D.K.RAO Final Paper PDF

Waste paper recycling machine for furniture
JIMMA UNIVERSITY
JIMMA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DESIGN OF WASTE PAPER RECYCLING MACHINE

FOR FURNITURE
For partial fulfillment of BSc. Degree in Mechanical
Engineering
Advisor: Mr. Jemal Worku (MSc.)
Group member Id. No.

1. Anteneh Mesfin Kidane……………………………………………00521/03
2. Fikru Alemayehu Desta……...…………………………………….00880/03
3. Jonathan Dawit Balango……..………………………………….....01858/03
Jun 2015
Jimma, Ethiopia
JIT, Jimma university -1-

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First of all ours special gratitude goes to our advisor (MSc.) Mr. Jemal Worku for his valuable
guidance and support.
And also we thanks (MSc.) Mr. Mulugeta Abera, (MSc.) Mr. D.K.RAO and laboratory assistance
Mr. Mitiku who gives us a technical, material and moral supports.
Apart from the efforts of us, the success of our project depends largely on the encouragement and
guidelines of many others with much appreciation.

ABSTRACT
This paper contains Design of waste paper recycling machine for furniture. As its central aim,
this paper attempts to explain the overall design of waste paper recycling machine for furniture.
The paper discuss about all design analysis, part and assembly drawing and the safety operation
of the machine. We use SOLID WORK and AUTODESK-FORCE EFFECT software for
analysis.
The machine have the capacity of shredding 80Kg waste paper per hour and it contain mainly
three systems which includes conveying and shredding system, mixing system and leveling and
pressing system. The first system used to cut the waste paper to the required size and the mixing
system used to mix the shredded paper with chemicals where leveling and pressing system used
to get the required size and strength of the mold. Shredder used shredding mechanism, mixer use
impeller blade mixing mechanism where the leveling and pressing system use cam and belt
mechanism.
In this project we introduce the concept of waste recycling technology which is vital for the
transfer of technology as a whole for the safety of comfort and use. Since reverse engineering
allows uses of simple and local material it will enable us to manufacture the waste paper
recycling machine in a simple manner.
II

Table of content
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ........................................................................................................................ - 2 -
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................. - 3 -
Table of content ....................................................................................................................................... - 4 -
Figure ....................................................................................................................................................... - 9 -
Nomenclature and abbreviation .......................................................................................................... - 12 -
Chapter one ........................................................................................................................................... - 14 -
1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... - 14 -
1.1 Problem statement ......................................................................................................................... - 14 -
1.2 . Objective .............................................................................................................................. - 15 -
1.2.1 General object ...................................................................................................................... - 15 -
1.2.2 Specific objective .................................................................................................................. - 15 -
1.3 Scope of the project ...................................................................................................................... - 15 -
1.4 Methodology ................................................................................................................................. - 16 -
1.5 Significance of project .................................................................................................................. - 16 -
Chapter Two .......................................................................................................................................... - 17 -
2.0 Literature review ............................................................................................................................ - 17 -
2.1 Background ................................................................................................................................... - 17 -
2.2 What is wood?............................................................................................................................... - 17 -
2.3 Status in Ethiopia .......................................................................................................................... - 18 -
2.3.1 The current demand of wood .............................................................................................. - 18 -
2.3.2 Pulp and paper demand ...................................................................................................... - 18 -
2.4 Paper recycling technology ........................................................................................................... - 19 -
Chapter three ........................................................................................................................................ - 20 -
3.0 Part design and analysis ................................................................................................................. - 20 -
3.1 Conceptual design: Mechanism and Working principle of the machine ...................................... - 20 -
3.2 General machine specification ...................................................................................................... - 20 -
3.3 Design of shredding mechanism ............................................................................................. - 20 -
3.3.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... - 21 -
3.3.2 Design specification .............................................................................................................. - 22 -
3.3.3 Force analysis of the cutter blade. ...................................................................................... - 23 -
3.3.3.1 Kinetic Energy of the Rotating Disc: ........................................................................... - 24 -
3.3.3.2 Kinetic Energy of Disc: ................................................................................................. - 25 -
3.3.4 Power Required to Drive Shaft:.......................................................................................... - 25 -
3.3.5 V – Belt derive used for the power transmission ............................................................... - 26 -

3.3.6. Density of Belt Materials .................................................................................................... - 28 -
3.3.7 Design of motor shaft ........................................................................................................... - 28 -
3.3.7.1 Pulley of the motor ........................................................................................................ - 30 -
3.3.7.2 Design of key .................................................................................................................. - 31 -
3.3.8. Bearing selection ............................................................................................................. - 31 -
3.3.9 Shaft design for the cutter shaft.......................................................................................... - 32 -
3.3.10 Bending momentum and force distribution diagram. .................................................... - 32 -
3.3.11 Design of cutter shaft pulley .............................................................................................. - 35 -
3.3.11.1 Design of for key.......................................................................................................... - 36 -
3.3.12.2 Bearing selection ......................................................................................................... - 37 -
3.3.12.3 Lubrication system of the bearing ............................................................................. - 38 -
3.3.13 Rigidity in Shaft ................................................................................................................. - 38 -
3.3.14 Spacer (washer) .................................................................................................................. - 38 -
3.3.15 Frame design ...................................................................................................................... - 38 -
3.4 Design of Screw conveyor ............................................................................................................ - 39 -
3.4.1 Design calculation for screw conveyor ............................................................................... - 41 -
3.4.2 Material flux calculation ..................................................................................................... - 41 -
3.4.3 Power required by conveyor ............................................................................................... - 42 -
3.4.4 Shafts coupling ..................................................................................................................... - 44 -
3.4.4.1 Hanger and shaft ........................................................................................................... - 44 -
3.4.4.2 Hanger ............................................................................................................................ - 45 -
3.4.5 Trough end bearings ........................................................................................................ - 45 -
3.4.6 Collar and Washer Thrust Assemblies: ......................................................................... - 46 -
3.4.7 Bronze Washer Thrust Assemblies: ............................................................................... - 46 -
3.4.8 Trough end seal ................................................................................................................ - 46 -
3.4.8.1Troughs: Flanged Tubular Troughs: ........................................................................... - 47 -
3.4.8.2 Discharge spouts and slide gates .................................................................................. - 47 -
3.4.9 Frame design ........................................................................................................................ - 48 -
3.5 Mixer design ................................................................................................................................. - 49 -
3.5.1 Design specification .............................................................................................................. - 49 -
3.5.2 Design of shaft that used for the fine paper mixing .......................................................... - 49 -
3.5.3 Material used for shaft ........................................................................................................ - 50 -
3.5.4 Maximum permissible working stress for transmission shaft ......................................... - 51 -
3.5.5 Force analysis on the blade and shaft .............................................................................. - 52 -

3.5.6 Selection of blade type ......................................................................................................... - 54 -
3.5.7 Cylinder selection ................................................................................................................. - 56 -
3.5.8 Frame selection..................................................................................................................... - 56 -
3.6 Design of mold pressing and leveling system ......................................................................... - 56 -
3.6.1 System selection:................................................................................................................... - 57 -
3.6.2 Timing and speed ratio of pressing and leveling mechanism ........................................... - 57 -
3.6.3 Design of tangent cam with reciprocating roller follower press ...................................... - 58 -
3.6.3.1 Cam mechanism design: Design specification ............................................................ - 58 -
3.6.3.2 Pitch radius .................................................................................................................... - 58 -
3.6.3.3 Pressure angle................................................................................................................ - 58 -
3.6.3.4 Radius of curvature ...................................................................................................... - 58 -
3.6.3.5 Cam shaft diameter ....................................................................................................... - 59 -
3.6.3.6 Force analysis ................................................................................................................ - 59 -
3.6.3.7 Design of pressing weight arm ..................................................................................... - 61 -
3.6.4 Design of belt leveling system: ............................................................................................ - 62 -
3.6.4.1 Design specification ....................................................................................................... - 62 -
3.6.4.2 Leveling plate design ..................................................................................................... - 62 -
3.6.4.2.1 Specification............................................................................................................ - 62 -
3.6.4.2.2 Force analysis of the plate ..................................................................................... - 63 -
3.6.4.3 Design of belt system ..................................................................................................... - 65 -
3.6.4.4 Coefficient of friction between belt and pulley ........................................................... - 66 -
3.6.4.5 Belt material .................................................................................................................. - 66 -
3.6.4.6 Thickness and width of belt: ........................................................................................ - 67 -
3.6.4.7 Belt joint efficiency........................................................................................................ - 67 -
3.6.4.8 Velocity ratio of belt drive ............................................................................................ - 68 -
3.6.4.9 Slip of belt ...................................................................................................................... - 68 -
3.6.4.10 Power transmitted by belt .......................................................................................... - 69 -
3.6.4.11 Design of pulley ........................................................................................................... - 70 -
3.6.4.12 Design of Cast Iron Pulleys ........................................................................................ - 70 -
3.6.4.13 Dimensions of arms ..................................................................................................... - 71 -
3.6.4.14 Dimensions of hub ....................................................................................................... - 72 -
3.6.5 Design of gearbox and Selection of motor.......................................................................... - 73 -
3.6.5.1 Motor selection .............................................................................................................. - 73 -
3.6.5.2 Design of gearbox: Design of spur gear....................................................................... - 74 -

3.6.5.3 Leveling sprocket: ......................................................................................................... - 74 -
3.6.5.3.1 Spur gear specifications ......................................................................................... - 74 -
3.6.5.3.2 Gear and pinion geometry calculation ................................................................. - 74 -
3.6.5.3.3 Speed calculation .................................................................................................... - 75 -
3.6.5.3.4 Stress analysis AGMA system ............................................................................... - 75 -
3.6.5.3.5 Bending stress analysis .......................................................................................... - 75 -
3.6.5.3.6 Contact stress analysis ........................................................................................... - 76 -
3.6.5.3.7 Stress calculation: Bending stress calculation ..................................................... - 77 -
3.6.5.3.8 Contact stress calculation ...................................................................................... - 81 -
3.6.5.4 Pressing cam: ................................................................................................................. - 83 -
3.6.5.4.1 Spur gear specifications ......................................................................................... - 83 -
3.6.5.4.2 Gear and pinion geometry calculation ................................................................. - 83 -
3.6.5.4.3 Speed calculation .................................................................................................... - 84 -
3.6.5.4.4 Stress analysis AGMA system ............................................................................... - 84 -
3.6.5.4.5 Bending stress analysis .......................................................................................... - 84 -
3.6.5.4.6 Contact stress analysis ........................................................................................... - 85 -
3.6.5.4.7 Stress calculation: Bending stress calculation ..................................................... - 86 -
3.6.5.4.8 Contact stress calculation ...................................................................................... - 90 -
3.6.5.5 Material Selection for gear: ......................................................................................... - 92 -
3.6.5.6 Shaft design.................................................................................................................... - 93 -
3.6.5.7 Design of key and selection of bearing ...................................................................... - 104 -
3.6.5.8 Design of gearbox housing.......................................................................................... - 106 -
3.6.5.9 Frame selection............................................................................................................ - 106 -
Chapter four ........................................................................................................................................ - 107 -
4.0 Strength chemistries: Paper strength. ......................................................................................... - 107 -
4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. - 107 -
4.2 Mechanical treatment .................................................................................................................. - 107 -
Chapter five ......................................................................................................................................... - 109 -
5.0 Material cost and safety operations............................................................................................. - 109 -
5.1 Work flow of the machine .......................................................................................................... - 109 -
5.2 Material cost................................................................................................................................ - 110 -
CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................... - 112 -
RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................................................................... - 113 -
Reference ............................................................................................................................................. - 114 -

Figure
Figure No. 1 paper shredding machine
Figure No. 2sectional view of shredding machine
Figure No. 3 force distribution of the cutting surface of tool and geometry of cutting angles and
force components
Figure No. 4 (a) cross-section of a V-belt and 6(b) cross-section of a V-grooved pulley
Figure No. 5. V- Belt derive cross section
Figure No. 6. The single-row-deep-groove roller bearing
Figure No. 7.Cross sectional area of the splined shaft
Figure No.8. Force distribution diagram
Figure No. 9. Shear force and bending diagram for shredding machine
Figure No. 10 screw conveyor
Figure No. 11. Geometry of shaft coupling
Figure No. 12 geometry of hanger and shaft
Figure No. 13 geometry of hanger
Figure No. 14 geometry of trough end bearings
Figure No. 15 geometry of trough end seal
Figure No. 16 geometry of flanged tubular trough
Figure No. 17 Discharge spouts and slide gates
Figure No. 18 mixer
Figure No. 19.sectional view of mixer machine
Figure No. 20.force acted on the blade of the mixer
Figure No. 21forces act on the shaft
Figure No. 22 (a) pitched-blade impeller and (b) down-pumping flows
Figure No. 23 mold pressing and leveling machine
Figure No. 24 radios of curvature for follower
Figure No. 25 structure of the Pressing weight arm
Figure No. 26 the load act over the plate length as distributed load
Figure No. 27 shear force and bending diagram of plate
Figure No. 28 geometry of shafts, pinion and gear
Figure No29 geometry of shaft 1
Figure No. 30 shaft 1 reaction forces
Figure No. 31 bending moment on shaft 1

Figure No. 32shear force and bending moment diagram for shaft 2
Figure No. 33 shear force and bending moment diagram for shaft 3
Figure No.37 Work flow of the machine is as follows
JIT, Jimma university - 10 -

Table
Table No. 1 shows the imported amount of the paper in Ethiopia in 2012
Table No. 2 Specification of shredding machine
Table No. 4 Dimensions of standard V-belts according to IS
Table No. 5. Standard pitch lengths of V-belts according to IS: 2494-1974
Table No. 6. Density of belt materials.
Table No.7.Dimensions of standard V-grooved pulleys according to IS: 2494–1974.
Table No.8. Recommended value of kb and kt
Table No. 9. The proportions of standard parallel, tapered and gib head keys
Table No. 10. Relation between conveyor speed, motor horsepower, shaft size, conveyor pipe and
standard screw size.
Table No. 11. Fill coefficient of section (λ)
Table No. 12. Flux decrement coefficient
Table No. 13. Material resistance coefficient
Table No. 14.Mechanical property of steel used for shaft
Table No. 15. Timing and speed ratio of pressing and leveling mechanism
Table No. 16. Property of low carbon steel stated
Table No. 17. Pulley materials
Table No. 18 belt joint efficiency
Table No. 19 diameter of pulley
Table No. 20. Belt width and width of pulley
Table No. 21 load distribution factor coefficients
Table No. 22 AGMA reliability factor
Table No. 23 load distribution factor coefficients used in determining
Table No. 24 AGMA reliability factor
Table No. 25 combined shock and fatigue factors as ASME shaft design equation
Table 26 bearing and key selection.
Table No 27. Overview of the most common strength aids of paper
Table No. 28 cost estimation

