Follow the r o d to Donkhya La for 7 milen and m e n d

e
to the snmmit of the ktean mentioned inBonte No.
23 whence a view can obtained of the Donkhya La,
Knrpo La,and the hills in their vicinity. From hem
the Karpo La lies N.-N.-E., immediately ta the west
of the Donkhya mountain, and enat of the Donkhya
La, separated from me latter by a #tee ntony hill.
!he pu is a well-marked d d l e in the r i b s .
From the platean to the foot of the p w is eary going
over open undnlating ground. A alight desaent leads
to a small lake ; akirt the western margin oE the U s
and at 1) miles from the plateau another small lakelet
is reached. At tbis point there in some difficult going
and the ground is impeonable for animals as there are
iler of bonldem ncattered round the margin of the
k k e whiih must be orossed to resah the p w . T h m
boulders are easily paseed by men on foot but would
be dangerone for animals. Henae rscent to top of
pam is an easy slope of 300 feet.
A fine view into Tibet is obtained from the summit.
Immediately below the pnse is a small lake some a00
feet lower down. A stream coming from the east rum
into the lake, and flows ont again from the north-west
corner, oontinuing its oonm to join the stream drain-
ing the Cholamo hkea as menhoned in Route No. 33.
I n the far distance appears the range of the Central
Himalayan ohain ; a gap in the ohain bearing north-
north-emt by north looks m y , free from mow snd
approeched apparently by a geutle gradient.
I n the plain be ond the foot of the pass was a dok or
enaampment 07'l'ibetnn herdamen ; and some hundreds
of yaks end sheep were seen grazing here and there.
Elevation of pans 17,918 feet by hypaometer. The
dmcmt into Tibet appesrs ewy over a field of frozen
mow sloping gently to the foot of the pasa lome 200
feet below. ,
This pwe might p m e extremely useful as n means of
tnrnmg the Donkhya should such a tbing be
: I-
newwry. The approao to tbe pass is out of sight
 66
Route No. 23(a)-cmacld.

~a of
a*.= 1 Names of h g w .

from the Donkhp, and a fea men derpatohed over the

Karpo La oould evily &mend into Tibet and take the
defendem of the Donkhya in the rear.
There being no name in nse amon& the natives for thii
pans it has beeq ohristened the Kupo L., or " whits
p a , " from the aolonr of the slope leeding up to the
VL
to on the Sikkim ride. The people of the L ~ h n n g
were infunned of thin rm.
The name of the rtreem flowing from the cant into the
small lake at the foot of the pan on the Tibetan side ir
mid to be (fpdong Ohu.

Route No. 24.

FROMQANTOK TO PAMIONCHI, wid SONG.

No. or
Btym.
Total. 1
-
1&Z 26 I &e Bonte No. 6.

8 Fnllow Route No. 6 up tbe spur, entering thiok foreet

near the summit of the mountain until the road turn-
ing routh to lamohi is rmohed at Damtheng. Hem
turn right and follow the road whioh rnnr dl thmngh
f o r d along the orest of the ridge, uumnding and
deawnding m'd the peakr called Rnfu La and Timbi La.
R o d good. Prom Timbi La dsacend for about B mila
throu h forest. After this onltivation is rcuahed, and
the h&-aides are oleared end dotted with ho- Keu-
d n is a good campin ground below the r o d whiah
oauk ooutain two bethfions ;two s t r r m s run throngh
the mmp ; fodder 1mile down hill ; no bocar ;no r o p
pliea obtsinable, exoe t in very small qnantities ;no
water dong thin road &tween Tcmi and Beudng.
This portion of the r d is nnmetalled, and in wet
weather beaomea very heevy, hlly when i t rnm
along the rnmmit of the r i d g a y 4 however, paw=
able for baggage a n i d .
There is no & bungalow at Kendng, but shelter may
be obtained in the h o w of B a J Jernng, the local
landlord.
~ The dareant to the Ranpit at Ligsip im vary steep.
' Here there ir a small dhk bungal(~w; e wooden hut
cnly, with B small rooms ; no furniture. The river
ia orowed by a galvanized steel sunpension bridge
160 feet long, 41 feet roadway. The river is uite
unfordable, the bottom atrewn with gmat bodern.
Helloe vsoend to Puniomhi, for whioh rod, cids Boute
No. 8, Stage 3. Thh road ir rteep, but in good order.

