1819 Level LS Physics Basic Questions Chap 6-9 (BTG) PDF

Physics Basic Questions: Level LS
Chapter 6: Kinetic Theory
Section 6.3.2 (Pg-52)
BG 1.
G a) What are the basic assumptions of the molecular kinetic theory?
Solution: • Matter is composed of atoms and molecules.

• Particles of matter move randomly and continuously
b) Explain how Brownian motion and diffusion provide evidence for the kinetic theory of
matter.
Solution: Brownian motion and diffusion support the assumption that gases and liquids
move continuously.
BT 2.
(i) Describe an experiment to observe the Brownian motion of smoke particles in air.
Solution: Brownian motion in a smoke cell:
• Fill the glass cell with smoke using a burning drinking straw (made of waxed
paper) as shown in the diagram below.
Burning drinking
straw
Smoke
Glass cell
• Directly close the lid so that the smoke can be trapped inside the box which
we will call a smoke cell.
• Place the smoke cell under a microscope and adjust the microscope to focus
on the smoke particles which are trapped inside.
SABIS® Proprietary 10
• Connect a lamp to a 12 V power supply, the glass rod will act as a converging
lens and will focus light on the smoke particles inside.
• Adjust the microscope until you see bright specks dancing around in a chaotic,
haphazardly way.
• The specks that you are seeing are the smoke particles which are moving in a
random zigzag motion due to the collision with the fast moving air molecules
in the smoke cell.
• This gives direct evidence and support that air molecules are in continuous
random motion. This effect is known as Brownian motion.
Move to focus
Microscope
Removable lid Window
Lamp
Glass smoke cell
Glass rod acting as a

converging lens
Equipment needed to observe the Brownian motion of smoke particles:
1. Glass smoke cell

2. Glass rod
3. Microscope
4. Lamp
T (ii)
Solution: A
T (iii)
(iii)
Solution: D
Section 6.5 (Pg-56)
B 3. Explain why gases diffuse more quickly than liquids.
Solution: Gases diffuse more quickly than liquids because molecules in a gas have more
spaces between them.
BGT 4.
i) Explain the difference in density between liquids and gases.
Solution: As the spaces between a liquid’s molecules are smaller than those between a
gas’ molecules, the liquid occupies a smaller volume than the gas, for the same
mass.
ii) What can you say about the relative spacing of particles in solids, liquids, and gases?
Solution: Relative spacing in solids < relative spacing in liquids < relative spacing in
gases.
T iii) Fig. 5.1 shows a way of indicating the positions and directions of movement of some
molecules in a gas, at one instant.
(a) (i) Describe the movement of the molecules.

……………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) Explain how the molecules exert a pressure on the container walls.
……………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………….
(b) When the gas in the cylinder is heated, it pushes the piston further out of the
cylinder.
State what happens to
(i) the average spacing of the molecules,
……………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) the average speed of the molecules.

……………………………………………………………………………….
(c) The gas shown in Fig. 5.1 is changed into a liquid and then into a solid, by cooling.
Compare the gaseous and solid states in terms of
(i) the movement of the molecules,
……………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) the average separation of the molecules.
……………………………………………………………………………….
Solution: (a) (i) Non stopping random motion.

(ii) Molecules hit the walls and rebound, exerting a certain force per unit
area, and therefore exerting pressure.
(b) (i) It increases.
(ii) It increases.
(c) (i) Random fast motion in gaseous state, and vibrating about a fixed
position, in solid state.
(ii) Long way apart in gas and very close or touching, in solid state.
BG 5. Describe and explain the difference in compressibility between solids and gases.
Solution: • Gases are compressible as gaseous molecules are far apart, with many large
spaces between them.
• Solids and liquids are practically incompressible, as their particles cannot be