Nomenclature and abbreviation

d………………………………………………………….......Diameter of shaft
E………………………………………………………………Modulus of elasticity, energy, error
F……………………………………………………………...Force, fundamental dimension force
f………………………………………………………Coefficient of friction, frequency, function
g………………………………………………………….......Acceleration due to gravity, function
I………………………………………………………………Is moment of inertia of cross section
K……..Service factor, stress-concentration factor, stress-augmentation factor, torque coefficient
L……………………………………………………Length, fundamental dimension length
M………………………………………………………….......Moment vector, moment variant
Ma………………………………………………………..……Material factor
m………………………………………………………………Mass
N………………………………………………………….Normal force, number, rotational speed
n……………………………………………………………......Load factor, safety factor
P……………………………………………………………......Power of engine
p……………………………………………………………......Pitch
R…………………………………………………………..…….Reaction force, radius
r…………………………………………………………………Radius
S c……………………………………………………………….Contact stress
T………………………………………………………………...Torque vector, torque variant
t………………………………………………………………….Distance, time, tolerance
V………………………………………………………………...Linear velocity, volume
W…………………………………………………………...……weight
w ………………………………………………………………...Width
Y………………………………………………Distance from neutral axis of the outer most fiber
Δ…………………………………………………………………..Change, deflection
δb…………………………………………………………………..Deviation, elongation
ε………………………………………………………………True or logarithmic normal strain
σ……………………………………………………………………Normal stress
 …………………………………………………………………...Material density
μ……………………………………………………………………Coefficient of friction

ρ…………………………………………………………………....Density of the paper

σ……………………………………………………………............Normal stress
τ …………………………………………………………………....Shear stress
 s ………………………………………………………………..…Permissible shear stress

θ…………………………………………………………..Angle, Weibull characteristic parameter

Chapter one
1.0 Introduction
Recycling a material have long history in the world. Among those paper has a capability of
recycled and it can be processed to different output like paper, furniture and construction input.
Recycling paper is counted one of the best method to save nature.
In the past two decades the paper recycling technology is developed gradually and this
technology is new in Ethiopia. For the past few year paper is recycled to paper board (post card)
and used for decoration purpose in our country.
The designed machine, as a green technology, primarily recycled paper waste to furniture input,
which improve the timber consumption for furniture and create clean environment.
1.1 Problem statement
Based on the data reported by international institute for environment and development (IIED), the
average worldwide annual paper consumption is 48Kg per person and hundred tons of timber and
trees harvested for paper and furniture production annually.
The produced papers become waste after performing a required task and being disposed. Global
warming, human toxicity, water pollution, acidity and solid waste are the major global impact of
waste paper. Due to deforestation and sophisticated manufacturing process, the cost of furniture
increases through time. Every single tree provide oxygen enough for three people to breath,
recycling waste paper use 60% less energy and recycling half the world paper would free 20
million acres(4840 square yards) of forest land.[]
This problem is the risk for developing country like Ethiopia. The global warming, dirty
environment and human toxicity are the major problems emerge from waste paper within our
country. The price of furniture increases dramatically for last few years.
To reduce both problem, integrated solution is required that use the waste paper for other purpose
and reduce the deforestation and cost of furniture.
Recycling waste paper to furniture input kills both problems and is a green technology for our
country. This recycling waste paper to furniture input reduce virgin timber fiber demand for

furniture, reduce energy consumption by 65%, and reduce 30% greenhouse gases (methane
emission).[] The project also create clean environment, establish job opportunity for the
community.
Recycling waste paper to furniture input reduces the problem of waste paper, decrease cost of
furniture and reduce deforestation.
1.2. Objective
1.2.1 General object
The main objective of the project is to design waste paper recycling machine for furniture input
that converts easily available hundred tons of waste paper.
1.2.2 Specific objective
The specific objective includes to
 capable us with the ability of problem identification,
 generate alternative solution to the problem,
 suggest and model the solution design,
 Perform analysis
 Reduce deforestation and cost of furniture
 create clean environment and create job opportunity for the community
 Make technology transfer and support the country economic development.
1.3 Scope of the project
This project was conducted to design waste paper recycling machine with a processing capacity of
80 kg paper per hour for furniture inputs. The project scoped to perform the design analysis
including the drawing and simulation.

1.4 Methodology
The tools we used to gathering the required information includes
 direct field observations

 survey
 web search
The main procedure we follow to reach the final design includes
1. Identify the problem

2. Define or “refine” the problem
3. Gather information
4. Develop alternate solutions
5. Select and refine the best solution
6. Express the design solution and make design calculation and analysis, evaluate, revise,
and refine
1.5 Significance of project
 It improves furniture production and reduce deforestation

 It minimize waste paper pollution
 Create clean area and green technology
 Create secure job opportunity
 Reduce greenhouse effect (methane and oxygen emission)

Chapter Two
2.0 Literature review
2.1 Background
Wood is certainly, as stones, the first material that has been used by humanity in a technological
goal. It’s a really light material, regarding its excellent mechanical properties that allow its use for
building technology or as a tool. Also, it’s an easy source of energy that provides a lot of heat by
combustion. Nowadays, wood is still a very important material, but its use has completely changed:
Indeed, there is no more need to burn wood for lighting or making arrows to attack our enemies.
There are two main technologies to go from a tree to a piece of paper. The first one is the pulping
technology. It consists of releasing the cellulose fibers from the whole wood structure. In this work,
this pulping has been made using a digester and chemical additives. The second technology is the
paper technology. It includes the bleaching process and the fibers reorganization. Environmental
aspects. One of the most used materials in the world is the plastic, made from oil. It is a very
pollutant material. The goal would be to replace things made in plastic by things made by
plasticized wood.
Paper recycling technology is started around 1800s in England and then this technology was
developed in different countries especially in japan. Now a day annually around 60% of paper is
recycled to paper and in last few decades this waste paper is recycled to furniture. [The
reapplication of an old technology with an Eco material by Dr. Hany M.EI. said, international
design journal volume 4, Egypt]
2.2 What is wood?
From a material science point of view, wood is a composite material, composed of cellulose fibers
in a matrix of lignin and hemicellulose.

2.3 Status in Ethiopia
2.3.1 The current demand of wood
In Ethiopia, natural forests and plantations are important in maintaining environmental stability,
providing fuel wood, saw logs, building posts and poles. They are also used for household
consumption and as a source of industrial raw material. They also provide a variety of non-wood
The current demand for industrial wood in the whole of the country is estimated at about 400,000
m 3 per year. Projection for the year 2014 according to EFAP report of 1994 is 1.6 million cubic
meters. The annual demand for construction wood is estimated to be 2.1 million m 3, which is
anticipated to be 4.2 million m 3 by the year 2014. [EFAP, 1994]
2.3.2 Pulp and paper demand
Ethiopia does not produce its own pulp, but only paper. There are two paper-producing factories.
The paper mill uses imported pulp and waste paper as its raw material. The mill produces some
9500 metric tons per annum of different qualities of finished paper. All pulp used for the process
is imported at an annual cost of about US 8 million dollars. Demand for the product is increasing
with population growth, urbanization, expansion of education and other social services. The
following table shows the imported amount of the paper in 2012.

Table No. 1 shows the imported amount of the paper in Ethiopia in 2012
S.N Particular Time of Source

information
01 Country Ethiopia http://en.wikipedia.org
02 Population in million 91.2
03 Total pulp/paper/ 0.078 2012
paperboard production
03.1 Packaging 0.012
03.2 News print 0.013
03.3 Writing and print 0.038 FAO
03.4 Others 0.015
04 Imports 0.064
05 Exports 0.0
06 Net consumption 0.142
07 Per capita consumption 1.56
(kg./year/ person )
08 No. of pulp /paper mills
09 Main row materials
10 Major companies
All Production, Import, Export and Net Consumption numbers are in Million Metric Tons
(1,000,000,000 Kg.) [Adapted from Wikipedia by Laufenberg release liner]
2.4 Paper recycling technology
The life-cycle of a ton of paper, from production to recycling, results in the generation of about 9
tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) - equivalent greenhouse gas emissions. Disposal in a landfill, in lieu
of recycling, results in two more tons of such emissions per year. [16]
This technology is a green technology which used waste paper as the input to produce paper and
other products. It play an important role in reducing environmental pollution.

Chapter three
3.0 Part design and analysis
3.1 Conceptual design: Mechanism and Working principle of the machine
The waste paper to furniture processing machine working principles are; at first the paper
collecting process is takes place, at this stage unwanted materials like plastic, solid particles and
wires are removed from the collected paper manually, after removing un wanted material the paper
will be on shredding machine .The cutting stage used to shred the paper in to small piece of paper
which enhance them to bond tightly and highly to make them have the ability of tightening and
compatibility. After cutting is performed then with the help of screw conveyor belt the papers
transported in to mixer and then chemicals are added to the system and mixed at the mixing
chamber to form mold. The mixing process is takes place through the pitch impeller blade, which
is motor driven. As the motor rotate the shaft the blade is rotated with shaft. After the mixing
process, the formed mold is drawn to the pattern and pressed by the cam mechanism to get the
required shape and strength it is dried naturally. The pattern help the mold to have the desired
shape. Finally the pressed mold treated to increase surface hardness and then painted to get some
required strength and decoration.
3.2 General machine specification
Processing capacity = 80Kg paper per hour (assumption, based on the country paper consumption
and assume about 75% become waste annually)
Milling type = Shredder
Pressing mechanism = Cam mechanism
Conveying system = Screw and belt
Speed reduction mechanism = Pulley and gearbox
3.3 Design of shredding mechanism

Figure No. 1 paper shredding machine
3.3.1 Introduction
Shredder machine is used to shred the waste paper in small paper.it has rotary part and stator
blades. The machine shred the paper by the principle of shearing principle between the rotary blade
and the stator blade. The power transmitted to the blade from the motor through the V-Belt drive.
The material of the shredder cutter is made of the stainless steel has the ability to resist the friction
and the rusting condition.

Figure No. 2 sectional view of shredding machine
3.3.2 Design specification
The design of shredder machine will have the following parts to be designed:
1. Force analysis on the cutter

2. Design of v-belt drive
3. Design of coupling system
4. Design of the shaft
5. Design of shredder housing
Table No. 2 Specification of shredding machine
1 Motor power 3hp
2 Mass of each cutter is 1.4 kg
3 Diameter of the disc 250 mm
4 Capacity of the machine 80 kg/hr
5 Dimension of the cutter blade 348*384.36mm
6 Face width of the cutter 8 mm

3.3.3 Force analysis of the cutter blade.
The specific cutting force required to cut specific volume of paper is evaluated from the analysis
of the forces acting on the cutter and the angle of actions, with the following assumptions:
In the experimental analyses done by [Strojniški vestnik - Journal of Mechanical Engineering
55(2009)10, 633-640], cutting forces (F) of 154.687N per area formed during cutting of different
types of paper in average. Cutting forces are applied in normal and tangential load distributions
over the main cutting surface and cutting accessory (Fig. 3).
Different models formed with angles of 20, 22, 24, 26, 28 and 30° for each paper type have been
used to investigate stresses on the blade angle (α). In the analyses friction between the blade and
the paper is ignored.
 An orthogonal cutting situation is assumed in order to determine the specific forces

involved in cutting. For the purpose of simplification, the dead weight of the paper is
assumed insignificant in relation to the existing forces.
 An estimated maximum cutting force (F) value of 154.687N per gram of paper at 28° rake
angle is used for design calculation.
In the determination of cutting forces, face width of the cutting tool, maximum strength of paper
etc., and consideration is given to the dynamics of geometry of cutting. The simulated components
of the knife and the cutting force geometry is considered.
Figure No. 3 force distribution of the cutting surface of tool and geometry of cutting angles and
force components.
Force distribution of the cutting surface of tool.Geometry of cutting angles and force components
(where the angle notations in the figure are defined as follows: α = Tool rake angle. A rake angle
of 28o is selected). Action of forces on the knife during the paper cutting is represented with the
following force systems analysis indicating forces and angles as drawn in (Figure 5). Applying
trigonometry, the forces acting on the knife and the paper is given by the following relationships:
F=154.687N, α=280
T  0.9F  139.2183N ,
S  0.1F =15.4687N
SN  0.1F sin  =7.2621N
SR  0.1F cos  =13.657N,
Where T= tangential force on the cutter tip
S=surface force on the paper cutter tool surface
SN= normal force between the surface of the cutter on the paper
SR=radial force act on the cutter centripetal force drag the paper and the cutter radial in
ward to the centre. For given cutting conditions, the work done is proportional to Fc,
3.3.3.1 Kinetic Energy of the Rotating Disc:
In rotation, a sufficient torque is required to keep the disc spinning at constant angular velocity ω
in the absence of resistive force needed to cut the paper. The disc inertia is calculated from the
relation
I = 0.5 mR2 (kg·m2)=0.01059kgm2, m=1.3998kg/disc, R=0.123m

3.3.3.2 Kinetic Energy of Disc:
The disc is a rigid body rotating about a line through the centre of mass and thus possessing a
rotational kinetic energy (Er) which is simply the sum of the kinetic energies of its moving parts,
and thus it is equal to:
Er = 0.5I2 = 0.5I (v/r) 2=0.8344J
Where Er is the kinetic energy in joules, m is the mass in kilograms, ω is angular velocity given by
(V/r) = 12.553rad·s-1, r is the distance of any mass m from that line, and v is the speed in meters
per second.
3.3.4 Power Required to Drive Shaft:
Power required to drive the cutter is given by
Pd = Fv = mv3/R=923.177W
Where Pd = power required to drive the shaft, F = centripetal force acting on the periphery of the
disc = mV2/R, m = Total mass of the cutter unit, R = Radius of disc., V = Disc velocity = πDn, n
is given by the ratio of n between the gear and the disc.
Power required in driving the cut the paper is 0.9232kw within the over load factor.
Power required to cut the paper is given by:
Pc=Fc*V=154.687*1.5449=238.976N
Total power used by the cutter is given:
Pt= Pd +Pc=1162.153W, if the over load factor is 1.44 the designed power is 1.6778 KW

3.3.5 V – Belt derive used for the power transmission
Figure No. 4 (a) cross-section of a V-belt and 6(b) cross-section of a V-grooved pulley
Figure No. 5 V- belt derive cross section
Types of V-belts and Pulleys According to Indian Standards (IS: 2494 – 1974), the V-belts are
made in five types i.e. A, B, C, D and E. The dimensions for standard V-belts are shown in Table
The pulleys for V-belts may be made of cast iron or pressed steel in order to reduce weight. The
dimensions for the standard V-grooved pulley according to IS: 2494 – 1974, are shown in Table.