I
 Route No. 25.
FBOVQANTOK TO NAKU LA vi4 TALUNQ.
dwtkority and d o t s . - P o ~ r ~ l o OIFIOBB,
~~ SIKKIY,
1893 AND 1894.

For this &age, ci& Route No. 28, Stage 8.

Follow the Turnlong-Samatek road for about 10 milea,
and then torn down s path leading down the or&
of a ridge to the Teeate, vide Boate No. 11.
Crwr the Teestn by a cane bridge, and 'afterwaran the
Thalnng Chn by ditto. Bond np left bank of Taluog
Chn sing several amall hamlets. Bindiang Chn
oros;$Yy n m d n bridge oppaite Be. Prbm Be a
r o d runs to Jongri uid the Onioha h, cids Rout8
No. 38.
Good r o d to Talnng Monastery along the right bank
of the Rindian , which runs in deep roaky gorger.
Talnng is one of the oldelt mcnrteriea in Sikkim,
and in rarely visited. From Talnng s path goecl
to LMteng w i d the Tnhhnm Ia,aide B o o b No. 37.
Three days' march; the mad still runs np the river,
and is easy. At Tizong, elevation 10,200 feet, fir
treeaasure to grow, sod a r h p hill in climbed, on
whioh snow ma be found in patohm in June. I k o
hta a n paawdoa the r a y to the snmmib of the
Yumtno p,whioh liw at an elevation of 16,800 feet.
h n t mlly.
The dement from the Ynmteo ~ M Bir eaay if the rod
is free from snow, but before reaching the camping-
mund at Thank-ahme the foot of the great glsoier
b m K . n g o h e n j o n ~h u to be o r o d ;here the road
ir bad and di5oult.
N u n LA Two drys' mamh-the fimt over the. Thug-chong L.to
the Tumraohen Chu, and the seaond over the The h,
elevation, 16,676 feet, into Lho Nak. There are no
di5oultier on the road provided the p a ~ are s from
~ free
snow. The descent from The L ia b a well-marked
7 . t ~r a c ~first
, over ateep stony gmu J; at lhm feet
1s a amall lake in a level b i n , and thenoe t m k liea
down a little stream, the sides of whioh are fringed
with bushes. Thir stream runs into the b n g p o Chn
which is crowd with aome dflonlty, the current being
strong and the bottom stony, depth about 3 feet.
However, laden mliea ono be got across with the
help of a rope. Henae to Naku Is,see B o u h Nos. %
and 36. Thir road is used by the inhabitalrts of Be
cmd Taluog, who trade with Tibet. Nnmben of
yaks and sheep pars over it, eo the traok in well-
detined. From the summit of the The Is a fine
view is obtained northwards t o r a h the Nnkn k.

Route No. 26.

FROM LACHUNO m THANKA LA.
AwlAo&j and ~U~~.-SUEQBON-CAPTAIN
A. PEAUSE,A.M.S., D r o a u s ~ a1896.

No. of
1 Nuner 01
I .".-[
lyr.