brought close together due to the strong repulsions between electrons of
adjacent atoms.
BT 6.
(i) Use the kinetic theory to explain properties of matter: expansion, melting, evaporation
and boiling.
Solution: • Expansion:
If a substance is heated, the average kinetic energy of its molecules increases.
In a solid, the molecules vibrate faster; in a gas, by moving faster, the
molecules collide more strongly and in a liquid, both processes occur in
certain extents.
By doing these, molecules actually push each other a little farther apart, so the
space between them increases. The total distance between the first and the last
molecule in any row will therefore also increase. This is equivalent to the
considered body (of solid/ liquid/ gas) expanding.
• Melting
For a substance to change from solid to liquid, heat energy must be added to
it, to separate the particles against the electrical attractions (to destroy the
crystal structure). This energy will further be stored in the liquid particles, as
POTENTIAL energy, and it will NOT increase the average kinetic energy of
the solid molecules, as the kinetic energy is proportional to the temperature,
which stays constant at the melting point.
Note that in the liquid state, particles will still be attracted to each other,
though less strongly than in the solid state.
• Evaporation
When a substance evaporates, part of the average kinetic energy of the liquid
molecules is used to overcome the (still present) attractions between the
molecules. As a result, the temperature of the liquid decreases.
• Boiling
For a substance to change from liquid to gas, heat energy must be added to it,
so that its particles to overcome the electrical attractions between each other.
This energy will be stored in the gas particles as POTENTIAL energy and it
will NOT increase the average kinetic energy of the molecules, as the kinetic
energy is proportional to the temperature, which stays constant at the boiling
point.
T (ii)
Solution: C

BGT 7.
G a) State Boyle’s Law.
Solution: For a fixed amount of gas at constant temperature, the pressure varies inversely
proportional to the volume.
b) Give an interpretation of Boyle’s law by the molecular kinetic theory.
Solution: When the volume of a gas is halved, its concentration is doubled and so is the
frequency with which molecules collide with the walls of the container. Hence
the pressure is doubled.
T c)
(c)
Solution: (a) (i)
(ii) 1. Air molecules move randomly and continually, they collide with
walls of the container and rebound, they exert a force per unit area
or a pressure on the inside walls.
2. As the temperature increases, molecules hit the walls of the
container more frequently and strongly therefore more force per
unit area and more pressure.
(b) Applying Boyle’s Law:
P1V1 = P2V2
V2 = 0.14 m3.
T d)
Solution: C
T e)
Solution: Volume reading = 24 cm3
Solution: Because it is a way of taking an average value, therefore it is more accurate.
Solution: (i) Example 1: when P = 200 kPa

V = 22 cm3
PV = 4400 kPa.cm3
Example 2: when V = 37 cm3
P = 120 kPa
PV = 4440 kPa.cm3
(ii) PV = 4400  P = 4400 / V  P = 4400 / 18 = 244 kPa

B 8. Describe what happens to the gas molecules as a gas at constant volume is cooled and indicate
how this results in a reduction of pressure.
Solution: As a gas is cooled at a constant volume,
• The average kinetic energy of the molecules decreases, therefore

• The frequency and the strength of the collisions between the gas molecules
and the walls of the container decreases, therefore
• The pressure exerted by the gas decreases.
B 9. A gas system of volume 12.0 L and temperature 410.0 K is heated to 500.0 K. Find its volume
if the pressure is maintained constant.
Solution:
V1 V2 T 500.0
  V2  V1 2  V2  12  V2 14.63 l
T1 T2 T1 410.0
BG 10. A gas occupies a volume of 250 cm3, when the temperature of the room is 20 C and the
atmospheric pressure is 760 mm of mercury. Calculate the volume of the gas at a
temperature of 35 C and a pressure of 770 mm of mercury.
Solution:
V1  250 cm3 ,1  20 C  T1  273  20  293 K, p1  760 mm,
V2 ?  2  35 C  T2  273  35  308 K, p2  770 mm
p1V1 p2V2 760  250 770V2
    V2 259 cm3
T1 T2 293 308
Chapter 7: Atomic Physics
Section 7.3 (Pg-96)
BGT 1.
G (i) What is an alpha particle? What are the properties of Alpha particles?
Solution: An alpha particle is a helium nucleus (2 protons + 2 neutrons).
Alpha particles:
 move in matter in straight lines.
 when shot in air, they ionize many air molecules as they pass close to
them, i.e. they have a very high ionization power (105 ion-pairs/cm).
 affect photographic film and produce fluorescence of ZnS.
 can be stopped by a piece of paper or about 5 cm air.
 are deviated by magnetic fields.
 are emitted at speeds of about 6% of the speed of light.
T (ii) Fig.11.1 shows the path of three α-particles moving towards a thin gold foil.
gold foil
Fig. 11.1
Particle A is moving directly towards a gold nucleus.