Table No. 3 Dimensions of standard V-belts according to IS
Type of Power Minimum pitch diameter Top width (b) Thicknes Weight per
belt ranges in of pulley (D) mm mm s(t) mm meter length in
kw newton
A 0.7-3.5 75 13 8 1.06
B 2-15 125 17 11 1.89
C 7.5-75 200 22 14 3.43
D 20-150 355 32 19 5.96
E 30-350 500 38 23 -
. The following table shows the standard pitch lengths for the various types of belt.
Table No. 4. Standard pitch lengths of V-belts according to IS: 2494-1974[3]

3.3.6. Density of Belt Materials
The density of various belt materials are given in the following table (from Kurmi and Gubta,
Design of Machine elements)
Table No. 5 Density of belt materials. [3]
Material of belt Mass density in kg/m3

Leather 1000
canvass 1220
Rubber 1140
Belt 1110
Single woven belt 1170
3.3.7 Design of motor shaft
Assumption:
 The weight of the pulley is negligible

 Weight of the shaft is negligible
 The pulley is at the center of the shaft
Vertical load
F v 0
RAV  RBV  TPV  0 .......................(i)
TPV  T1  T 2  sin    231.543  114.998 sin 32.878  63.267 N
from (i ) we have RAV  RBV  63.267 N
M A  0,
RBV  300  TPV 150  0
RBV  31.6335 N
from (i) wecan gate RAV  RBV  31.6335N
for horizontal the force analysis onthe shaft
F H 0
RAH  RBH  TPH  0 .............................(ii)
TPH  T1  T2  cos   (231.543  114.998) cos32.878  291.0349 N
 MA  0
RBH  300  TPH 150  0
RBH  145.517 N , RAH  RBH  145.517 N

Force and bending moment distribution diagram
Bending moment at A and B is zero therefore maximum bending moment is formed at the center
of the shaft. For horizontal force the bending momentum at the center of the shaft will be
M CH  RAH 150mm  145.517 150  21.827 103 Nmm

M CV  RAV 150mm  31.6335 150  4.745 103 Nmm
M C max  M CH 2  M CV 2  21.8272  4.7452  22.337 Nmm
The equivalent twisting moment due to the power transmitted is
M CH  RAH 150mm  145.517 150  21.827 103 Nmm

M CV  RAV 150mm  31.6335 150  4.745 103 Nmm
M C max  M CH 2  M CV 2  21.8272  4.7452  22.337 Nmm
The equivalent torsional bending moment is given by
60  P 60  2585.26
Te    25.729 103 Nmm
2 N1 2  960
Me   km  M c max 2   Kt  Te 2  1.5  22.337 2  1.5  25.7292  51.108 103 Nmm,

where km  1.5 and kt  1.5
But we haveTe givenby
 3
Te  d  , the allowable shear stress is 42MPa
16
d  18.372mm, say the diameter is 20 mm

3.3.7.1 Pulley of the motor
Dimension of v-grooved according to IS: 2494–1974 from table above for A type belt;
Table No. 6 Dimensions of standard V-grooved pulleys according to IS: 2494–1974. (All
dimensions in mm) [3]
Standard Pitch Lengths of V-belts According to IS: 2494-1974, the V-belts are designated by its
type and nominal inside length.For example, a V-belt of type Aand inside length 914 mm is
designated as A914–IS: 2494.
According to IS: 2494-1974, the pitch length is defined as the circumferential length of the belt at
the pitch width (i.e.the width at the neutral axis) of the belt. The value of the pitch width remains
constant for each type of belt irrespective of the groove angle.The pitch lengths are obtained by
adding to inside length: 36 mm for type A, 43 mm for type B, 56 mm for type C, 79 mm for type
D and 92 mm for type E
W=11mm, d=12mm, a=303mm, c=8.7mm, f=10mm, e=15mm
No sheave groove (n) =6
We know that face width
B= (n-1) (e+2f)
B= (6-1) (15+2*10) =175mm

3.3.7.2 Design of key
Dimension of key for shaft diameter 20mm from standard table is given by
Width, w=8mm and Thickness, t=7mm
Length of the key
l =L= 1.5 d=1.5*20mm=30mm
Safe stress for key material =46 MPa
Let us now check the induced shear stress in the key. We know that the torque transmitted (T),
T=22.729Nm, calculated from power transmitted
d
22.729 103 Nmm  l  w  k   30  8  k 10
2
 k  9.470 N / mm2  9.470MPa
 Since the induced shear stress is less than the safe shear stress. Therefore the design is safe.
3.3.8. Bearing selection
The type of bearing suitable for this type of

loading will be “the single-row-deep-groove
roller bearing’’. It is selected because of its
increased load capacity when force is applied
radially and its low cost, being almost
maintenance free and for its operational ease.
Figure No. 6 the single-row-deep-groove roller bearing [3]
From standard table of principal dimensions for radial ball bearings, for bore of 40mm outside
diameter=90mm and width=23mm.

3.3.9 Shaft design for the cutter shaft
The shaft is subjected to two forms of directional loadings: vertical loading and horizontal loading.
The spline types of shaft is used for the cutter shaft. The spline shaft has both key and shaft at same
Figure No. 7 cross sectional area of the splined shaft
The Vertical loads resulted from: loads due to weight of pulley acting downward, the applied
torque (loads due to tension in the belt), loads due to weight of cutter and shaft, and reactions at
the supports (bearings). The Horizontal loading resulted from; loads due to tangential force exerted
by the pulley and reactions at the supports due to the tangential force.
Assumption made during the design for the shaft:
 Neglect the shear force between the paper and the cutting tool, because of the
coefficient of shear friction and the normal force is very low compared other
loading factor
 Neglect the paper weight. Since the weight of the paper is negligible compared to
the weight of the cutter weight.
 Neglect weight of the shaft compared to the weight of the cutting tool distribution
3.3.10 Bending momentum and force distribution diagram.
From bending momentum diagram shown below the maximum bending momentum is formed at
A Which is 75.054Nm in the positive direction .assume the factor of safety is 1.5, then the
maximum bending momentum is become 112.580Nm.Equivalent moment of the forces Meq is

given by [3] .According to the maximum shear stress theory,
M eq  k T
t m
2
 kb M Bm2 
Figure No.8 Force distribution diagram

Table No. 7 interpretation of values of reaction force and moments from diagram
Figure No. 9 shear force and bending diagram for shredding machine

Where Tm = Torsional moment in shaft (133.580 Nm, calculated in equation above;
Meq = Equivalent moment (112.580Nm). And from the table the recommended value of kb and kt
Let us take minor shock conditions Kb=2, and kt=1.5
Table No. 8 recommended value of kb and kt [3]
Nature of loading kb Kt
Stationary shaft
Gradually applied load 1 1
Suddenly applied load 1.5 – 2 1.5 - 2
Revolving shaft
Steadily applied load 1.5 1
Minor shock load 1.5 – 2 1 – 1.5
Heavy shock load 2.0 – 3.0 1.5 – 3.0
M eq  1.5133.583   2 112.580   301.408Nm

2 2

M eq  d 3  301.408 103 Nmm, the allowable shear stress is 42MPa
16
d  33mm 40mm
3.3.11 Design of cutter shaft pulley
Dimension of v-grooved according to IS: 2494–1974 from table above for A type belt;
W=11mm, d=12mm, a=303mm, c=8.7mm, f=10mm, e=15mm
Number of sheave groove (n) =6
We know that face width
B= (n-1) (e+2f)

B= (6-1) (15+2*10) =175mm
3.3.11.1 Design of for key
The following table shows the proportions of standard parallel, tapered and gib head keys,
According to IS: 2292 and 2293-1974 (Reaffirmed 1992).
Table No. 9 the proportions of standard parallel, tapered and gib head keys [3]
Standard dimension of key for shaft dimension 40mmare:

Width key=17mm
Thickness=8 mm
Length of the key
l =L= 1.5 d=1.5*40mm=60mm
Crushing stress of the key 70MPa
Safe stress for key material =46 MPa
Let us now check the induced shear stress in the key. We know that the torque transmitted (T),
T=205.8328Nm calculated from power transmitted
d
205.8328 103 Nmm  l  w  k   60 17  k  20
2
 k  10.089 N / mm2  10.089MPa

 Since the induced shear stress is less than the safe shear stress. Therefore the design is safe.
Now considering crushing of the key. We know that shearing strength (or torque transmitted) of
the key,
t d
T  l   c 
2 2
4T
c   42.882MPa
ltd
3.3.12.2 Bearing selection
Bearing selection from the catalog table for shaft diameter 40mm and bore diameter of bearing
34.16mm co is 13.083 KN where co is dynamic load
Pa\co = 510.657\13.083= 0.039
From table e = 0.2357 so
Pa\ pr = 0.7939 which is greater than 0.2357 so from table X and Y is 0.56 and 1.88 respectively
Pe = XVpr + Ypa
Where pr is radial lode, pa is axial lode and V is Self-aligning bearings are an Exception: they
have V = 1 for rotation of either ring.
Pe = 0.56 * 1 * 642.225 + 1.88*510.657
Pe = 1.3203KN
C= pe (l)1\3 = 1.323KN ( 57.6)
Where is C is dynamic lode and L = (60*960*1000)\ 1000000
L = 57.6 mm
C= pe (l)1\3 = 1.323KN ( 57.6) 1\3 = 5.0284KN
Now from table for radial ball bearing of series 20 table from [2] for shaft diameter shows
Co = 13.083 KN static lode
Bore diameter
dB = 34.16 mm
There for the bearing may be selected safely possible bearing could be depend on the C value.
Ball bearing is self-aligning ball bearing number 207 is selected
With the same method for Bore diameter 350mm outside diameter is OD = 72mm and width =
17mm

For motor bearing selecting radial ball bearing number 303 is selected
So that Bd = 17 mm, OD = 47mm and width = 14mm
From standard table of principal dimensions for radial ball bearings, for bore of 20mm outside
diameter=52mm and width=14mm.
3.3.12.3 Lubrication system of the bearing
The bearing is lubricated through life lubrication ones during the manufactured at the
manufacturing company. Therefore, no need of the bearing lubrication system
3.3.13 Rigidity in Shaft
For torsional load, torsional stress is given by

16M t 16 133.583
 xy    10.636 106 Pa
d 3
  0.043
 xy  10.636MPa
Since the maximum shear stress ( 10.636MPa ) is less than the maximum allowable shear stress
(42MPa), the design is safe
Bending stress
32M b 32 112.580
b  3
  56.290 106 Pa
d 0.04
 b  56.290MPa
Since the bending stress is less than the maximum allowable bending stress, the design is safe.
3.3.14 Spacer (washer)
The washer is inserted between two consecutive rotary cutter.is used to anchor the cutter
horizontally from sliding along the axis of the shaft.
The dimension of the washer is as follows;
Inner diameter is same as that of splined shaft 40mm
Thickness is 5mm and face width is 9.19mm
3.3.15 Frame design
The frame is used to support overall system of the components from falling down and also balance
the all system. The frames are fixed at the floor.

Its length is given by 500 x 800 x 1330mm and the material is made up of steel and L-shaped and
square shaped.
3.4 Design of Screw conveyor
Screw conveyor are used to move materials over a trough by a rotating screw. This is formed by a
helical blade attached to a drive shaft which is coupled to a drive and supported by end bearings
and by inner bearings. Screw conveyors have become precision pieces of equipment that can move
materials either horizontally, on an incline or vertically. They can be used as feeders, distributors,
collectors or mixers and can be equipped to either heat or cool while performing the task. With
proper covers and casketing they become weatherproof, dust tight and rodent proof. Their compact
design allows them to fit easily into restricted areas that would otherwise be unsuitable for most
types of bulk material handling equipment. They are simple to install and support and require very
little maintenance. Per foot, they are undoubtedly one of the most economical types of bulk
material handling equipment available today. Components of screw conveyor are shaft, blade,
bearings, hanger, trough ends, conveyor housing, support feet, feed, discharge supports, bolts etc.
Figure No. 10 screw conveyor

Table No. 10 relation between conveyor speed, motor horsepower, shaft size, conveyor pipe and
standard screw size.
[Table taken from screw conveyor catalogue and engineering manual, page 22 table 9.]
To use Table 12, determine the intersection point between the conveyor speed and the motor
horsepower and read the shaft size, conveyor pipe and standard screw size along the bottom.
By taking 3 H.P motor capacity and 25rpm we can get 0.052m of shaft diameter and 0.255m of
standard screw diameters. Or Screw diameter is usually 12 times bigger than the diameter of the
material particles being transported for homogeneous material and 4 times bigger than the bigger
diameter of the material particles being transported for heterogeneous material.

For the shaft diameter of 0.0508m and screw diameter 0.255m the following components are
designed accordingly by taking one of the shaft or screw diameter.
3.4.1 Design calculation for screw conveyor
Conveyor housing area (m2)
 D2
A
4
Where D is screw diameter Conveyor housing area (m2)
 D2  0.06502 2
A  0.4 m
4 4
A  0.0817m2
 Is fill coefficient of the section  lower than unity or 1 we gate from table
Table No. 11 fill coefficient of section (λ)
Type of load λ
Light not abrasive 0.4
Light and a little abrasive 0.32
Heavy and a little abrasive 0.25
Heavy and abrasive 0.125
3.4.2 Material flux calculation
Material flux Q is 80kg/hr. is so that we can simply fin the traveling speed of the conveyor from
the following formula of material flux
Q  3600 V  k  
Where K is flux decrement coefficient is taken from table
A is conveyor housing filled
V is traveling speed of conveyor
 is material density (paper density 800kg/m3)

Table No. 11 Flux decrement coefficient

Conveyor housing 0O 5O 10O 15O 20O
inclination
K 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6
Q  3600 V  k    A
Q  3600 V  0.6  800  0.0817, travelling speed (m / s)
80
V
3600  0.6  800  0.0817
V  5.6662 104 Mm / s
Screw pitch: Is usually between 0.5 and 1 times its diameter and bigger for a lighter load so let’s
take 0.8 *D as pitch diameter.
tn
V
60
Where t is screw pitch diameter (0.8x0.255) and let’s find Screw rotating speed (rpm) n
tn 0.8  0.25m  n
V 
60 60
V  60
n
0.8  0.255
n  0.1666rpm
Screw rotating speed (rpm) n = 0.1666rpm
Screw speed inversely proportional to:
 Weight of the bulk material
 Abrasive materials
 Screw diameter
3.4.3 Power required by conveyor
P= PH + PN + P St
Where PH is power required to move material horizontally in kilowatt
PN is power required to operate on unloading screw in kilowatt
PSt is power required for an inclination screw conveyor in kilowatt
And

g
PH  Co  Q  L 
3600
Where Co is material resistance coefficient for sawdust which approaches to paper taken from
below table.
Table No. 12 material resistance coefficient
Material Material resistance coefficient (Co)
Flour, sawdust, granular 1.2
Peat fiber, soda, coal dust 1.6
Anthracite, coal, rock salt 2.5
Gypsum, dry clay, fine soil, cement, lime, sand 4
Where L is installation length (5m) and Co is 1.2
g
PH  Co  Q  L 
3600
1.2  80  5
PH   1.307 Kw
367
PH= 1.307kw is required to move material horizontally
Power required to operate on unloading screw
DL
PN  ,Where D is diameter of screw and L is installation length
20
0.255  5
PN   0.063Kw
20
The value of PN is much lower than power required to move the material
Power required for an inclination screw conveyor
H
Pst  Q 
367
Where H is installation height
0.255  5
PN   0.063Kw
20
5m
20o H
From this relation

H  5sin 200  1.710m

80 1.710
PSt 
367
PSt  0.372Kw
Finally power required is the summation of those three powers
P= PH + PN + P St
P= 1.307kw+0.063kw+0.372kw
P= 1.742kw
3.4.4 Shafts coupling
Figure No. 11 geometry of shaft coupling
Where the valus of the above diamentions( alphabetes) are listed bilow
A= 50.8mm, B= 555.8mm ,C= 22.225mm, D= 76’2mm,E= 22.225mm,F=50.8mm ,G( boltes )=

15.875mm
3.4.4.1 Hanger and shaft
Figure No. 12 geometry of hanger and shaft

Where A= 50.8mm, B =21.27mm, C= 22.22mm, D= 76.2mm, E= 22.22mm, F=6.66mm and
G (bolts) = 15.87mm.
3.4.4.2 Hanger
The Style 226 hanger is the most commonly used in screw conveyor applications. Its narrow size
and low profile maintains rigidity without compromising the material flow. It is designed to
mount flush with the trough flanges and therefore will not obstruct the trough cover which makes
its use desirable with dust and weather tight covers.
Figure No. 13 geometry of hanger
For the screw diamention of 0.255m the folowng datas are taken from the table
Where A= 279.4mm, B= 20mm, C= 50.8mm, E= 26.67mm, F= 101.6mm, G= 25.4mm, k=

6.35mm and bolt hight H is 9.525mm.
3.4.5 Trough end bearings
Ball Bearing Flange Unit: Flange bearings of this type are commonly used on the non-thrust end
of a screw conveyor. The gray iron housing incorporates a heavy duty single row ball bearing
that is self-aligning and has a good radial load capacity.