Leaving the village of Laohring on the a t , the road

riwo 800 feet in about half a mile over grseey slop- ;
then, p s i u g along the top of a amall ridge through
 Route No. 26-concld.

a patch of pine foreat for half a mile, emer$en on

the open aide of the main ridge done whioh i t runs
to two m i h . This slope of the ridge 18 c o d with
g m s , and is very steep, the angle from the md to the
river, 600 feet below, bein as mnah M 41i0 in moet
p At 2 mila pine f d are enbrad, m d a t
34 m i h (elmtion 10,900 fed) a a t m m M aromed
by ford. At six miles Mompoopya, a msU open place.
mpble of affording cam ing-ground for aboat 60
+
men (fuel and fodder abunLnt; water d e dietant)
is rewhd. At 8 milm the r o d leaves the forest
and paasen through rhododendron m b to Jakydc
(elevation 12,800 feet) at O milea.
At Jukyak a m inggrmnd an be found m the north
aide of the v&eY, but it in not good, tho.gb fuel.
water, and fodder us abundant.
For three miles the road pones along the ri ht bank
of the river by m y gradient through r h o f ~ n d n .
mub. At 3 miles there is a very deep and
Tipi'
toue amant to 84 miles, where the nrrd pama t rough
a gorge (Cbnrnboonm) 160 rds long by 20-30 y v d r
broad, tbe river being to t c aur a ~ din the urn.
gorge at a lower level. At the northern end of tho
gorge (elevation 14,800 feet) the riwr i r a r o d by ford,
and the rosd then p m ebog itr left brnk by
gradient. till an elevation of 16,Pm f r t in
a t 6 miles. I t then leava the river and pmeo by
rdx
wry grndient between two ridgm to Chungpya (el*
vation 11,600feet) at Ifmilw.

I
1 At a n n g p p amliea halt
-ing
for the might rmioue t.
the p m the following day. $here b no
ground for brrnping t r o o p
From Chnnppya there b a etee rocty uaent for one
mile ~naaeeded by pmctia& l a e l pronod for
of s mile to the rummit of the prss (elevation 16,400
+
feet). On the Tibetan side the dasaent is very pre-
cipitous for about 2 miler over rough, rocky e;round.
At 2 miles there is a rmsll lake from wh~oh the
river flows. The road armsee the pms due north
end wuth, but on the Tibetsn side p e e s down the
valley wnthaouth-eaet to Chnmbi

Route No. 26 (a). *

FBOYCHUMBOCUM GORGE TO PAT0 LA.

dwtldly and ~~~~.-SU~QEON-CAPTAIN A.M.%,DEOBYBBB

A. PRAMOH, 1896.

The general direction of the mad is northdut. It lmvm

that to the Thanks La immediately on ib exit from
the porge, and rnns north-e.et over rough, rooky ground
for 2 miles ;it then a~cendsend orosses a high ridge
joinin a road whiab s m d a the Bemo Chn valley
from 8ombon be pato L is mid to b an em7
pma and alig%tly higher t h m the Tbanka La (8.r
geon-Captain Pearse had only been a rhort dinboor
dong the msd to it].
 ' I Route No. 27.
F s o ~LACHUNQ TO LAMTENG via BEURM LA.

Aufho~ityand date.-LIEUT. W. F. O'CONNOE,R.A., 1895.

I Abont
V*lr Route No. 23.
4 a mile above the village of Ynmthang the r o d
north to Momay Eamdonp: and the Donkhya L.arosser
the river by a wooden cantilever bridge, 60 feet
long, capable of bearing ponies or mnltm, but the
rir er is eseily fordable below the bridge, being a b n t
3 feet in depth, with a pebbly bottom end gentle
current.
The road to Lako is level, following the right bank
of the river for the first mile and a half. I t then
omssee a stream which comes down a small valley
on the west of the main valley, and t m westwards
up thmngh the forest; it is a mere oattle traok need
by the people of the valley to trike their yaks np to the
higher pasturage ; the aacent is steep, abont 1,000 feet
in the mile. The forent aonsists of pine m d rhodo=
dendron up to 12,000 feet, and from 12,000 to 13,000
of very find juniper trees. At 13,000feet the large
juniper is left behind, and the traak in traced thronph
rhododelldron and juniper scrub. Prom 14,000 feet
all jungle is left behind, and the path windo among

Spaoe available for oamping is abont 400 yards by 200

yards. The gronod ie oovered with rtonea and m r s e
harbege. Lsrge rocks in the vicinity give excellent
shelter for the coolies. Rhododendron fuel m u t be
carried np from 100 feet lower down.
h k o is 14700 feet above eea-level