Particle B is moving along a line which passes close to a gold nucleus.
Particle C is moving along a line which does not pass close to a gold nucleus.
(a) On Fig. 11.1, complete the paths of the α-particles A, B and C.
(b) State how the results of such experiment, using large numbers of α particles,
provide evidence for the existence of nuclei in gold atoms.
Solution: (a) gold foil
Fig. 11.1
(b) Only few alpha particles are scattered through large angles, most of the
alpha particles pass without deviation, which means that the most part of
the atom is an empty space. Scattering and repulsion occurs due to the
concentrated mass and charge in the nucleus.
BGT 2.
G (a) What is a Beta particle? What are the properties of Beta particles?
Solution: A beta particle is a fast moving electron (it has a charge of –1e).
Beta particles:
 move in matter in tortuous lines.
 when shot in air, they ionize much fewer air molecules than alpha
particles. (103 ion-pairs/cm)
 are deviated by magnetic fields ; the deflection in a magnetic field is
opposite in direction to that of alpha particles initially moving along
the same path.
 can be stopped by about 1 mm Al or about 5 m air.
 are emitted at speeds of up to 98% of the speed of light.
T (b)
Solution: B
BGT 3.
G (a) Give the nature and properties of Gamma rays.
Solution: Gamma rays are electromagnetic waves or photons of very high energy.
Gamma rays:
 move in matter in straight line.
 are not stopped completely by any material; they can pass through
lead. (4cm lead stops 10% of the incident radiation)
 are not deviated by magnetic fields.
 when shot in air, they ionize very few air molecules, i.e. they have a
very low ionization power (10 ion-pairs/cm).
 are emitted at the speed of light.
T (a)
(b)
Solution: C
T (c)
Solution: C
Section 7.4 (Pg-100)
B 4. Explain how you can distinguish experimentally between the three types of radiation using:
(a) a magnetic field and a cloud chamber.
Solution: In a cloud chamber, three different tracks of cloud can be seen:
 Alpha particles leave a bold straight line because of the large number of
ions created.
 Beta particles leave a thin winding track because of their weak ionizing
power.
 The gamma photon produces no tracks; however, the electrons that it
knocks out, leave  type tracks.
(b) a magnetic field and a vacuum tube.
Solution: In the absence of the magnetic field one spot can be seen on the screen;
In the presence of the magnetic field, three spots can be noticed on the screen:
Alpha and beta are deflected in opposite directions, while gamma rays travel in
straight line.
B 5. Explain how the G-M tube works and how to measure background radiation using the G-M tube.
Solution:
 A single particle of radiation, hitting the tube, creates a pair of ions in the
tube, that are attracted to oppositely charged electrodes, creating many other
ions in the process.
This causes a pulse of electric current, that can increment a counter, be
converted into a noise (click), or both.
 Background radiation rate = Number of counts/ Time elapsed (in the

absence of any radiation source sample).
B 6. Consider a radioactive sample of initial mass m = 4.0 g and half-life T = 15 min. What is
the mass of the radioactive substance in the sample after 45 min? What mass has already
decayed by that time?
Solution: 45 min = 3 x 15 min = 3 T1/2