Figure No. 14 geometry of trough end bearings
Where A= 50.8mm, B= 77.47mm, C= 30mm, D= 60mm, E= 17.44mm and F is 14mm.
3.4.6 Collar and Washer Thrust Assemblies:
Assemblies of this type are used in conjunction with sleeve type bearings in applications where
light thrust loads are encountered. The collar, washer and grooved shaft are mounted outside the
trough and are intended for use at the discharge end of the conveyor with the conveyor screw in
tension.
3.4.7 Bronze Washer Thrust Assemblies:
The bronze washer assembly is mounted inside the conveyor trough at the inlet end and is
designed to handle light, compression thrust loads. It consists of a bronze washer mounted
between two machined steel washers fitted between the trough end and pipe. Due to its interior
location it is exposed continuously to the material being conveyed and thus in some instances has
a limited life.
3.4.8 Trough end seal
Plate Seal: Plate type seals are a simple, economical yet effective device which can be bolted
between the trough end and flange bearing or used in conjunction with a shelf type trough end.
Standard units incorporate a braided packing material that is compressed around the conveyor
shaft when the seal is tightened in position to the trough end, however can also be supplied with
a lip type seal if required.
Figure No. 15 geometry of trough end seal
Where A= 50.8mm, B= 95mm, D= 82.5mm F (bolts) = 15.87mm.
3.4.8.1Troughs: Flanged Tubular Troughs:
Tubular housings are inherently dust and weather tight. They are most often used when full cross
sectional loads must be maintained such as in steep angle conveying. The trough section consists
of two semi-circular halves bolted together along the flanges to form a tubular housing.
Figure No. 16 geometry of flanged tubular trough
Where A= 279.44mm, C= 13.9mm, D= 307.34mm
3.4.8.2 Discharge spouts and slide gates
Standard discharge spouts: are fabricated in various thicknesses depending on the gauge of the
trough and are generally shop welded in position to the trough. They can however be furnished
loose for field installation. The bottom flanges are drilled with the standard discharge bolt pattern
for interchangeability and convenient assembly.
Figure No. 17 Discharge spouts and slide gates
Where A= 279.4mm, B= 228.6mm, E= 304.8mm and G is 8mm.
[All the above standards are taken from screw conveyor catalogue and engineering manual, page
40 - 84.]
3.4.9 Frame design

Based on the working condition and loading mechanism, we suggest strong and tough material
that support the load and the press effect. Based on the requirement we select 30x30mm
rectangular cast iron.

3.5 Mixer design
Figure No. 18 mixer Figure No. 19 sectional view of mixer machine
3.5.1 Design specification
 Cylinder diameter 120 cm

 Height of cylinder 170 cm
 Motor horse power 2 (1.491kw)
 Capacity of mixing mass per hour – 90 kilogram per 1 hour
 Rotating (angular) speed of motor is 900 rpm
 Length of shaft 130 cm
3.5.2 Design of shaft that used for the fine paper mixing
A shaft is a machine element which is used to transmit power from one place to another. Also used
for the transmission of torque and bending moment. Various members are mounted on the shaft
by means of Keys or Spline (a thin strip of wood or metal) in case of this project metal is used for
the bleed mounted on shaft which is helpful for the mixing and cutting process.
Shafts are usually cylindrical, but may use square or cross sectional in section. They are solid in
cross section but sometimes hollow shafts are used. In this case cylindrical and solid shafts are
used.
There are three types of vibration that are encountered with shafts:
 Lateral vibration
 Shaft whirl
 Tensional vibration
3.5.3 Material used for shaft
Material used for shaft should have the following properties

 It Should have high strength
 It Should have good machine ability
 It Should have low notch sensitivity factor
 It Should have good heat treatment property
 It Should have high wear resistance property
 It should resists vibration
Based on the above reasons and criteria we prefer an alloy steel
Material used for ordinary shaft is carbon steel of grades is 40c8, 45c8, 50c4, 50c12. If high
strength is required then an alloy steel such as nickel, nickel chromium or chrome vanadium steel
are used. [3]
Table No. 13 Mechanical property of steel used for shaft [3]
carbon steel of grades Ultimate tensile strength in Yield strength in Mpa

Mpa
40 c 8 560 – 670 320
45 c 8 610 – 700 350
50 c 4 640 – 760 370
50 c 12 700 min 390

3.5.4 Maximum permissible working stress for transmission shaft
According to American society of mechanical engineering (ASME) code for the design of
transmission shafts,
The maximum permissible sheer stress may be taken as
 56Mpa for shaft without allowance for key ways and
 42Mpa for shaft with allowance for key ways
The maximum permissible working stress in tensile or compression may be taken as
 112Mpa for a shaft without allowance for key way
 84Mpa for a shaft with allowance for key way
Shafts designed on the basis of Strength and rigidity and stiffness
So this project is laid on the strength which includes shaft subjected to bending moment.
When the shaft is subjected to a bending moment then the maximum stress (tensile or compression)
is given by the bending equation
M b
 ………………………… equation 1
I Y
 Where , M – is bending moment
I - Is moment of inertia of cross section area of the shaft about axis of rotation
b  Is bending stress and

Y – is distance from neutral axis of the outer most fiber.
We now that for a round solid shaft the moment of inertia

3.5.5 Force analysis on the blade and shaft
The force acted on the blade of the mixer are torsional stress and centripetal force on the shaf
Mg
Figure No. 20 force acted on the blade of the mixer

The force mg has two components the centripetal force and the normal force to the blade.
FN  mg sin  , where is angleofblade fromvertical whichis 450
FN  624.304 N
Ft  mgcas450  624.304 N
Power required the blade
P  FN V  624.304 11.304W  7.0571KW 9.5hp

Torque transmitted by the blade is calculated as follows
60  P
T  124.86 Nm
2 N
 Where P – is power of engine

T – Torque transmitted by the shaft.
N – Speed of the engine,
By rearranging equation 2 we get d  0.125D  8mm
 Where T – is torque transmitted by shaft
 s Permissible shear stress in the shaft

d – Diameter of shaft
So by rearranging the above equation

T 16
d3 
  s
The maximum permissible sheer stress ( s ) is 42Mpa for shaft with allowance for key ways
124.860 Nm 16
d3 
  42MPas
124.860 Nm 16
d3  24.743mm, say the diameter of the shaft is 32mm
  42MPas
After we calculate the diameter Now we can calculate, deflection (σ), axial lode on shaft and
bending moment of the shaft
Figure No. 21 forces act on the shaft
Since we have diameter of we can calculate cross section of shaft as follow
d2
A
4
  0.0322
A  8.038 104 m2
4
F  mg
Where m is mass of paper to be mixed
F  90kg  9.81m / s 2
F  882.9 N
Deflection of shaft also calculated as follow
Where F is force, L is length, A is area and E is yang’s modules for alloy steel
Ft

AE
882.9 1.3
 9
 1.463 105 m
0.00080384 100 10

Tangential force at the blade teeth for the chosen radius of blade is 20cm
Also Centripetal force that keeps the blade motion uniform can be calculated from analysis of
constant speed
FC  mr N 2 , Where mr is mass of paper mixed
r is radius of blade and
N is rotating (angular) speed of motor.

FC  mv2  57.501KN
By using centripetal force of the blade mounted at the end of the axial shaft Reaction force and
bending moment of the shaft can be calculated easily as follow
The axial shaft Reaction at blade (Rb) will calculated
Fc  Rb  0
Rb   Fc  57.501KN
Bending moment at blade  M b 
t
M b Fc ( )  0
2
57.501KN
 M b  2 1.3
 M b  37.3756KNm
Large shaft diameters ensure long and trouble free life, with the operating speed designed to
operate at 30% below the critical speed of the system.
3.5.6 Selection of blade type
Axial-Flow Impellers: An example of an axial flow impeller is a pitched-blade impeller with

angled blades (Figure 37 a). This generates both axial and radial flow in low- to medium-viscosity
fluids, as shown in Figure 37 b with a down-pumping flow. The impeller produces slightly higher
shear at its blade surface than a hydrofoil does, which gives a good balance between pumping and

shear action. So this is considered to be a good general-purpose impeller. Therefore, we chose a

pitched-blade design with four blades.
The angle of a blade’s pitch influences several mixing properties, from the balance between axial
and radial flow to the pumping capability and shear rate. These combined effects affect both
mixing performance and flow patterns of a mixer. To ensure the pitch angle for pumping
directions, the perfect angle will be 45°.
Values of the just-suspended impeller speed decrease with increasing blade number. However,
impellers with lower blade number have lower torque.
Figure No. 22 (a) pitched-blade impeller and (b) down-pumping flows
Impeller Speed: It is important to operate a pitched-blade impeller at a speed that will ensure
turbulent flow. A pitched-blade impeller could achieve turbulence in the range of 100–200 rpm
for most applications.

3.5.7 Cylinder selection
Material for cylinder must have the following property
 It should have high corrosive resistance property

 It should have high wear resistance property
 It should be non-reactive with the working chemical etc.
Based on the above criteria stainless steel is selected.
3.5.8 Frame selection

that support the load and the press effect. Based on the requirement we select 30x30mm rectangular
cast iron.
3.6 Design of mold pressing and leveling system
Figure No. 23 mold pressing and leveling machine

3.6.1 System selection:
Why cam mechanism?
Commonly hydraulic and pneumatic system are used for pressing mechanism which give the
required amount of pressing load but we select cam mechanism pressing machine. Reason to
select cam follower mechanism
- The required load for pressing is minimum

- Du to design simplification
- Require simple maintenance, easy for manipulation
- Cost effective
- Easy to operate
There are different type of cam follower mechanism. From this variation we select tangent cm
with reciprocating roller follower mechanism.
3.6.2 Timing and speed ratio of pressing and leveling mechanism
Total length of chain is equals= 2(linear center to center distance of sprocket) + circumference of
sprocket= 2(2200mm) + 2π (200) = 5656.64mm = 5.65667m
If the chain travels 5.66/2m then the cam rotates half rotation. If the sprocket takes 10seconds to
travel over 5.66/2m, then the cam also requires 10 seconds to cover the half rotation to operate
both machine simultaneously. The radius of the sprocket is equals to 200mm.
Table No. 13 Timing and speed ratio of pressing and leveling mechanism
Sprocket Cam
Linear speed 5.65664/20 = 0.2528m/s 0.05rev/s*0.25m = 0.0125m/s
Angular speed v/r = 0.2528/ 0.2 = 1.414rev/s 0.5rev/10 second = 0.05rev/s
Required shaft speed 1.414*60 = 84.84Rpm 0.05*60 = 3Rpm

3.6.3 Design of tangent cam with reciprocating roller follower press
The motion is simple harmonic motion, rise for first 900, fall for next 900 and then dwell for
remaining 1800. For last 1800 the press machine hold the material pressed and simultaneously the
sprocket rotates at the lower half.
3.6.3.1 Cam mechanism design: Design specification
 Minimum cam radius (r1) = 120 mm

 Nose radius (r3) = 64mm
 Roller radius (r2) = 50mm
 Lift(s) = 250 mm
 Cam width = 50mm
 Roller width = 36mm
 Total lift weight = 1000N
 Speed = 3 rpm
3.6.3.2 Pitch radius
Pitch radius = cam radius +roller radius + lift= 120+ 50+ 250= 420.0mm
3.6.3.3 Pressure angle
Pressure angle depend on the velocity of the cam and follower. Cam velocity is equals to
0.0125m/s and the roller follower velocity equals to 0.05m/s, then pressure angle is
𝑉𝑓 0.05
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛾 = = 0.0125 = 4.0 , then 𝛾 = 75.96𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 ………..Vf- velocity of follower and Vc-
𝑉𝑐
velocity of cam
These equation give the pitch radius of a cam with a maximum pressure angle slightly less than
30 degree
3.6.3.4 Radius of curvature
Radius of curvature held constant and the radius of follower increased, the cam profile will
eventually become undercuts, and the follower will not follow the prescribed motion. To prevent
this, the least radius of curvature must be substantially greater than the radius of the follower.
However, the following methods gives sufficiently accurate results for an on-center translating
motion. Radius of curvature = radius of roller + radius of nose = 50+64 = 114.0mm
Figure No. 24 radios of curvature for follower
3.6.3.5 Cam shaft diameter
Usually before the cam has been designed the cam shaft diameter has been determined from stress
and deflection factors. The cam must have the hub of sufficient size to accommodate this shaft and
it key. The base radius of an open cam profile must be greater than the hub radius. This is also
necessary on closed cams where the hub is on the grooved side. We take the cam shaft diameter
based on motor shaft design result of shaft 6.
3.6.3.6 Force analysis
Cam forces: the forces acting on a cam include the inertia force, weight of elements, external loads.
Neglecting the friction between the roller follower and the cam profile. In order to keep the same
direction for the forces normal to the cam rod, the direction of rotation is opposite to. The force
acting on this system is to be determined. According to custom, forces acting to the left or upward
are considered positive, those acting to the right or downward being negative. Also
counterclockwise moments are positive and clockwise moments are negative.
Normal force: This force determines the contact stress between cam and roller. It is found by the
following equation,
𝑃 1000
𝑃𝑛 = = = 4122.0𝑁
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾 cos 75.96
Contact stress, Nomenclature
 C= radius factor

 Ec =modulus of elasticity of cam material

 Ef= modulus of elasticity of follower material
 M = material factor
 Pn = force normal to cam profile, N
 Rc = radius of curvature of pitch curve, mm
 Sc = contact stress, MPa
 L = width of cam face or follower, mm
 Rf= radius of roller follower, mm
The cam and roller follower manufactured from the same material which is low carbon steel,
then the property of low carbon steel stated on the table.
Table No. 14 property of low carbon steel stated [3 ]
Equations: the compressive stress between two elastic bodies in contact under load may be
calculated from the Hertz equation, which, applied to cam profile and roller follower is
1 1
0.35𝑃𝑛(𝑅𝑐±𝑟𝑓 ∓ 𝑟𝑓)
𝑆𝑐 = 1 1
𝐿(𝐸𝑐 + 𝐸𝑓)
This may be simplified to
3 𝑃𝑛𝐶 3 4122 ∗ 0.034

𝑆𝑐 = (10)3 √ = 103 √ = 46,655.5𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝐿𝑀 0.05 ∗ 0.0276
Where

M= (207+ 207 *109) / 0.35= 0.0276
If the radius of curvature (Rc) and the normal

force (Pn) are of the same sign (positive or
negative), the surface is convex; if they are of
opposite signs, the surface is concave, if Rc is
infinite, the surface is flat. Our orientation is
convex, then
C = 120/ [(120-50)50] = 0.034
Direct stress: this should be limited to the following values, the design stress should not exceed
one third the ultimate compressive stress. Deflection of the cam shaft, or misalignment of the roller
follower can greatly increase the contact stress. The shaft should be of ample size and well
supported. Care should be taken to assure good alignment of cam and follower.
1 1
𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 ≤ 3 𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 ≤ 3 ∗ 46655.5=15,551.8MPa
3.6.3.7 Design of pressing weight arm
Pressing weight arm is coupled with the roller follower and loaded 1000N. The arm length is
about 1.20m from the roller follower center. The structure has the following arrangement
420mm
1200mm
1000N
Figure No. 25 structure of the Pressing weight arm

This member is used to support the pressing load and it has truss structure. They must have
higher buckling, high sliding capacity and high wear resistance. Based on this requirement it is
recommended a material of high tensile strength. We preferred 100mm diameter and 60x60mm
square cast iron.
3.6.4 Design of belt leveling system:
3.6.4.1 Design specification
 Speed of the belt = 0.2528m/s (84.84rpm)

 Radius of pulley = 200mm
 Length of leveling plate = 1400mm
 Load on leveling plate = 250N
 Total length of belt = 5.6566m =5656.6mm
 Working condition = moderately clean well lubricated
3.6.4.2 Leveling plate design
3.6.4.2.1 Specification
 Length = 1.4m =1400mm

 Material = cast iron
 Factor of safety = 3.0
This element is selected from standard and only requires force analysis. Let assume the load act
over the plate length as distributed load. Then we check the plate is capability to withstand the
load.