The road leads firat np a steep moraine, due west, abmt

400 feet high, at the top of whioh is found a m a l l
glacier, abont 300 yards sorow, whioh oan be eaeily
climbed and cmsed, the top beiog fairly level aod
undulating and free from crevasees. From here two
r o d s l a d over the range of mountains to the west,
norow two saddler, meeting again on the opptmite side.
One, doe west, and crowned by jagged peaks of b k ,
appears the lowest, and the natives say 1s the e m i d 1
by this they nometimer drive their yaks into the
opposite valley.
The other, whioh our arty cromed, lies more to the
moth, and is r i d to 10 the ohortrt i t L reached
by a steep stoup ravine, the summit of the pass (the
Beurm La) being 16,100 feet. Thenae a rteep and
rooky dewent of a00 feet l e a b to a level maidan,
+
about mile long by 200 or 300 ards wide, on the
fiuther dde of which is a large &ier mming from
the snows to the north-went. The way lier norom the
glaoier, which presents no difficnltier, and from the
opposite side down the valley thmngh a ravine with
perpendicular rider, general direotion south-wed.
Beyond the ravine the valley is level and rooky for
abont one mile, when a g r ~ s yflat in remhed, called
by the natives " Benrm." Thin flat, which in about
600 yards s nare, forms m excelleot oamping pound.
with abnn&ss of water and scrub jun~per .ad
rhododendron for fuel, and l a v e overhanging rocks
aa ooolie ehelter. Benrm is 14460 feet .bore rer.
level.
 60
Route No. 27-concld.

Dxau.018.
No. al Nunu o m r a . B.uuxa.
-a
. Total.

4 P~KAKABU . . 10 35 The road runs through a loo narrow valley, g e n d

direation aouth-rest. On foth side) of the atream
ancient moraines riseto a height of 600 feet, whieh
are evidently rubject to aonetant stone amlanoher,
but the bottom of the valley, though rtony, ie
free from jnngle for the entire distanoe, and slopes
esrily, until within 2 miles of Phema Kam, when
a gorge with. preoipitous rides is reached, whioh
would be quite impmtimble for animale, and requirw
some rtiff olimbing to get down at dl.
On rtarting the right bsak of the rtream ir followed.
On mohin sn elevation of about 12,000 feet the
ltream shoufd be craraad, whioh a m here be done with-
out diEoulty, and the left bank followed until thegorge
net spoken of is parsed. Here the rtresm mart s p i n
i,e crwsed, for which purpose a small bridge (20 feet
long) can easily be made with the fir t r e a whioh
grow clow by. This streum, whioh is unnamed
on the map. is oalled the Bmrm Cbn, and deboucher
,just below Phems Karn into the Lachen river ;i t is
here about 20 feet wide, and nowhere more than 4 feet
deep, but quite unfordable owing to the aped of the
aurrent and'the boulderr in the bed of the stream.
A path will now be found theough jungle leading in a
north-west dimt,ion over the e ur down to the Inahen
river, whieh ia crowd by arong! bridgeopporite Phema
Karu. The Laohen is here about 60 or 60 yardr in
siidth, and in plecer 6 or 8 feet deep. The bridge i.
formed by fallen treeswith a tangle of b r u a h r d in
the oentre, and is the result of a landslip whioh
oacarred about nine yearn ago. It im p e a b l e only for
men, and then with the aid of a slight hand-nil,
M in placer the torrent rushea over the tree trunkr to
the height of a foot or more.
Phems Kern ir 10,200 feet above rea-level, and aonsirb
of a few wooden ehedr on s level grsruv s t qome
f mile quare on the right bank of the fmca river,
It forms a good earnping-ground, fuel and water
being plentiful and olm. The peo le of the valley
graze their rheep, cattle, and y% two or three
marohm to the north, during the mummer monthr,
so that milk, butter, and meat a n be prwured rith
little di5odty.
Phema Karu ir the " Praimku" of the northaut
trrma-frontier of India map.
6 L A ~ S I I B . . . 6 41 For thir m m h ree h u b No, 2%.
The Beurm La is a p m of some imporbnod as a npid
means of wmmnnicstion between the Lachung and
h h e n valleyr, es.a native meseenger can orosr from
Phema Kam to Ynmthang in one day or fmm Lamteng
to h h u n g village in two ; but i t is quite unfitted for
animal tranrport of any kind or for troo except in
small numben, or on an emergenoy w c u it would
be neoeumry to conrtruct a bridge of rome kind mrou
the Lachen river.
Nm.-The W n c a s given ue approximate onXy. BLp
mtione by nneroid barometer.