Mass of radioactive material after T1/2: m/2
after 2T1/2: (m/2)/2 = m/4
after 3T1/2: (m/4)/2 = m/8
Mass of radioactive material left after 45 min is 4g/8 = 0.5 g
Mass of radioactive material already decayed by 45 min, is the
difference: 4 g – 0.5 g = 3.5 g
BGT 7.
a) What is meant by the half-life of a radioactive element?
Solution: Half–life is the time required for half of a given quantity of material to decay.
b) Explain clearly how you can determine the half-life

(i) from the graph of mass remaining vs. time,
Solution: Using the graph of mass remaining vs. time, take any point (t1, m1) on the
curve. Take the point (t2, m2) such that m2 = m1/2. Then calculate (t2 – t1).
G (ii) from the graph of activity versus time.
Solution: Using the graph of true detected activity versus time, take any point (t1, a1) on
the curve. Take the point (t2, a2) such that a2 = a1/2. Then calculate (t2 – t1).
c) Carbon-14 has a half-life of 5600 years. Draw a graph to show the decay of carbon-14
from an initial activity of 64 counts per minute.
Solution:
64
Counts/min
Activity
32
0 5600
Time (years)
T d)
Solution: D
T e)
Solution: (a) From the graph, half-life = 8 minutes.
b) (i)
(ii) .Count background radiation (in absence of source).

.Consider the source and counter and take the count without the
sheet.
.Consider the source and counter with sheet and take the count with
the sheet, (then compare and find the percentage).
234
The element thorium 90 Th is radioactive. It decays by emitting alpha particles and has a
BGT 8.
half-life of 24 days.
(a) What is a beta particle?
Solution: A beta particle is a fast moving electron.
(b) Calculate the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom of thorium.
Solution: Number of protons = 90; Number of neutrons = 234 – 90 = 144.
G (c) Calculate the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus formed when a thorium
atom emits a beta particle.
Solution: Number of protons = 91; Number of neutrons = 143.

(A neutron tends to decay into a proton by emitting an electron; so when a
thorium atom emits a beta particle, it loses a neutron and gains a proton.)
(d) Calculate the time taken for 1 g of thorium to decay, leaving one by eighth g of thorium
unchanged.
1 1 1
Solution: 1    3T1/ 2  3  24  72 days
2 4 8
T (e)
Solution: A
T (f)
Solution: D
T (f)
(g)
Solution: A
G 9. What is meant by a radioactive element?
Solution: Radioactive element = a chemical element which is able to decay (to change
into another chemical element), by spontaneously emitting radiation (particles
and/or electromagnetic radiation), from its nucleus.
Chapter 8: Qualitative
study of Energy
BG 1.
G (a) Describe three forms of energy.
Solution: Heat energy, chemical energy and nuclear energy:

* Heat energy: is another term used for:
* random thermal (kinetic) energy (KE of molecules and atoms
inside a body),
* radiant energy (energy of infrared radiation)
* internal energy [the sum of the random kinetic energy with two
other forms of (potential) energy].
* Chemical potential energy: is a form of potential energy found in all

substances and which is most commonly used
from food and fuels.
* Nuclear energy: is a form of potential energy locked up in the nuclei of atoms.
(b) Explain the transfers of energy involved in making a car run using fossil fuels. [Hint:
start with solar energy]
Solution: * Solar energy from the Sun is absorbed by trees and other living organisms,
where it is stored as chemical potential energy.
* After dying, the trees and the other living organisms decompose and change
into fossil fuel, over a long period of time.
* When the fuel is burned with air in the car’s engine, the chemical energy in
the fuel is converted to thermal energy of a gas; the expanding hot gas pushes
pistons in the engine, changing a part of the heat energy into motion of parts of
the engine, which make the car move and acquire kinetic energy.
G (c) Internal Energy refers to:
Solution: the sum of: * random thermal energy