3.6.4.2.2 Force analysis of the plate
Figure No. 26 the load act over the plate length as distributed load
Using AUTODESK FORCE EFFECT ANALYSIS mobile software,

Figure No. 27 shear force and bending diagram of plate
Let’s find moment at point A,
MA = 0 = 250N*0.7m-RB*1.4m
RB =125N, RA= 125N
Property of cast iron:
Tensile strength = 100 to 200 MPa*
Compressive strength = 400 to 1000 MPa
Shear strength = 120 MPa
The load causes ending stress in the cross section,

𝜎𝑦 120
Allowable stress, 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 = = = 40N/mm2
𝑛 3
Maximum bending moment,
Mb =P*l = 250N*1400mm =350,000Nmm
Moment of inertia,
I= t h3/12 = 1/12[t(4t3)] = 0.333t4
y= h/2 = 4t/2 = 2t
Substituting in bending equation
𝑀𝑏 𝜎𝑏
=
𝐼 𝑦
350000 40
= =, 𝑡 = 37.45𝑚𝑚
0. .333𝑡4 2𝑡
Plate thickness = 37.5mm,
Plate depth = 4t = 4*37.5 = 150mm
Cross sectional are of the plate is = t*h =37.5*150 = 5625.00mm2
3.6.4.3 Design of belt system
The following are the belt leveling system specifications:
 Belt leveling speed, v= 0.2528 m/s

 Length of conveyor, L=5.657m
 Stress on the belt = 1.0N/mm2
 Belt width=120mm
 Belt thickness= 60mm
 Height of the system, H=1.825 Meters
 Inclination angle=00
 Press size=2010*1010*12mm
 Number of belt conveyor = 2(each in both side)

From this specification the following parameters are designed:
3.6.4.4 Coefficient of friction between belt and pulley
The coefficient of friction between the belt and the pulley depends upon the following factors:
 The material of belt

 The material of pulley
 The slip of belt and
 The speed of belt.
According to C.G. Barth, the coefficient of friction (μ) for oak tanned leather belts on cast iron
pulley, at the point of slipping, is given by the following relation, i.e.
42.6
𝜇 = 0.54 − 152.6+𝑣 , where v- belt speed
42.6
𝜇 = 0.54 − = 0.2015 ≈ 0.2
152.6 + 0.2528
3.6.4.5 Belt material
The working condition of the system is exposed to moisture and other chemical which result from
mold materials. It should expected to have the following property:
 have higher tensile strength,

 longer working life,
 robust construction,
 corrosion resistance,
 Wear and tear resistance.

Table No. 15 pulley materials [3]
So we select rubber for belt and low carbon steel for pulley.
3.6.4.6 Thickness and width of belt:
Standard belt thickness and width
 5mm for nominal belt width of 35to 63 mm

 6.5mm for nominal belt widths of 50 to 140mm
 8mm for nominal belt widths of 90 to 224mm
As the main purpose of this mechanism is leveling the mold over the pattern, we use practical
efficient belt thickness and width proportion. The thickness is larger because it expect to hold the
leveling plate on it attached by rivets. So we select 60mm width and 120mm thickness belt.
3.6.4.7 Belt joint efficiency

Table No. 16 belt joint efficiency
Tape of joint Efficiency Type of joint Efficiency
1.cemented, endless, 90 to 100 4.wire laced by 70 to 80

cemented at factory hand
2.cemented in shop 80 to 90 5.raw-hide laced 60 to 70
3.wire laced by 75 to 85 6.metal belt hooks 35 to 40

machine
Based on the type of operation the belt conveyor performed, we select cemented in shop joint
type which have average efficiency of 85%.
3.6.4.8 Velocity ratio of belt drive
Here velocity ratio is not required because both pulley has the same diameter and speed. The
basic requirement of the system is to level the mold over the pattern.
N1=N2 and d1=d2
3.6.4.9 Slip of belt
The motion of belts and pulleys assuming a firm frictional grip between the belts and the pulleys.
But sometimes, the frictional grip becomes insufficient. This may cause some forward motion of
the driver without carrying the belt with it. This is called slip of the belt and is generally expressed
as a percentage. The result of the belt slipping is to reduce the velocity ratio of the system. As the
slipping of the belt is a common phenomenon, thus the belt should never be used where a definite
velocity ratio is of importance (as in the case of hour, minute and second arms in a watch).
Let
s1% = Slip between the driver and the belt, and

s2% = Slip between the belt and follower,

𝑁2 𝑑1 𝑠1 𝑠2 𝑑1 𝑠
= (1 − − )= (1 − ), where s=s1 +s2 i.e. total percentage of slip
𝑁1 𝑑2 100 100 𝑑2 100
If the belt thickness (t) is considered, then
𝑁2 𝑑1 𝑠1 𝑠2 𝑑1 + 𝑡 𝑠
= (1 − − )= (1 − )
𝑁1 𝑑2 100 100 𝑑2 + 𝑡 100
400 + 120 𝑠
1= (1 − ) , 𝑠 = 0%
400 + 120 100
Practically we assume about 5% slip present during operation.
The Maximum tension in belt: A little consideration will show that the maximum tension in the
belt (T) is equal to the total tension in the tight side of the belt (Tt1).
Let
σ= Maximum safe stress,

b= Width of the belt, and
t = Thickness of the belt.
We know that the maximum tension in the belt,
The belt has 1.0N/mm2
T= Maximum stress × Cross-sectional area of belt
= σ.b.t= 1.0N/mm2*60mm*120mm =7200N
When centrifugal tension is neglected, then
T (or Tt1) =T1 = 7200N, i.e. Tension in the tight side of the belt.
3.6.4.10 Power transmitted by belt
Power transmitted = (T1– T2) ν = 7200*0.2528=1820.16watts=2.44hp

3.6.4.11 Design of pulley
Table No. 17 diameter of pulley [3]
From our design specification, the pulley diameter is 400mm, then it has 6 spokes with 19mm
diameter.
Other proportions for the steel pulleys are:

Length of hub = Width of face/2=120/2=60mm
The length of hub should not be less than 100 mm for 19 mm diameter spokes and 138 mm for
22 mm diameter of spokes.(our width selection is verified)
Thickness of rim = 5 mm for all sizes
Select single row of spokes because the pulley is used for pulleys having width is 120mm.
3.6.4.12 Design of Cast Iron Pulleys
The following procedure may be adopted for the design of cast iron pulleys.
Dimensions of pulley
 The diameter of the pulley (D) may be obtained either from velocity ratio
consideration or centrifugal stress consideration. We know that the centrifugal
stress induced in the rim of the pulley,
σt =ρ.ν2 =7200*(1.777)2 =22,732.70
Where ρ = Density of the rim material (7200 kg/m3 for cast iron)

ν = Velocity of the rim =πDN/ 60= π*0.4*84.84/ 60=1.777m/s,
D being the diameter of pulley and N is speed of the pulley.
Table No. 18 belt width and width of pulley
Belt width in mm Width of pulley to be greater than belt width by (mm)

Up to 125 13
125 – 250 25
250 – 375 38
475 – 500 50
 The thickness of the pulley rim (t) varies from (300/D)+ 2 mm to (200/D)+ 3 mm for
single belt and (200/D)+ 6 mm for double belt. The diameter of the pulley (D) is in mm
Our belt is single, so the thickness is calculated as
t= (300/D)*2mm = (300/400) +2 = 2.75mm
3.6.4.13 Dimensions of arms
 The number of arms may be taken as 4 for pulley diameter from 200 mm to 600 mm and
6 for diameter from 600 mm to 1500 mm. The pulley diameter is 400mm, then the system
have 4 arms.
 The cross-section of the arms is usually elliptical with major axis (a1) equal to twice the
minor axis (b1).
The cross-section of the arm is obtained by considering the arm as cantilever i.e. fixed at the hub
end and carrying a concentrated load at the rim end. The length of the cantilever is taken equal to
the radius of the pulley. It is further assumed that at any given time, the power is transmitted from
the hub to the rim or vice versa, through only half the total number of arms.
Let T = Torque transmitted,

R = Radius of pulley, and
n = Number of arms,
∴Tangential load per arm,
T= (3016*60)/ (2π*84.84) =339.47N.m

WT= T/[R (n/2)] = 2T/R*n =2*339.47/ (0.2*4) = 848.676
Maximum bending moment on the arm at the hub end,
M= (2T/R*n)*R= 2T/n=2*339.47/4=169.73*103 N-mm3 and section modulus,
Z = π/32×b1 (a1)2= π/32*b1 (2b1)2=π (b1)3/8
Now using the relation, we know that, bending moment is 1MPa
σb =M/Z= [169.73*103]/[π(b1)3/8]= 1
b1 = 75.61mm, a1 = 151.22mm
The major axis will be in the plane of rotation which is also the plane of bending
3.6.4.14 Dimensions of hub
The length of the hub,
L = π/2*d
The minimum length of the hub is 2/3B but it should not be more than width of the pulley (B).
L= 2/3*120=80mm
Than the shaft diameter calculated as
L = π/2*d= 80mm = π/2*d, d= 50.929mm≈52mm
The diameter of the hub (d1) in terms of shaft diameter (d) may be fixed by the following relation
d1= 1.5 d+ 25 mm= 1.5*52 + 25 = 103mm

3.6.5 Design of gearbox and Selection of motor
3.6.5.1 Motor selection
To select the right motor for pressing and leveling mechanism, we must know the total load
developed on the machine which is the summation of load developed individually. Then the total
load calculated as
Total load = load on pressing machine + load on leveling machine
F= 1000N + 245.25N = 1245.25N
The power transmission system we are going to use is gear that transmits power from motor to
gearbox with motor out shaft pinion diameter of 64mm. This will give us the motor torque will be:
𝑇 = 𝐹𝑟 = 1245.25 ∗ 0.032 = 39.84𝑁𝑚 ≈ 40𝑁𝑚
Where F (N) is the force to be driven, T is motor torque in NM and r is radius of the motor shaft.
Standard brake torque ratings or continuous duty include: 6, 10, 15, 25, 35, 50, 75, 105, 125, 175,
230, 330, 440, 550 pound-feet. If the calculated brake torque falls between the standard torque
values, specify the next higher torque. From the above result we can conclude that the torque
capacity of our motor has to be 15 pound-feet, which implies that our torque will be:
𝑇 = 40𝑁𝑚
For speed of motor is 720rpm then
2𝜋𝑁1 2𝜋 ∗ 720
ω= =ω= = 75.4 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
60 60
The motor power required to drive the above load will be
𝑃 = 𝑇ω 𝑖𝑛 𝐻𝑝 = 40 ∗ 75.4 = 3016.0𝑤 = 4.04𝐻𝑝
The motor selected will be with, Speed 720rpm and Torque 40Nm. We can conclude that the motor
is with low speed and high torque.

3.6.5.2 Design of gearbox: Design of spur gear
The American Gear Manufacturing Association (AGMA) has developed standards for the design,
analysis, and manufacture of gears. The first step in any general design employing gears is to first
predict and understand all of the conditions under which the gears will operate. Most importantly
are the anticipated loads and speeds which will affect the design of the gear. Additional concerns
are the operating environment, lubrication, anticipated life of operation, and assembly processes,
just to name a few, Surface failures
 Gear teeth are also subjected to Hertz contact stresses and the lubrication is often leads to
hydrodynamic.
 Excessive loading and lubrication breakdown results in various combinations of abrasion,
pitting and scoring.
3.6.5.3 Leveling sprocket:
3.6.5.3.1 Spur gear specifications
Input motor speed, N1= 720rpm
 desired output speed for sprocket , Nout=84.84 rpm

 power to be transmitted, P =3016.0𝑤 = 4.04hp
 train value ,TV = N/ N out =720/84.84 = 8.487
 reduction factor ,rf= √8.487 = 2.9
 diameter of the pinion, dp = 64m
 module ,m =2mm
𝑑𝑝 64
 number of pinion teeth Z1 = = = 32
𝑚 2
 number of pinion gear =2
 number of gear = 2
 face width ,f = 30mm
 pressure angle = 20ᵒ
3.6.5.3.2 Gear and pinion geometry calculation
 Addendum, a = m =2mm
 Dedendum, b = 1.25m =1.25(2mm) =2.5 mm
 Working depth, hk = 2m = 2(2mm) = 4mm
 Whole depth, ht = 2.25m = 2.25(2mm) = 4.5mm
 Tooth thickness, t = 1.5708m =1.5708(2mm) = 3.1416mm
 Minimum clearance, c = 0.25m = 0.25(2mm) = 0.5mm

 Fillet radius at root, fr = 0.4m = 0.4(2mm) = 0.8mm
Number of teeth
dp =Zp * m ↔ Zp = dp / m =64 / 2mm =32teeth
 dg = Ng * m = Ng = dg / m =185.6 mm / 2mm =92.8=93teeth

 The teeth are uncrowned.
 assume pinion life of 108 cycle and reliability of 90%
 pitch line velocity ,v = r 𝜔=0.032 * (2𝜋 *720)/60 = 2.4 m/s
 tangential load ,Wt. = p/v = 3016.0 w / 2.4 m/s = 1256.67N
3.6.5.3.3 Speed calculation
Speed of pinion 1, N1 = speed of input shaft =720 rpm,

Speed of intermediate shaft 1, N2 = N1/rf= 720rpm/2.9= 248.27 rpm
Speed of output shaft 1, N3 = N2 / rf =248.27/2.9 =85.6 rpm
Leveling stick machine will use N3 in design case for leveling the mixed wet pulp over the mold.
3.6.5.3.4 Stress analysis AGMA system
Gears can fail due to excessive bending stress and wear. Wear occurs as the teeth engaged each
other and form deformation on the surface. The stresses resulting from the surface deformation are
known as contact stress. In design of gear box, we emphasize on analyzing whether failure occur
due to bending and contact stress in gear or not.
We use the standardized method of AGMA (American Gear Manufacturer Association).
3.6.5.3.5 Bending stress analysis
The AGMA formula for bending stress is given by:
1
𝜎 = 𝑊 t𝐾 o𝐾 v’𝐾 s(𝐹𝑚) (𝐾 H𝐾 B/𝑌J)
Where 𝜎 is bending stress
Wt is the transmitted tangential load

Ko is the overload factor
Kv is the dynamic factor
Ks is the size factor

F is the face width
M is the module
KH` is load distribution factor
KB is rim thickness factor
YJ is the geometry factor for bending stress
Based on safe working conditions, the AGMA has defined allowable stress equation for gears
constructions. The equation is given by:
𝜎all =(𝜎FYN)/(SFY𝜃YZ)
Where 𝜎all is allowable stress
𝜎F is allowable bending stress

YN is stress cycle factor for bending stress/life factor
SF is AGMA bending stress
Y𝜃 is the temprature factor
YZ is the reliability factor so If SF is greater than 1 the design is safe and OK.
3.6.5.3.6 Contact stress analysis
The AGMA equation for pitting resistance is formulated as:
𝜎c = Ze√(WtKOKvKs (KH/Fd) (ZR/ZI))
Where 𝜎c is the absolute value of contact stress

 Ze is an elastic coefficient (Mpa)0.5
 Wt is the transmitted tangential load
 KO is overload factor
 KV’ is velocity factor
 Ks is size factor
 KH is load distribution factor
 F is face width
 d is pitch diameter of pinion
 ZR is surface condition factor

 ZI is geometry factor for pitting resistance.