r
 the yak grazing station of Tu hi is reaohed, Md
$"
that of Nairknng at 6b miles, eao having an elevation
of 16,700 feet above ses-level. At eaoh plaoe there
are some eight or ten hnto (stone), excellent pound for
cam ing, with abundenos of water and grazing, but
no &el.

This pansea in a northerly direation from Sethang and

is steep and rocky for half a mile, and rieea 300 feet
in this dietanoe. It then runs along the right bank
of the Bebo Chen Chu, omsing it by ford at
mila (elevation ll,200 fast), the river baing40
yards b r d and 18 inohes deep (in November). The
road then aeoende steeply along the side of the moun-
tain to join the former route at the point (elevntion
16,600 feet , where it leaven the orest of the ridge
I
above Chno aki.
This latter route is the easier and apparently more
frequented. I t is 1+ miles longer, but lesr rocky and
the gradients lean steep.
Immediately below Nairkung two ntreema join to form
the Sebo Chnng Chn. Neither of the stream8 are
visible above their junction in November, but the
water am be heard some 2 or 3 feet below the surface
of the ground. The r d crosses the northernmont
1 ntream, about 160 yard. from Nairkung, and d i v i d r
The road pasees along the right bank of the southern
stream by very easy gradient to one mile, where the
foot of a glaaier is reaahed ;i t then pssaes along the
ridge separating the two streams near the edge of the
glacier to 2 miles, when it rises re
7
tllrough a gap in the ridge to the g mier to pu
st"p1yon the
posite mide, along the eurfece of which it paeses for
op-
about 300 yards to the summit of the pass at 36 miles.
An alternative ronte passee along the northern branoh
of the Sebo C h n n ~Chn, the gradient being eaey, to
the edge of a shallow lake a t one mile. I t skirts the
edge of this lake for # of a mile, and then passes to-
wards the plaoier, near the foot of whioh it runs in a *
northerly direotion to the lateral moraine, along
whioh it w e n d s to 3 miles where it passes on to the
glaoier, and by a somewhat steep a m n t reaohea the top
of the plres at 964 milea

Nomu.-The md to the Ghora L in way for oooliea

throughout, except over the glacier. It ia also praotioable
for baggage animals wben laden, exoept at the following
plaoes, uir., the hank of the h h u n g river, from 7f to 8
miles, from 1st to 141 miles, fmm Tnkpoo Como to
Bethang by alternative route, from Tnkpoo Como to
Chnohaki and from the foot of the glacier to the summit
of the p a . The natives s t a b that aka and ponies can
oroas the psas i n the rains. On 3kth November 1896
water boiled at 182.2' B. at 4-15 p.y. at the tap of
the Ohora La. Elevation by saeroid barometer ww
17,900 feet.
Burgeon-O. tain Peame in of opinion that the Ohora h
in situate# eome 8 miles further north than ia shown
in art No. 7 y - ma p a r t d 6 F o f the mr,,
eaat tmm-frontier of India map, 1879-1880
 68

Route No. 28(a).

Paom TUKPOO COMO TO BETHANQ wid CHEYCHIMA.