* intermolecular potential energy
* chemical potential energy
B 2. List and define the three types of energy to which internal energy refers.
Solution: 1. random thermal energy – the energy of a body, which is due to the
continuous, random motion of its molecules and atoms.
(Random thermal energy is released or absorbed when the body changes its
temperature.)
2. intermolecular potential energy – the energy of a body, which is due to the

relative positions of its molecules.
(Intermolecular potential energy is released or absorbed when the body changes

its phase.)
3. chemical potential energy – the energy of a body, which is due to the relative
positions of its atoms, in molecules.
(Chemical potential energy is released or absorbed in chemical reactions.)
B 3. Explain using an example, the following:
(i) Energy has a tendency to dilute itself.
Solution: Energy has the tendency to flow out of bodies in which it is concentrated, and
to distribute itself over a larger quantity of matter.
Example: By mixing ice water and boiling water, heat energy flows out of the
boiling water and uniformly distributes itself over the entire amount of water,
until thermal equilibrium is reached. The inverse process ,when heat from a
quantity of water concentrates in one part of it, making it boil, while the other
part cools, will never be seen.
(ii) The degradation of energy.
Solution: Energy which changes to heat (random thermal energy) can only partly be
retrieved (changed back to other forms of energy); the fraction which cannot be
retrieved is said to have been degraded.
Example: When moving objects come to stop, usually their kinetic energy
becomes distributed over the molecules of the objects, thus making them hotter;
if this heat energy was used to put the objects back into motion, the objects
would not acquire the same speed as initially, as only a part of the available
heat energy can be converted back into kinetic energy.
BG 4. State and explain Einstein’s mass-energy equation.

Solution: E = mc2
The amount of energy produced when a mass m is completely converted to
energy is E = mc2.
(Example: Radioactivity always results in a total mass of products less than that
of reactants; the lost mass changes to energy and the amount of energy
produced is E = mc2)
BG 5.
G (a) What is meant by nuclear fission?
Solution: Nuclear fission is a type of nuclear reaction where energy is released when large
nuclei of some elements break up after they absorb neutrons.
(b) How much energy is released when 1 kg of uranium undergoes complete nuclear
fission?
Solution: E = mc2 = 1 x 3.0 x 108 = 9.0 x 1016 J

Note: This is, actually, the energy released when 1 kg of Uranium is completely
converted to energy, not completely broken up into smaller components.
G (c) Which common process makes use of nuclear fission?
Solution: A common process that makes use of nuclear fission is the electricity
generation, by means of the heat energy obtained from nuclear fission, in
nuclear reactors.
(d) Explain why the above process is more economically viable than using fossil fuels.
Solution: There is no shortage of nuclear fuel, unlike of fossil fuel.
(e) Explain two advantages of using fission?
Solution: * There is no shortage of uranium;

* No burning takes place, therefore no polluting gases are released.
BG 6.
(a) What is meant by nuclear fusion? Give an example of a process making use of nuclear
fusion.
Solution: Nuclear fusion is a nuclear reaction in which small nuclei, like Hydrogen, fuse
together to form larger nuclei, like Helium.
Example: Explosion of a Hydrogen bomb is a process based on nuclear

fusion.
(b) Why is fusion not a common practice?
Solution: Fusion is not a common practice because it requires very high temperatures to
occur.
BG 7.
(a) Define the term photon.
Solution: A photon is a small packet of energy, which travels at the speed of light.
(b) Briefly describe the following types of photons. For each type, give one use.
(i) Radiowaves
Solution: Radiowaves are electromagnetic radiation of long wavelength (10 km to 1 mm

in air)
One use: in communications (they carry signals for radio, TV and cellular
phones).
(ii) Gamma rays
Solution: Gamma rays are the most energetic electromagnetic radiation; they come from
outer space, as cosmic rays, or from radioactive materials; they affect
photographic films and are not deflected by any of magnetic or electric fields.
One use: in medical investigations.
(iii) Ultraviolet light
Solution: Ultraviolet light is electromagnetic radiation, more energetic than visible light; it
is very harmful to life and it can cause cancer; it doesn’t pass through glass and
it affects photographic films.
One use: A very small amount of ultraviolet light is essential for the
synthesis of vitamins.
(iv) Infrared light
Solution: Infrared light is electromagnetic radiation given off by hot bodies, it is less
energetic than visible light and more energetic than microwaves; it cannot
penetrate the flesh and food.
One use: in medical investigations (infrared photography tells doctors
which part of the body is not receiving sufficient warm blood).
(v) Visible light