The AGMA safe value of allowable contact stress equation is given by:
𝜎call =( 𝜎H/SH)(ZNZW/Y𝜃YZ)
 Where 𝜎H is allowable contact stress

 ZN is stress cycle life factor
 ZW is hardness ratio factor
 Y𝜃 is temprature factor
 YZ is reliability factor
 SH is AGMA factor of safety
If AGMA factor of safety (SH) is greater than 1 the design is safe and OK.
3.6.5.3.7 Stress calculation: Bending stress calculation
𝜎=Wt *KO *KV*KS (1/Fm) (KHKB/YJ)
Assume KO, KS and KB are equal to 1
 the dynamic factor KV’ can be determined from
KV’ = ((A+√200𝑉)/A) ^ B B = ((12-QV)/4)2/3A = 50 + 56(1 – B) A, B are constants
 QV is transmission accuracy level number; 3 ≤ QV 7,

 V is pitch line velocity and Taking QV to be 5,
B = ((12 – 5) / 4) 2/3 = 0.9148
A = 50 + 56 (1 – 0.9148) = 54.769,
Now the dynamic factor KV’ is calculated as:
KV’ = (((54.769 + √(200 ∗ 3.35))/54.769))0.9148= 1.425
Load distribution factor, KH can be calculated as;
KH =1 + Cmc (Cpf *Cpm+ Cma*Ce)

Where Cmc, Cpf, Cpm, Cma, Ce are factors used in evaluating load distribution factor
For uncrowned teeth Cmc = 1
If F ≤ 0.254m, then Cpf = (F/10d) – 0.025 So Cpf = (0.03/10*0.064) – 0.025 = 0.022
For commercially enclosed unit, Cma = A + BF + CF2; A, B, and C are constants and determined
from the table
Table No. 19 load distribution factor coefficients
Condition A B C
Open gearing 0.247 0.657 -0.119
Commercially
enclosed gear unit 0.127 0.622 -0.0144
Precision enclosed
gear unit 0.0675 0.504 -0.144
Extra precision
Now A = 0.127, B = 0.622, C = -0.0144 since we use commercially enclosed gearing.
Cma = 0.127+0.622*0.03-0.0144(0.03)2 = 0.1456
Taking the value of Cpm and Ce to be 1,
KH = 1 + 1*(.022*1+0.1456*1) = 1.168
The bending stress geometry factor, YJ for the pinion and gear is determined from the figure as
YJP = 0.234 and YJG = 0.275(from mechanical design text page 142) which is used for pinion
The allowable bending stress
𝜎F = 0.533*HB + 88.3Mpa, where HB is Brinell hardness number.

For the pinion
𝜎FP = 0.533HBP + 88.3Mpa
Let HBP =340Mpa hardened grade 1 steel used for gear, then
𝜎FP =0.533*340+88.3 =269.52Mpa
For the gear

𝜎FG = 0.533 HBG + 88.3Mpa,

Let HBG = 300Mpa, cast iron is used for gear then
𝜎FG = 0.533*300+88.3 = 248.2Mpa
We use steel pinion and cast iron gear to reduce surface fatigue and increase transmission
reliability.
 Assuming the temperature factor Y𝜽=1

 Assuming the 90% reliability, the reliability factor YZ is determined from the table.
Table No. 20 AGMA reliability factor (taken from mechanical design text page 144)
Reliability YZ
0.5 0.70
0.9 0.85
0.99 1.00
0.999 1.25
0.9999 1.50
So YZ = 0.85
 The repeatedly applied bending strength stress cycle factor(life factor ,YN taking the
worst case line for 108 cycles is given by
YN = 1.6831N-0.0323, if N is number of cycles.
YNP = 1.6831(1*108)-0.0323 = 0.9284
The gear does comparatively fewer cycles and the life factor for the gear is given by:
YNG = 1.6831(N/rf)-0.0323=1.6831(1*108/3.16)-0.0323= 2.94
Now we can calculate for the bending and allowable stress for both pinion and gear
Wt = 2541N KB = 1 YJP = 0.234 m = 0.003m
KO = 1 Kv’ = 1.425 YJG = 0.275 𝜎FP = 269.5MPa
KS = 1 KH = 1.168 F = 0.03m 𝜎FG = 248.2Mpa

YNP = 0.9284 YNG = 2.94 Y𝜃 = 1 YZ = 0.85
 We know that the AGMA bending stress is given by:
1
𝜎 = 𝑊 t𝐾 o𝐾 v’𝐾 s(𝐹𝑚) (𝐾 H𝐾 B/𝑌J𝑝),
Substituting for the factors and geometrical variables,
For the pinion;
𝜎p = 1256.57*1*2.133*1*(1/0.03*.002)*(1.168*1/0.234)
= 892.0MPa which is bending stress for pinion
For the gear;
𝜎G = 1256.67*1*2.133*1*(1/0.03*0.002)*(1.168*1/0.275)
= 759.0MPa
 We also know that the allowable bending stress is given by:

𝜎all =(𝜎FYN)/(SFY𝜃YZ) substituting the calculated factors and setting SF = 1;
For the pinion
𝜎all p = (269.52*0.9284) / (1*1*0.85) = 1372.6Mpa
For the gear
𝜎all G = (248.2*0.962)/ (1*1*0.85) = 1422.25MPa
The factor of safety for pinion and gear is calculated as:
For the pinion; SFP = 𝜎all p/ 𝜎p =1372.6/892 =1.54
For the gear; SFG = 𝜎all G/ 𝜎G = 1422.25/759.0 = 1.87
 Both factor of safety of pinion and gear are greater than 1, therefore the design is safe
for bending stress.

3.6.5.3.8 Contact stress calculation
𝜎c = Ze√(𝑊tKOKV’KS (KH/Fd) (ZR/ZI))
 The factors KO, KV’ KS, KH, YZ, Y𝜃 are calculated previously.
 d is the pinion pitch diameter = 64mm = 0.064m
 Assume the surface condition factor ZR to be 1
 Ze is an elastic foundation and for steel pinion in mesh with steel gear Ze =
191(MPa)0.5(from mechanical design text table 7.1)
 ZI is geometry factor for pitting resistance and calculated as
ZI = (cos∅*sin∅)/2mN*(rf/ (rf + 1))
Where∅ is pressure angle ∅ = 20O, mN = 1 for spur gear, rf = 3.16 so, calculating for ZI gives,
ZI = (cos20o*sin 20o)/2*(3.16)/ (3.16+1) = 0.122
The pitting resistance stress cycle factor ZN can be calculated from figure 7.4 Mechanical design
text page144 taking worst case line for 108 cycles.
ZN = 2.466N-0.056
For the pinion, ZNP = 2.466(1*108)-0.056 =0.879
The gear does comparatively fewer cycles and ZN for the gear is given by:
ZNG = 2.466(N/rf)-0.056
= 2.466(1*108/3.16)-0.056
= 0.94
The allowable contact stress for steel gears is calculated as:
For pinion,
𝜎HP = 2.22HBP + 200MPa, HBP =340MPa
= 2.22(340) + 200 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 954.8Mpa
For the gear,
𝜎HG = 2.22 HBG + 200MPa where HBG = 300MPa
= 2.22(300) +200 =866MPa
The hardness ratio factor, ZW is used only for the gear and its purpose is to adjust the surface
strength to account for different hardness of the gear and pinion.

ZW = 1 + A’ (rf– 1), where A’ = 8.98*10-3((HBP/HBG) - 8.29*10-3)

A’ = 8.98*10-3((340/300) – 8.29*10-3) = 0.0101
Therefore, ZW = 1 + 0.0101 (3.16 - 1) = 1.022
Now: Ze = 191(MPa)0.5 KS = 1 dG= 0.102 m
Wt= 1256.67N KH = 1.168 ZR = 1
KO = 1 F = 0.025 m ZI = 0.122
KV’ = 1.425 dP = 0.064 m Y𝜃 =1
𝜎HP = 954.8MPa ZWG = 1.022 ZNP = 0.879
𝜎HG = 866MPa YZ = 0.85 ZNG = 0.94
Substituting for the factors and geometrical variables into contact stress and allowable contact
stress;
𝜎c = Ze√(𝑊 t*KO*KV*KS*(KH/Fd)*(ZR/ZI))
= 511.7MPa
We know that the allowable contact stress is given by;
𝜎Call =(𝜎H)/ (SH)*(ZNZW)/(Y𝜃YZ), substituting for pinion and gear,
𝜎Call p =1009.1MPa, by setting SH =1
𝜎Call G = 978.8MPa, by setting SH =1
The factor of safety for pinion and gear for contact stress is calculated as;
 for pinion, SHP = 𝜎Call p/ 𝜎CP = 1009.1/511.7 =1.97

 for the gear, SHG = 𝜎Call G/ 𝜎CG =978.8/511.7 = 1.9
The factor of safety for both pinion and gear is greater than 1, it implies that the design is safe for

contact stress .Therefore our material selection is correct. Hardened grade-1 steel is the best
material for pinion and gear.
3.6.5.4 Pressing cam:
3.6.5.4.1 Spur gear specifications
Input motor speed, N3= 84.84rpm
 desired output speed for sprocket , Nout=3.0 rpm

 power to be transmitted, P =3016.0𝑤 = 4.04hp
 train value ,TV = N/ N out =84.84/3.0 = 28.28
 reduction factor ,rf= ∛(28.28) = 3.05
 diameter of the pinion, dp = 64mm
 module ,m =2mm
𝑑𝑝 64
 number of pinion teeth Z2 = = = 32
𝑚 2
 number of pinion gear =3

 number of gear = 3
 face width ,f = 30mm
 pressure angle = 20ᵒ
3.6.5.4.2 Gear and pinion geometry calculation
 Addendum, a = m =2mm
 Dedendum, b = 1.25m =1.25(2mm) =2.5 mm
 Working depth, hk = 2m = 2(2mm) = 4mm
 Whole depth, ht = 2.25m = 2.25(2mm) = 4.5mm
 Tooth thickness, t = 1.5708m =1.5708(2mm) = 3.1416mm
 Minimum clearance, c = 0.25m = 0.25(2mm) = 0.5mm
 Fillet radius at root, fr = 0.4m = 0.4(2mm) = 0.8mm
Gear teeth calculation
dp =Zp * m ↔ Zp = dp / m =64 / 2mm =32teeth

 dg = Ng * m = Ng = dg / m =195.2 mm / 2mm =97.6=98teeth

 The teeth are uncrowned.
 assume pinion life of 108 cycle and reliability of 90%
 pitch line velocity ,v = r 𝜔=0.032 * (2𝜋 *720)/60 = 2.4 m/s
 tangential load ,Wt. = p/v = 3016.0 w / 2.4 m/s = 1256.67N
3.6.5.4.3 Speed calculation
Speed of pinion 3, N3 = speed of input shaft =84.84 rpm,

Speed of intermediate shaft 4, N3 = N1/rf= 84.84rpm/3.05= 27.82 rpm
Speed of intermediate shaft 5, N4= N2 / rf =27.82/3.04 =9.12 rpm
Speed of output shaft 6, N6 = N5 / rf =9.12/3.04 =3.0 rpm
Cam pressing machine will use N6in design case for pressing the mixed wet pulp at mold.
3.6.5.4.4 Stress analysis AGMA system
Gears can fail due to excessive bending stress or wear. Wear occurs as the teeth move in and out
of contact with each other with accompanying local deformation of gear teeth surfaces in region
of contact .The stress resulting from the surface deformation are known as contact stress .So in our
design of gear box we concentrates on analyzing whether failure due to bending and contact stress
in gear set is likely. Through our design we use the standardized method of AGMA (American
Gear Manufacturer Association).
3.6.5.4.5 Bending stress analysis
The AGMA formula for bending stress is given by:
1
𝜎 = 𝑊 t𝐾 o𝐾 v’𝐾 s( ) (𝐾 H𝐾 B/𝑌J)
𝐹𝑚
Where 𝜎 is bending stress

 Ko is the overload factor
 Kv is the dynamic factor
 Ks is the size factor
 F is the face width
 M is the module
 KH` is load distribution factor
 KB is rim thickness factor
 YJ is the geometry factor for bending stress
Based on safe working practices, the AGMA has defined allowable stress equation for gears .The
AGMA equation for determining a safe value for allowable bending stress is given by:
Where 𝜎all is allowable stress
𝜎F is allowable bending stress
YN is stress cycle factor for bending stress (life factor)

SF is AGMA bending stress
Y𝜃 is the temprature factor
YZ is the reliability factor
If SF is greater than 1 the design is safe and OK.
3.6.5.4.6 Contact stress analysis
The AGMA equation for pitting resistance is given by the formula
𝜎c = Ze√(Wt*KO*Kv*Ks (KH/Fd) (ZR/ZI))
Where 𝜎c is the absolute value of contact stress
 Ze is an elastic coefficient (Mpa) 0.5

 KO is overload factor
 KV’ is velocity factor
 Ks is size factor
 KH is load distribution factor
 F is face width
 d is pitch diameter of pinion

 ZR is surface condition factor

 ZI is geometry factor for pitting resistance.
The AGMA safe value for the allowable contact stress is calculated by the following equations:
𝜎c,all =( 𝜎H/SH)(ZNZW/Y𝜃YZ)
Where 𝜎H is allowable contact stress
 ZN is stress cycle life factor

 ZW is hardness ratio factor
 Y𝜃 is temprature factor
 YZ is reliability factor
 SH is AGMA factor of safety
If AGMA factor of safety SH is greater than 1 the design is safe and OK.
3.6.5.4.7 Stress calculation: Bending stress calculation
𝜎=WtKOKV’KS (1/Fm) (KHKB/YJ)
Assume KO, KS and KB is equal to 1
 the dynamic factor KV’ can be determined from
KV’ = ((A+√200𝑉)/A) ^ B B = ((12-QV)/4)2/3 A = 50 + 56(1 – B)
A, B are constants and QV is transmission accuracy level number; 3 ≤ QV 7, V is pitch line velocity
Taking QV to be 5, B = ((12 – 5) / 4) 2/3 = 0.9148
A = 50 + 56 (1 – 0.9148) = 54.769,
Now the dynamic factor KV’ is calculated as:
KV’ = (((54.769 + √(200 ∗ 3.35))/54.769))0.9148= 1.425
Load distribution factor, KH can be calculated as;
KH =1 + Cmc (Cpf*Cpm+ Cma*Ce)