8. PEABBB,
Aulhorily and ~~~O.-SUROEON-CAPTAIN A.M.&, D E ~ M B 1896.
EB

I
No. of N l m a of atage*

h v i n Tnkpoo Como to the weat the dImmediately

u r a n k by numerous short z i p y for f of a mile,
rising 800 feet in this didance. It then eme
'the wide open valley of the Phegm Cho a n d x i 2
the left bank of this stream, nsing eteadily by m y
ient to Cleyahima at 6 miles, an elevation of 16,250
A t Cheyohima there are three stone huts, with
oon~iderableground for camping ; water and grazing
abundant, and fuel (rhododendron mrnb) aen be obtain-
ed about two miles below along the right bank of the
Phegoo Cha.
From Che ohime the road runs eastnorth-east a a
stee ridg. to 8 miIea. rising 1,000 feet, and %en
wi$ round the ridge pa~singnear the foot of a large
glaaier to 84 miles. It then rises steeply to the top
of the ridge overlooking Sethang at 4 milea. From
the top of the ridge (elevation 16,600 feet) the deuoent
is very r i p i t o n e to 6 miles, baaoming l*a n t q u
i t descen e. From 6-7 miles, when, it joins the r d
to the Uhon 4 i t is pnrctidly level.
The r o d ie not praotiosble for anim.lq and in p h r
di5oult for ooolies.

Route No. 29.

FBOYLACHUNG TO MOMAY SAMDONQ vid CHEYCHIMA.

A. PEABSE,A.M.S., DEOEMBBB
Authority and ~~~~.-SURQEON-CAPTAIN 1896.

No. of Namr of o w .

... For road from h h m g to Cheyshima, om Bootee Noa.

28 and %(a).
From Che ahime to Momay Samdong is a two dap'
-cb. h e road rnoa ne.th by u y (pdient to P
mila, where the river i m oroeaed by ford. It then deer
drag the arest of a ridge for 300 feet over rock
proand, emer .ng on a u n b a t e a n through wbiot
the Phegm C ~ Uflown. It then follow8 the right bank
of the stream for 24 milee (6 milee from Cheyohime),
going in a north-we~terlydirection to m s the ridge
at 64 miles which separatee this valley from that of
the Temba Chn. There is a emall glsoier a t the top
of the ridge. From Cheychima to the foot of the
gkaier is paenable for baggage mimsls.
'7uOZJ y 981191 L ~ w 897 r 30 pue qpou eqq JO n o y o x p
L
99% a! '991 eqlo) LUAU srsaq qoarl eqg qqq a u ! s w
aeJfs pas Lea18as qq9!1 qs aopclr s avop eernoo meerje
aeqqoua ereH 7!xe eq!1a!nIm sno!mo q g ! ~eqv[
L p s er ereH *(se~!m9 ) queq q3eI q mseqs l e t q 8
~B~JC i eJ n s ~JO pwq mor3 eI!m I qnoqs q~ .ye[
q espu Lgroa e pow qqsu em uo s p q eupzorn
q .q q l ! ~ 'meergs ~e!os[B qoe!one IN jo peq epiu s
' ~ [ I B AKqooa gdssola'81x01e uuop ooneq mora -qarsm
eql n! W!od lgeqs!q @g sI '!q& '(098'91) pa9wJo a!
ands pnmw s ~[!tqeee SUM qosq eqq pnod eqq mwg
.pnoora aeq3frq e q ~uo eqg tq d e e q qowg eq&
'qmg eq? 30 qtnoe $sn! (ooggr) uod e pue eqel s
S! m41Pg eqq 3V * L a ~ l u I- 'Pqw w og sptmssp
pue repInoqs eqq ponor 3jeI e q oq ~ U I AAOU pma
9~ *(0~9'91)tq-!BqnSS pe~lws! a d IO re poqs
e r a Trnsqe Ilea aqq inq pea UO!l!8Oi
.q8!q lea3 9 'IF& eaws k p 0IqnOP 9 W8q $l!nq BASS
sasqeq!& e q , ~ yourg s m~ pasn qonm s! (ae[!rn 6)