Solution: Visible light is electromagnetic radiation whose wavelength is associated by our

eyes with a specific color; it is emitted by very hot bodies or by objects receiving
other forms of energy.
One use: Through it, we are able to receive information from the
surrounding objects, by our sense of vision.
(vi) X-rays
Solution: X-rays are electromagnetic waves released when fast moving electrons bombard
metals; the most energetic of them have energies comparable to gamma rays;
they are damaging to human tissue and increase the risk of cancer.
One use: in medical investigations.
G c) What are the characteristics of photons?
Solution: * speed: 3 × 108 m/s;

* frequency: variable;
* wavelength: variable; inversely proportional to its frequency;
* energy: variable; directly proportional to its frequency and inversely
proportional to its wavelength;
* mass:
G d) Radio waves is one type of photons. Give its properties.
Solution: * speed: 3 × 108 m/s;

* frequency: lowest in the electromagnetic spectrum;
* wavelength: ranges within about 1mm to 10 km, in air;
* energy: lowest in the electromagnetic spectrum;
B 8. State the law of conservation of energy.
Solution: Energy can neither be created, nor destroyed (although, it can change forms and
it can be exchanged between objects).
Chapter 9: Energy
Work & Machines
B 1. (a) What is the SI unit of work? Give its definition.
Solution: The SI unit of work is the Joule (J):

1J = the energy transferred when a force of 1 N is acting on a body through a
distance of 1 m, in the same direction as F.
(b) Calculate the work done by a force of 40 N used to push a box along a horizontal surface a
distance of 12 m knowing that the box moves in the same direction as the force.
Solution: W = F.d = (40)(12) = 480 J
(c) Calculate the work done by a force of 40 N used to push a box along a horizontal surface a
distance of 12 m knowing that the box moves in the opposite direction as the force.
Solution: W = -F.d = (-40)(12) = -480 J
B 2. A student of mass 50 kg walks up a slope inclined at 30 to the horizontal. Find the work done
by the student if he walks 25 m along the incline.
Solution: m = 50 kg;  = 30; d = 25 m

W=? d h
h
sin  
300 d
 h  d sin 
W = mgh = mg d sin 30 = (50)(10)(25)(0.5) = 6250 J
B 3. State and derive the work-energy theorem.
Solution: The work done on a rigid body is equal to the gain in its kinetic energy.
1 1
W  F .d  mv f 2  mvi 2 W  KE f  KEi
2 2
BG 4. A small block of mass 4 kg is moving on horizontal plane against a constant resistance of

25 N. If the initial speed of the block is 15 m/s find its final speed after moving 10m.
Solution: m = 4 kg; Resistance force = 25 N = R; u = 15 m/s; d = 10 m; v = ?
W = Ef – Ei 
1 1 1 1
  R.d  mv 2  mu 2   R.d  mu 2  mv 2 
2 2 2 2
 v  100  v  10 m/s
2
B 5. A ball of mass 200 g is shot vertically upwards with a velocity of 5 m/s. The ball reaches
a maximum height before it falls back.
a) Find the initial kinetic energy of the ball. hmax

V=0
1 1
Solution: K1  mv02    (0.2)(5)2  2.5J
2 2
V0 =5 m/s
b) What is the kinetic energy of the ball at maximum height?
h=0
Solution: K2 = final kinetic energy = 0 because v = 0 at maximum height.
c) If h represents the maximum height the ball can reach measured from the level it is initially
shot, express the work done by gravity in terms of h.
Solution: Wg = –mgh = –2h (g was considered = 10 m/s2.)
d) Using the Work-Energy Theorem, determine the value of h.
Solution:
W  F  d  2h  KE   work - energy theorem 
 2h  0  2.5  h  1.25m
B 6. A 60 kg swimmer jumps into a pool, to a depth of 6 m. Assume the initial speed of the swimmer
is zero and the pool level is taken as reference for gravitational potential energy.
a) Find the initial mechanical energy of the swimmer.
Solution: Initially, Ek = 0 and Ep = mgho = 60 × 10 × 6 = 3,600 J, hence, Eo = 3,600 J.
b) What are the forces acting on him while airborne?