Cmc, Cpf, Cpm, Cma, Ce are factors used in evaluating the load distribution factor for uncrowned
teeth Cmc = 1, If F ≤ 0.254m, then Cpf = (F/10d) – 0.025 So
Cpf = (0.03/10*0.064) – 0.025 = 0.022
For commercially enclosed unit,
Cma = A + BF + CF2;
A, B, and C are constants and determined from the table
Table No. 21 load distribution factor coefficients used in determining
Condition A B C
Open gearing 0.247 0.657 -0.119
Commercially
Precision enclosed
gear unit 0.0675 0.504 -0.144
Extra precision
Load distribution factor coefficients used in determining Cma (taken from mechanical design text
page 142)
Now A = 0.127, B = 0.622, C = -0.0144 since we use commercially enclosed gearing.
Cma = 0.127+0.622*0.03-0.0144(0.03)2 = 0.1456
Taking the value of Cpm and Ce to be 1,
KH = 1 + 1*(.022*1+0.1456*1) = 1.168
The bending stress geometry factor, YJ for the pinion and gear is determined from the figure as
YJP = 0.234 and YJG = 0.275(from mechanical design text page 142)
For this used for pinion given as:

The allowable bending stress
𝜎F = 0.533HB + 88.3Mpa where HB is Brinell hardness number.
For the pinion
𝜎𝐹𝑃 = 0.533HBP + 88.3Mpa
Let HBP =340Mpa hardened grade 1 steel used for gear, then
𝜎𝐹𝑃 =0.533*340+88.3 =269.52Mpa
For the gear
𝜎FG = 0.533 HBG + 88.3Mpa,
Let HBG = 300Mpa, cast iron is used for gear then
𝜎𝐹𝐺 = 0.533*300+88.3 = 248.2Mpa
We use steel pinion and cast iron gear to reduce surface fatigue and increase transmission
reliability.
 Assuming the temperature factor Y𝜽=1

 Assuming the 90% reliability, the reliability factor YZ is determined from the table.
Table No. 22 AGMA reliability factor (taken from mechanical design text page 144)
Reliability YZ
0.5 0.70
0.9 0.85
0.99 1.00
0.999 1.25
0.9999 1.50
AGMA reliability factor (taken from mechanical design text page 144)
So YZ = 0.85

 The repeatedly applied bending strength stress cycle factor(life factor ,YN taking the
worst case line for 108 cycles is given by
YN = 1.6831N-0.0323, if N is number of cycles.
YNP = 1.6831(1*108)-0.0323 = 0.9284
The gear does comparatively fewer cycles and the life factor for the gear is given by:
YNG = 1.6831(N/rf)-0.0323
=1.6831(1*108/3.16)-0.0323 = 2.94
Now we can calculate for the bending and allowable stress for both pinion and gear
Wt = 2541N KB = 1 YJP = 0.234 m = 0.003m
KO = 1 Kv’ = 1.425 YJG = 0.275 𝜎FP = 269.5MPa
KS = 1 KH = 1.168 F = 0.03m 𝜎FG = 248.2Mpa
YNP = 0.9284 YNG = 2.94 Y𝜃 = 1 YZ = 0.85
 We know that the AGMA bending stress is given by:
1
𝜎 = 𝑊 t𝐾 o𝐾 v’𝐾 s(𝐹𝑚) (𝐾 H𝐾 B/𝑌J𝑝),
Substituting for the factors and geometrical variables,
For the pinion;
𝜎p = 1256.67*1*2.133*1*(1/0.03*.002)*(1.168*1/0.234)
= 892.0MPa which is bending stress for pinion
For the gear;
𝜎G = 1256.67*1*2.133*1*(1/0.03*0.002)*(1.168*1/0.275)
= 759.0MPa

We also know that the allowable bending stress is given by:
Substituting the calculated factors and setting SF = 1;
For the pinion
𝜎all p = (1256.67*0.9284) / (1*1*0.85) = 1372.6Mpa
For the gear
𝜎all G = (1256.67*0.962)/ (1*1*0.85) = 1422.3MPa
The factor of safety for pinion and gear is calculated as:
For the pinion;
SFP = 𝜎all p/ 𝜎p =1372.6/892 =1.54
For the gear;
SFG = 𝜎all G/ 𝜎G = 1422.3/759.0 = 1.87
 Both factor of safety of pinion and gear are greater than 1, therefore the design is safe
for bending stress.
3.6.5.4.8 Contact stress calculation
𝜎c = Ze√(𝑊tKOKV’KS (KH/Fd) (ZR/ZI))
 The factors KO, KV’ KS, KH, YZ, Y𝜃 are calculated previously.
 d is the pinion pitch diameter = 64mm = 0.064m
 Assume the surface condition factor ZR to be 1
 Ze is an elastic foundation and for steel pinion in mesh with steel gear Ze =
191(MPa)0.5(from mechanical design text table 7.1
 ZI is geometry factor for pitting resistance and calculated as
ZI = (cos∅*sin∅)/2mN*(rf/ (rf + 1))
Where∅ is pressure angle ∅ = 20O, mN = 1 for spur gear, rf = 3.05 so, calculating for ZI gives,
ZI = (cos20o*sin 20o)/2*(3.05)/ (3.05+1) = 0.121
The pitting resistance stress cycle factor ZN can be calculated from figure 7.4 Mechanical design
text page144 taking worst case line for 108 cycles.
ZN = 2.466N-0.056
For the pinion,
ZNP = 2.466(1*108)-0.056 =0.879
The gear does comparatively fewer cycles and ZN for the gear is given by:
ZNG = 2.466(N/rf)-0.056
= 2.466(1*108/3.05)-0.056 = 0.94
The allowable contact stress for through steel gears is calculated as:
For pinion,
𝜎HP = 2.22HBP + 200MPa where HBP =340MPa

= 2.22(340) + 200 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 954.8Mpa
For the gear,
𝜎HG = 2.22 HBG + 200MPa where HBG = 300MPa
= 2.22(300) +200 =866MPa
The hardness ratio factor, ZW is used only for the gear and its purpose is to adjust the surface
strength to account for different hardness of the gear and pinion.
ZW = 1 + A’ (rf– 1), where A’ = 8.98*10-3((HBP/HBG) - 8.29*10-3)

A’ = 8.98*10-3((340/300) – 8.29*10-3) = 0.0101
Therefore, ZW = 1 + 0.0101 (3.05 - 1) = 1.021
Now: Ze = 191(MPa)0.5 KS = 1 dG= 0.1952 m
Wt= 1256.67N KH = 1.168 ZR = 1
KO = 1 F = 0.025 m ZI = 0.121
KV’ = 1.425 dP = 0.064 m Y𝜃 =1

𝜎HP = 954.8MPa ZWG = 1.022 ZNP = 0.879
𝜎HG = 866MPa YZ = 0.85 ZNG = 0.94
Substituting for the factors and geometrical variables into contact stress and allowable contact
stress;
𝜎c = Ze√(𝑊t*KO*KV’*KS*(KH/Fd) (ZR/ZI)) = 514.0MPa
We know that the allowable contact stress is given by;
𝜎Call =(𝜎H)/ (SH)*(ZNZW)/(Y𝜃YZ), substituting for pinion and gear,
𝜎Call p =1008.2MPa, by setting SH =1
𝜎Call G = 707.16MPa, by setting SH =1
The factor of safety for pinion and gear for contact stress is calculated as;
 for pinion, SHP = 𝜎Call p/ 𝜎CP = 1008.2/514 =1.96

 for the gear, SHG = 𝜎Call G/ 𝜎CG =707.16/514 = 1.4
The factor of safety for both pinion and gear is greater than 1, it implies that the design is safe for
contact stress .Therefore our material selection is correct. Hardened grade-1 steel is best material
for pinion and gear.
3.6.5.5 Material Selection for gear:
The specific application of a gear determines the necessary material properties and additional
treatments that may be required. Additional treatments typically considered are through hardening
and surface hardening, which includes carburization, nitriding, induction hardening, and flame
hardening. Through hardened steels are used when medium wear resistance and load carrying
capacity are desired whereas carburized and hardened gears are used when high wear resistance
and high load carrying capacity are required. Specifically, the desired loading and desired design
life are integral in selecting the proper material and any additional treatment that may be required.
Then we select hardened steel for gear manufacturing which satisfy the requirement of working
condition and load capacity.
3.6.5.6 Shaft design
A shaft is a rotating machine element which is used to transmit a power from one component to
other. The power is delivered to the shaft by some tangential force and the resultant torque set up
within the shaft permits the power to be transferred to various machines linked up to the shaft .In
order to transfer the power from one shaft to another, the various members such as gears are
mounted on it. These members along with the force exerted up on them causes the shaft to bending
500mm
S6 TO CAM@ 3RPM
S5
S4
S3 TO LEVELING@ 84.84RPM
S2
MOTOR INPUT@720rPM
S1
Figure No. 28 geometry of shafts, pinion and gear
All shafts have the same length of 500mm, each pinion and gear have 30mm face width, 50mm
distance between consecutive meshed gears and have 75mm clearance with the housing.
Design for shaft 1
500mm
A B
90mm
Figure No. 29 geometry of shaft 1
P = 3016.0W N1 = 720 rpm dP = 64 mm =0.064 m

Torque transmitted by shaft 1,
T1= (P * 60) / (2𝜋*N1)
T1 = (3016.0*60) / (2𝜋*720) = 40 Nm
Tangential force on pinion 1,
Ft = T1 / r = 40Nm / 0.032 mm = 1250N
The normal load acting on the tooth of pinion 1, Wn is
Wn = Ft /Cos∅
Wn = 1250 N/Cos 20o = 1330.2N, neglecting weight of gearUsing shaft length of 500mm:
∑ 𝑀 = 𝑂,
1330.2N
RA F B RC
90mm 410mm
Figure No. 30 shaft 1 reaction forces
MA = 1330.2*90-RC*500= 0
RC =239.44 N
The force acting at point RA is calculated as;

Ʃ F=0 and RA-FB+RC=0
RA-1330.2+239.44=0
RA=1090.76N
Section-1(0<X<90.0) RA 90mm Mo
Figure No. 31 bending moment on shaft 1

Taking clockwise moment is positive the bending moment at point B will be calculated as follow:
Ʃ Mo= 0
RA*90.0mm - MO = 0
MO = 1090.76N*90.0mm =98,168.4Nmm
Since we have assumed moments at A & C are zero the maximum moment will be at point B.
Therefore, the maximum bending moment on the shaft is at B.
The torque on the input shaft 1 will be the motor torque which is:
TM = 40Nm = 40000Nmm
The equivalent twisting bending moment will be:
Using C45 steel with material properties of:
𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 380𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝜎𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 660𝑀𝑝𝑎 𝑡𝑜 780𝑀𝑝𝑎 Andthe selected one is of with 𝜎𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 720Mpa
Now to find the diameter of shaft 1,
Factor of safety sf will be:
sf= 𝜎ult/𝜎y= 720Mpa/380Mpa=2
380
𝜎ult = 720MPa, 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝜎y/(2 ∗ sf) = = 95𝑀𝑝𝑎
2∗2
𝜏𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 = 0.75 (95MPa) = 71.25Mpa Assuming there is minor shock due to gear meshing and the
factors taken into account incudes km which is shock or load factor; and kt fatigue factor (take their
values standard from table) and assuming there is 20% reduction in strength due to key way which
is k.

Table No. 23 combined shock and fatigue factors as ASME shaft design equation
Types of loading kb kt
Stationary shaft
Gradually applied load 1.0 1.0
Suddenly applied load 1.5 – 2.0 1.5 – 2.0
Rotating shaft
Gradually applied load 1.5 1.0
Suddenly applied load
With minor shock 1.5 – 2.0 1.0 – 1.5
With heavy shock 2.0 – 3.0 1.5 – 3.0
16
Therefore 𝑑3 = √(𝑘𝑚 ∗ 𝑀)2 + (𝑘𝑡 ∗ 𝑇𝑚)2
𝜋(1−𝐾)𝜏𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛
16
= π(1−0.2)∗71.25∗106
√(1.5 ∗ 98.168)2 + (1 ∗ 40)2 , d = .02389m = 23.89mm ≈ 24mm

Design for shaft 2
Using AUTODESK FORCE EFFECT ANALYSIS mobile software,

Since we have assumed moments at A and D is zero, then the maximum moment will be at point
C.
16
Therefore 𝑑3 = √(𝑘𝑚 ∗ 𝑀)2 + (𝑘𝑡 ∗ 𝑇)2
16
= π(1−0.2)∗71.25∗106
√(1.5 ∗ 177.8)2 + (1 ∗ 116.0)2 , d = 0.0268m = 26.8mm
≈ 28mm

Design for shaft 3
C.
16
16
= π(1−0.2)∗71.25∗106
√(1.5 ∗ 1485.0)2 + (1 ∗ 1026.03)2 , d = 0.0347m = 34.7mm
≈ 36mm
Design for shaft 4

Since we have assumed moments at A and Dis zero, then the maximum moment will be at point
C.
16
16
= π(1−0.2)∗79.2∗106
√(1.5 ∗ 3776.0)2 + (1 ∗ 1026.3)2 , d = 0.0375m = 37.5mm
≈ 38mm

Design for shaft 5

C.
16
16
= π(1−0.2)∗71.25∗106
√(1.5 ∗ 7469.123)2 + (1 ∗ 3130.51)2 , d = 0.044m = 44mm
≈ 46mm
Design for shaft 6

Since we have assumed moments at A and B is zero, then the maximum moment will be at point
C. Therefore
16
𝑑3 = √(𝑘𝑚 ∗ 𝑀)2 + (𝑘𝑡 ∗ 𝑇𝑚)2
𝜋(1 − 𝐾)𝜏𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛
16
= π(1−0.2)∗71.25∗106
√(1.5 ∗ 7725.068)2 + (1 ∗ 9600.23)2 , d = 0.051m = 51mm
≈ 52mm
3.6.5.7 Design of key and selection of bearing
Design of key for shaft, lets
 T = Torque transmitted by the shaft

 F = Tangential force acting at the circumference of the shaft,
 d = Diameter of shaft,
 l = Length of key,
 w = Width of key.
 t = Thickness of key, and
For shaft 1, 2 and 3, we select rectangular sun key made from mild steel material properties of
shear stress
Steel with 𝜎c = 70MPa, According to distortion energy failure theory 𝜏 = 40MPa

For shaft 1,
Width of the key
𝑑 24
𝑤= 4
= 4
= 6𝑚𝑚
𝑑 2
𝑡= 6
= 6=4𝑚𝑚
By considering the shearing of the key, we know that shearing strength (or torque transmitted)
of the key,
T = l * w * 𝜏 *d/2 = l *6*40*24/2 = 2880l N-mm,
𝜋 𝜋
𝑇= ∗ 𝜏 ∗ 𝑑3 = ∗ 40𝑀𝑝𝑎 ∗ (24𝑚𝑚)3 = 108,573.44𝑁𝑚𝑚
16 16
108573.44
From these the length of the keyway is; 𝑙 = ≈ 37.7𝑚𝑚
2880
According to H.F. Moore, the shaft strength factor
𝑤 𝑡 6 4
𝑒 = 1 − 0.2 ( ) − 1.1 ( ) = 1 − 0.2 ( ) − 1.1 ( ) = 0.858
𝑑 2𝑑 24 2 ∗ 24
Strength of the shaft with keyway;
𝜋 𝜋
𝑇= ∗ 𝜏 ∗ 𝑑3 ∗ 𝑒 = ∗ 40𝑀𝑝𝑎 ∗ (24𝑚𝑚)3 ∗ 0.858 = 93,156.0𝑁𝑚𝑚
16 16
And shear strength of the key =l*w*𝛕*d/2 =38*6*40*24/2 =109,440N
Shear strength of the key 109440

= = 1.17 > 1 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒
Normal strength of the shaft 93156.0
Bearing: As the shaft diameter increases from the input to output shaft, this cause the bore diameter
of bearing size is also increased. To select the suitable bearing for the required shaft we must first
find the reaction force on the bearing and then we find XD and C10 (KN).After C10 is found using
below table, then we select our bearing.