-
rep~noqs s!qz .E~UO~W!Dp spoe qo!q~ pa as^ a
eqq JO raplnoqs e q l w esu vsms s dn paw eqeI llums e
30 pua qgnoe eqq Ba!smd cuo!goar!p L~reqqnwdl~arene8
o.! 61enbgqo 1pq eqa 50 edo~meqq paawe 'rea!r u a q q '(w3 ~ ' 9 1 '
30 gusq qfe~04 ssoro' B U O B ~ E ) dmeo au!asal J ~ H V +a ts rq nscg ao ~ o o a'aRr3 1
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 Route No. 31-concld.

An enormous grassy moraine is now oroesed with

a very steep descent into the d e y of the Phalung Chu
(16,000). On arriving at the stream ride up the
right bank to a good csmp just at the foot of the Sebu
La (16,400), 8a miles.

~ I O X ASAYDORG
Y (15,687 The first start from camp is to cross the stream and
feet). olimb the almost vertical slope to the first ridge, the
rise being 600 feet ( b mile). Here the track leads up
a spnr of moraine stone for 1,300 feet, and then another
spnr, about 300 feet, leads to the foot of the main
moraine (3 miles). T h i ~moraine is about 100 to 200
feet high and is a rugged ile of enormous sharp
stones. Crossing this stony %nrrier the glneier is
renched. I t is about # mile aoross and rises 600 to
600 feet. One-third is good goinglone-third would have
been irnpaasable without ice axes, as we had to cut out
every step, and the lmt third was the worst, as though
not quite eo stee , the ice wan soft m d at eaoh step we
bank into it a f m t or 18 iuoher The highest point
wua estimated at 18,200 feet. The labour of climbing
and oroclsing the glacier at this height was very severe.
Men fell again and again. The pass is the to of an
almoet vertical cliff and the aatual ridge an agsolub
knife edge, being the oleavage edge of rocks set at en
angle of abon t 45". A very difficult desoent of 300
feet brings the tnrck to a small lake, a very wild place
surrounded by glaoiers and moraines. Yaks can be
brought from Momny Samdonp to this point. The
outlet stream of this lake, Sebu Chu, is followed down
the ntaep side of an ancient moraine till a large lake is
reached (6 miles), which takes the streems and moraine
from several
dificult bit ::?o:f
.
From this for one mile is a
round the toe o f m enormous
moraine, appareutlg on the move (7 miles).
After passing thia there is a comparatively em deeoent
to the valley where the river h u to be craued. A b u t
4 mile on are three hot springs, and another l b miles
brings the traok to Momay Bamdong (0 miles), a niae
village on a dope (16,687). I t contains about 12
etoue hats. I t is the most northern of the Laohung
habitations and is on the road fro111 Cbungthmg
to the Donkhga La. Lotu of camping-ground for 2,000
men ; good watar and grazing ; no fuel.
Owing to the steepness and ruggednew of the p s
this road is prsotically of no use except for a very
small number of good elirnbere. Ik is abeolutely
im msnble for baggage animals, loaded or nnloade~,
a n 8 mold not be rendered practioable. No native r i l l
W088 unless it is free from mow. The glacier which
has to be orossed requires the use of ice axes.

I I l l N3.-The oorrect height of the pass is 17,680 feet.

/

Route No. 32.

holr TANGU TO SITONO, ai& LONOTONG LA A N D PHALLIJNG LA.
A. PBABBE,
Arrdhorily and ~u~~.-SUIIQEON&APTAIN A.M.S., DEOUMBER
1595.
--

Duruou.
No. of IUd D~ BXMAIX~.
am.
. 1
I Qsnsral direction, north-north-weat.

1 L~oao . . . 104 10) The road, which is a bridle path, branches from Route
2'2 at Tangu village and follows the ri ht baok of the
Tangn Chu for 61 miles. At 300 J-WL fmm l'angu a
shallow rapid stream, 3 yards broad, is crossed and
-- - - A-p ---- - . -- -- -.