Solution: Neglecting air resistance, the only force acting on the swimmer is his weight.
c) What can you say about the mechanical energy of the swimmer at any position before he
reaches the water?
Solution: Since the only force doing work on the swimmer is that of gravity, mechanical
energy is constant, that is, at any position E = 3,600 J = constant.
d) What is the kinetic energy of the swimmer as he hits the water? Deduce his speed then.
Solution: At the moment the swimmer hits the water, his potential energy is zero, hence,
his kinetic energy is 3,600 J; that is, all the mechanical energy is transformed
into kinetic energy.
1 1
So Ek = mv2, hence, 3,600 = 60v2 and v = 11 m/s.
2 2
e) When is the kinetic energy of the swimmer equal to his potential energy?
Solution: Ek = Ep when Ep = E/ 2; that is, the potential energy is reduced to half its value,
meaning the swimmer is halfway up the pool; i.e., 3m below water.
f) Give the expression of the potential energy of the swimmer as a function of his position
above ground and deduce that of his kinetic energy.
Solution: The potential energy of the swimmer at a height h from the pool is
Ep = mgh = 600 h.
At any position Ek = E - Ep = 3,600 – 600h (E being constant).
g) Represent the mechanical energy, the potential energy and the kinetic energy on a graph;
use the vertical axis for energy and the horizontal axis for vertical position.
Solution: E
Em
3,600
Ep
Ek
h
BG 7. A small block of mass 2M is dropped from a height of 0.8 m above the ground.
G (a) Find its speed when it is 0.6 m above the ground.
Solution:
K1  U1  K 2  U 2
1 1
mu 2  mgh1  mv 2  mgh2
2 2
1 2
mv  mg (h1  h2 )  0  v 2  2 gh  2(10)(0.2)  4  v  2 m/s
2
(b) Find its speed when it has fallen 0.6 m.
Solution: v2  2 gh  (2)(10)(0.60)  12  v  12 m/s = 2 3 m/s
(c) Find its speed just as it touches the ground.
Solution: v2  2 gh  (2)(10)(0.8)  16  v  4m/s
B 8. The seat of a swing is 30 cm above the ground when it is stationary. When swinging a boy
passes through the lowest point with speed 6.5 m/s. What is the height of the seat above ground
when it first comes to rest?
Solution: M.E. is conserved

K1  U1  K 2  U 2
U1  K 2  U 2
1 2
mgh  mv  mgH , where H  30 cm
2 h = ??
1 30 cm =H
  (6.5)  (10)(0.3)
2
h 
2
 2.4125 m
10 Reference
BG 9.
(a) Define power and give its (SI) unit.
Solution: Power = the work done per unit time.

SI unit: the watt (W)
G (b) A car is travelling at 30 m/s on a level road against a constant resistance of 450 N.
How much work does the car engine do in 10 s? What is the power?
Solution: W  F.d  F.v.t  (450)(30)(10)  135000 J