Based on the above calculation procedure, we the key dimension and bearing selection related to
shaft diameter described in the following table.
Table No. 27 key and bearing selection
Shaft Shaft Key Bearing

number diameter,
mm Width, Thickness, Length, Bore, Bearing OD, Width,
mm mm mm number
Mm mm mm
1 24 6 4 38 20 204 47 14
2 28 7 4.7 44 25 205 52 15
3 36 9 6 56.5 30 206 62 16
4 38 9.5 6.3 60 35 207 72 17
5 46 11.5 7.7 72 40 208 80 18
6 52 13 8.7 82 45 209 85 19
3.6.5.8 Design of gearbox housing
The size of the housing is depends on shaft length and gear diameter. The material selected to
construct the housing is cast iron. The overall dimension calculated as follow:
Length = 520 mm
Height = largest pinion/gear diameter + lubricating oil package + clearance = 86 +
Width = 5(pinion diameter) + 5(gear diameter) –5(pitch) + clearance= 1200mm
3.6.5.9 Frame selection
that support the load and the press effect. Based on the requirement we select 60x60mm
rectangular cast iron.

Chapter four
4.0 Strength chemistries: Paper strength.
4.1 Introduction
The strength of the paper can be define by measuring the maximal tensile force applied on a paper
sample. One can define an elastic limit, a young modulus, and a deformation at break. To
understand what determines the paper strength, it is necessary to focus on the fibers strengths and
the bonding between them. One can define the bonding area between fibers; it means the amount
of contact between fibers.
Paper and cardboard are sheets of cellulose fibers with a number of chemicals, added to modify
the properties and quality of the sheet. The chemicals most often used are limestone (calcium
carbonate (CaCO3), clay (kaolinite, Al2Si2O5 (OH) 4), and starch, all adding up in average to
about 15% of the weight. Content depends largely on the paper type produced, the highest loads
of fillers are found in graphic Papers. Chemicals like caustic soda is also are added.
4.2 Mechanical treatment
High-consistency mechanical treatments are known to induce micro compressions and dislocations
into fibers, which can provide higher extensibility for paper. These deformations also decrease the
axial stiffness of the fibers and increase drying shrinkage.
Spraying of polysaccharide aqueous agar solutions sprayed on the wet paper before the wet
pressing has a positive influence on the extensibility of paper. Spraying of just 4% of agar improves
strain at break of unrestrained dried paper by up to 3-4%-points without a major loss in tensile
stiffness. Agar forms a wet gel layer on the surface of paper which turns into continuous film upon
drying. The agar film has a much higher shrinkage potential than the paper, and it is partially
transferred to a higher shrinkage of paper during drying. For example gelatin solutions applied in
the same way can also improve extensibility of paper, however, in this case the effect mainly
comes from the improved bonding of fibers.
Various natural polymers and synthetic resins are employed for controlling sheet strength in board
and tissue grades. The choice of a strength aid depends on a number of factors, including their
effectiveness (or the impact on a specific quality parameter), the program cost, the effect on
machine run-ability and productivity, ease of use, product availability and shelf life. Below is an
overview of the most common strength aids
Table No. 28 overview of the most common strength aids of paper
Chemistry Form of Charge Mode of Dry Wet Dewatering Fines

delivery addition strength strength effect retention
Natural polymers
Native starch dry 0 surface yes no Negative No
Cationic starch dry + Wet end yes no negative positive

or
surface
Carboxymeth- dry - Wet end Yes No Negative no
Ylcellulose
(CMC)
Synthetic resins
Glyoxalated Liquid + wet end Yes Yes* Positive Positive
polyacrylamide
(GPAM)
Polyamide- Liquid ++ Wet end Yes Yes Positive Positive

epichlorohdrin
(PAE)
Cationic Liquid ++ Wet end Yes No Positive Positive
polyacrylamide
(CPAM)
Anionic Liquid -- Wet end Yes No No No
polyacrylamide or
(APAM) surface
Amphoteric Liquid +/- Wet end Yes No Positive Positive
PAM
* Temporary wet strength
[© The above statement and table is taken from Jc Roberts, chemistry of paper]

Chapter five
5.0 Material cost and safety operations
5.1 Work flow of the machine
To start working on the machine the basic requirement is to collecting paper and bring in to the
working facility and removing in unwanted materials like plastic, solid particles.
Work flow of the machine is as follows
shredding machine
The cutting stage used to shred the paper in to
small piece of paper which enhance them to
bond tightly and highly to make them have the
ability of tightening and compatibility
screw conveyor
with the help of screw conveyor belt the papers
transported in to mixer
mixer
chemicals are added to the system and mixed at the
mixing chamber to form mold. The mixing process
is takes place through the shaft and blade, which is
motor driven
leveling and pressingmechanism

After the mixing process, the formed mold is
drawn to the pattern and pressed by the cam
mechanism to get the required shape and strength.
The pattern help the mold to have the desired
shape.
Figure No. 37 Work flow of the machine is as follows

5.2 Material cost
The overall cost includes material cost, labor cost, machine cost and allowance. We calculate the material
and labor cost and we take standard for machining cost and allowance. Safety must be considered a
basic factor in machinery operation at all times.
Table No. 29 cost estimation
No. Part name Pieces Unit price Total price Material

In birr type
01 Screw 1 14000 14000
conveyor
02 Spiral shaft 1 12000 12000 Stain less
for shredder steel
03 Shredder 44 120 4800 Stain less
blade steal
04 Cam disc 1 140 140
06 V belt pulley 3 120 360 Rubber
07 Mixer shaft D 1 1450 1450 alloy steel
32
08 Set screw 30 17.50 516 Stain les
steel
09 Cylinder 1 3500 3500 Steel Sheet
metal
10 Motor 3 Hp 2 6400 12800
11 Motor 4 Hp 1 9500 9500
12 Geer box 1 5000 5000 Cast iron
13 Pulley D 1 160 160 Cast iron
880mm
14 Pulley D 110 1 60 60 Cast iron
mm
15 Rivet solid 50 10 500 Aluminum
type
16 Frame 30m 90 birr / kg 8900 Cast iron
17 mixer Blade 1 1800 1800 Steel
18 Bearing 28 180 5040 Cast iron
19 Key 15 20 300 Cast iron
20 Shaft for belt 1 200 200 Steel
conveyor
21 M 8 bolt 100 12 1200 steel
22 Gear box 6 1000 average 6000 steel
shaft
23 Leveling 2 2850 2700 steel
shaft (1.72m)
24 Leveling 1 750 750 Cast iron

plate (1.4m)
Total material cost 91676
Cost of material including design allowance x 10% 100843.5

Source: Alibaba.com
5.3 Warning and safety instructions
Safety must be considered a basic factor in machinery operation at all times. Most accidents are
the result of carelessness or negligence. The following safety instructions are basic guidelines and
should be considered as minimum provisions, In order to avoid an unsafe or hazardous condition,
 Section of the equipment is to be guarded by a railing or fence and there shall be a warning
sign posted.
 Do not attempt any maintenance or repairs of the equipment until power has been locked
out and tagged out.
 Control stored energy: Use safety blocks between dangerous parts that could move and
injure.
 Always operate conveyor in accordance to manufacturer instructions and use manuals
 Do not place hands or feet in the equipment.
 Never walk on equipment covers, grating or guards.
 Do not use equipment for any purpose other than that for which it was intended.
 Do not poke or prod material into the equipment with a bar or stick inserted through the
openings.
 Keep area around equipment drive and control station free of debris and obstacles.
 Always regulate the feeding of material into the unit at a uniform and continuous rate.
 Do not attempt to clear jammed equipment until power has been locked out and tagged out.
 Do not attempt field modification of equipment or components.
 Equipment is not normally manufactured or designed to handle materials that are hazardous
to personnel. These materials which are hazardous include those that are explosive,
flammable, toxic, or otherwise dangerous to personnel.

CONCLUSION
Waste paper is an easily available resource around the world. In Ethiopia it is the most available
resource especially in higher educational institutes, colleges and TVET center, high school and
preparatory schools and offices. Document, books, magazine and newsletter are the most
recyclable type of paper.
The major constraints faced by waste paper collection is where the paper not keep clean after
usage and it combined with stapler and glues which make difficult the recycling process. The
society and every organization have the habit to burn the waste paper as disposing techniques so
that they should have to learn how to store recycled paper. Recycling waste paper reduce the waste
paper impact on the environment, human health and global warming effect.
This project is done to solve at least all waste paper related problems and upgrade furniture
technology. First the design analysis of the machine is done by considering the capacity of
shredding and mixer machine, speed of pressing system, type of material use and the strength of
each material to bear the exerted load respectively. Then an appropriate analysis is done on the
part to make them motor operated and easily available on the market for micro enterprises at
minimum cost. Finally using this machine it could significantly reduce the effect of waste paper
impact, reduce the furniture cost, minimize deforestation and create secure job opportunity to the
society. It presents an opportunity for entrepreneurs to develop and improve the waste paper
recycling machine for business purposes. And it is another step in technological progress and waste
recovery innovation for our country and also of developing world.

RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on various studies the waste paper recycling technology is new innovation in Ethiopia. And
to improve this technology adaptation the following recommendations are made for
implementation:-
 The government should motivate and support small scale enterprises to adapt this
technology which is highly modern technology and have great profits. Waste paper
recycling have many benefits in all side including reducing atmospheric pollution and
create clean environment
 The government should raise awareness on the community about the waste paper
disposing techniques and paper based furniture. The society develops the attitude regarding
to waste as a source of income.
 The school should put more emphasis on making prototypes of all final year thesis projects
done by students and search sponsors and entrepreneurs to build these project for the
market that could supports and initiate the government’s technology transfer program.

Reference
1. Strength-of-materials-4th-ed-by-ferdinand-l-singer-andrew-pytel
2. Mechanical engineering design J.E Shigley and C.R. Mischke, McGraw Hill publication,
Edition.
3. Text book of Machine Design Khurmi, R.S. and Gupta J.K., Eurasia publishing House,
New Delhi, Revised Edition.
4. Design of Machine Elements Sharma, C.S. and Purohit Kamalesh, Prentice Hall Of India,
New Delhi, Revised Edition.
5. MIXER MECHANICAL DESIGN – FLUED FORCE by RONALD J. Weetman
6. Impeller design for mixing of suspensions Tomáš Jirout, František Rieger
7. machine design 3rd edition Robert L. Nortan
8. Turbomachinery design and theory rama s. r. gorla and aijaz a. khan ,n.e.d. Principle of
turbomachinery
9. A text book of electrical technology volume ii b.l. thraja , a.k. theraja
10. Market outlook” in Paper 360G. Ionides “, May 2008, pp. 8‐10.
11. Expect some slowdown” in Pulp & Paper International M. Persson “, January 2011, pp. 11‐
13.
12. C. Hagiopol and J. W. Johnston “Chemistry of modern papermaking”, CRC Press, 2012.
13. Advances of paper science and technology “On the nature of joint strength in paper‐ A
review of dry and wet strength resins used in paper manufacturing” in, Transactions of 13th
Fundamental Research Symposium, T. Linström, L. Wågberg and T. Larsson v.1, pp. 457‐
56.
14. “Wet‐ and dry‐strength additives – application, retention and performance”, G. G. Spence
(Ed.), TAPPI Press, 1999.
15. “Wet strength resins and their applications”, L.L. Chan (Ed.), TAPPI Press, 1994.
16. “The Effects of Paper Recycling and its Environmental Impact” in “Environmental
Management in Practice” I.Cabalova, F. Kacik, A. Geffert and D. Kacikova.; E. Broniewicz
(Ed.), InTech, 2011.
17. Continental Screw conveyor catalogue and engineering manual by: Richmond Blvd.
Napanee, Ontario. Canada K7R 383

18. SCREW CONVEYORS 86 SUPPLEMENTAL DESIGN & INSTALLATION DATA LAYOUT

CATALOG 2006
19. Conveyor Belts Materials Handling Products Div.HIC INTERNATIONAL CO - D-136,
Shankar Road, New Delhi - 110060, India
20. Design and Selecting Proper Conveyor Belt. Anath, K. N. and Rakesh, V. (2013). Int. Journal
of Advanced Technology. Vol. 4(2) pp. 43-49.
21. Fenner Dunlop “Conveyor Handbook” (2009). Conveyor Belting Australia. Pp 1-70.
22. Project and Design Criteria for Belt conveyors.Rulmeca. Technical information. Pp. 1-50.
23. Conveyor Belt Basic Rules and Procedure for Tracking. Besser Service Bulletin. (2006). pp.
1-7
24. Phoenix Conveyor Belt Systems. (2004). Design Fundamentals. Hamburg pp. 1-16.
25. Conveyor Components. Sandvik (2000). Pp. 1- 8.
26. Belt Conveyor Catalogue. Orthman Conveying System (2004). Pp.1-21.
27. IGNIS project document of turning Trash into Cash in Ethiopia
28. Journal of Mechanical Engineering by Strojniški vestnik - 55(2009)10, 633-640)






































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Waste paper recycling machine for furniture

DESIGN OF WASTE PAPER RECYCLING MACHINE

Advisor: Mr. Jemal Worku (MSc.)

Group member Id. No.

JIT, Jimma university -1-

JIT, Jimma university -2-

JIT, Jimma university -3-

3.3.5 V – Belt derive used for the power transmission ............................................................... - 26 -

3.5.5 Force analysis on the blade and shaft .............................................................................. - 52 -

3.6.5.2 Design of gearbox: Design of spur gear....................................................................... - 74 -

Reference ............................................................................................................................................. - 114 -

JIT, Jimma university -8-

Figure No. 31 bending moment on shaft 1

JIT, Jimma university - 10 -

JIT, Jimma university - 11 -

Nomenclature and abbreviation

JIT, Jimma university - 12 -

ρ…………………………………………………………………....Density of the paper

 s ………………………………………………………………..…Permissible shear stress

JIT, Jimma university - 13 -

1.1 Problem statement

JIT, Jimma university - 14 -

1.2.1 General object

1.2.2 Specific objective

The specific objective includes to

 capable us with the ability of problem identification,

 generate alternative solution to the problem,

 suggest and model the solution design,

 Reduce deforestation and cost of furniture

 Make technology transfer and support the country economic development.

1.3 Scope of the project

JIT, Jimma university - 15 -

The tools we used to gathering the required information includes

 direct field observations

The main procedure we follow to reach the final design includes

1. Identify the problem

 It improves furniture production and reduce deforestation

JIT, Jimma university - 16 -

2.0 Literature review

2.2 What is wood?

JIT, Jimma university - 17 -

2.3 Status in Ethiopia

2.3.1 The current demand of wood

2.3.2 Pulp and paper demand

JIT, Jimma university - 18 -

S.N Particular Time of Source

2.4 Paper recycling technology

JIT, Jimma university - 19 -

3.0 Part design and analysis

3.1 Conceptual design: Mechanism and Working principle of the machine

3.2 General machine specification

3.3 Design of shredding mechanism

JIT, Jimma university - 20 -

Figure No. 1 paper shredding machine

JIT, Jimma university - 21 -

Figure No. 2 sectional view of shredding machine

3.3.2 Design specification

1. Force analysis on the cutter

1 Motor power 3hp

2 Mass of each cutter is 1.4 kg

3 Diameter of the disc 250 mm

4 Capacity of the machine 80 kg/hr

5 Dimension of the cutter blade 348*384.36mm