W 135000 J
P   13500 W
t 10s
G (c) J/s is the SI unit of:
Solution: 1 J/s = 1 W = the SI unit of power.
B 10. Design an experiment to measure your own maximum power when cycling up a hill.
Solution: As at the experiment on page 238.
B 11. You have used a pulley in the chapter on forces, in order to allow a weight (which pulls
downwards on a string) to pull a cart horizontally.
In the above figure, the weight w = 10 N, and the efficiency of the pulley is 95%.
Find the tension T2 in the horizontal part of the string, knowing that the system moves at a
constant speed.
For the pulley, η = 95% = (output)/ (input),
Therefore: output = (95/100) × input.
Let the system move a distance x. The inextensible string is pulled down by the weight a
distance x, and the trolley is pulled sideways a distance x.
Since the system is not accelerating, the tension T1 = w = __________________.
Solution: T1  W  mg  10 N
The energy input is T1 × x.
The energy output is T2 × x.
Output = (95/100) × input
T2 × x = (95/100) × T1 × x
T2 = ___________________.
Solution: T2  0.95T1  T2  9.5 N

Remark: if the pulley is ideal  T1 = T2 = 10 N.

1819 Level LS Physics Basic Questions Chap 6-9 (BTG) PDF

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

1819 Level LS Physics Basic Questions Chap 6-9 (BTG) PDF

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Physics Basic Questions: Level LS

Chapter 6: Kinetic Theory

Section 6.3.2 (Pg-52)

Solution: • Matter is composed of atoms and molecules.

Solution: Brownian motion in a smoke cell:

Removable lid Window

Glass rod acting as a

Equipment needed to observe the Brownian motion of smoke particles:

1. Glass smoke cell

Section 6.5 (Pg-56)

B 3. Explain why gases diffuse more quickly than liquids.

(a) (i) Describe the movement of the molecules.

State what happens to

(ii) the average speed of the molecules.

Compare the gaseous and solid states in terms of

(i) the movement of the molecules,

(ii) the average separation of the molecules.

Solution: (a) (i) Non stopping random motion.

• Solids and liquids are practically incompressible, as their particles cannot be

Section 6.6.2 (Pg-61)

b) Give an interpretation of Boyle’s law by the molecular kinetic theory.

Solution: (a) (i)

Solution: Volume reading = 24 cm3

Solution: Because it is a way of taking an average value, therefore it is more accurate.

Solution: (i) Example 1: when P = 200 kPa

(ii) PV = 4400  P = 4400 / V  P = 4400 / 18 = 244 kPa

Section 6.6.3 (Pg-63)

Solution: As a gas is cooled at a constant volume,

• The average kinetic energy of the molecules decreases, therefore

Section 6.6.4 (Pg-65)

Section 6.6.5 (Pg-66)

Chapter 7: Atomic Physics

Section 7.3 (Pg-96)

Solution: An alpha particle is a helium nucleus (2 protons + 2 neutrons).

Particle A is moving directly towards a gold nucleus.

(a) On Fig. 11.1, complete the paths of the α-particles A, B and C.

Solution: (a) gold foil

Section 7.4 (Pg-100)

Solution: In a cloud chamber, three different tracks of cloud can be seen:

(b) a magnetic field and a vacuum tube.

 Background radiation rate = Number of counts/ Time elapsed (in the

Section 7.5 (Pg-107)

Solution: 45 min = 3 x 15 min = 3 T1/2

Mass of radioactive material left after 45 min is 4g/8 = 0.5 g

Section 7.5.6 (Pg-115)

b) Explain clearly how you can determine the half-life

G (ii) from the graph of activity versus time.

Solution: (a) From the graph, half-life = 8 minutes.

(ii) .Count background radiation (in absence of source).

(a) What is a beta particle?

Solution: A beta particle is a fast moving electron.

Solution: Number of protons = 90; Number of neutrons = 234 – 90 = 144.

Solution: Number of protons = 91; Number of neutrons = 143.

G 9. What is meant by a radioactive element?

Section 8.3 (Pg-156)

Solution: Heat energy, chemical energy and nuclear energy:

* Chemical potential energy: is a form of potential energy found in all

G (c) Internal Energy refers to:

Solution: the sum of: * random thermal energy

2. intermolecular potential energy – the energy of a body, which is due to the

(Intermolecular potential energy is released or absorbed when the body changes

(Chemical potential energy is released or absorbed in chemical reactions.)

B 3. Explain using an example, the following: