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INTRODUCTION
Filtration is one of the mechanical separation processes. In this process, suspended particles
in a fluid or gas are removed either mechanically or physically using a porous medium. As a
feed solution pass through this medium, two separate entities were formed. One is the particle
The feed solution can carry heavy load of solid particles or very small amount of it. Types
of filters were developed because of problems in the filtration process (Geankoplis, 1993) .
With pressure difference across a certain medium, fluid can flow through a filter medium.
force. Filters used in industries can be pressure filters, vacuum filters, or centrifugal separators.
They can be also further classified either continuous or discontinuous (batch operation).
Filters are divided into three main groups: (1) cake filters in which it separates large
amounts of solids as a cake of crystals or sludge. (2) Clarifying filters in which it removes
particulates to produce a clean gas or clear liquid. (3) Crossflow filters, in this type of filter the
feed suspension flows across a medium under pressure and fairly high velocity. There can be
a formation of thin layer of solids but due to the high velocity it keeps it from building up.
Many process operations produce slurry of solid particles suspended in a liquid which must
be separated into the solid and liquid phases. The simplest method is to filter the slurry through
a filter cloth so that the filter cake is deposited pm the cloth while the clear liquid flows through.
The cake or the filtrate might be useful products of this operation. As the cake builds up on the
cloth the resistance to flow increases, requiring a greater pressure to force the liquid through
1
the cake. High pressure filtration is faster and produces denser cakes than vacuum filtration. It
is necessary to contain the system with a press for stability. This method is only suitable for
batch operations.
Figure 1: Three Main Groups of Filter: (a) Cake Filter, (b) Clarifying Filter, (c)
Crossflow Filter
2
Chapter 2
1 • Pulverize chalk into fine mesh and screen using 20-25 mesh.
• Weigh the computed amount of chalk needed to prepare 5 gallons of given %wt
2 slurry (5% - 1st batch; 3% - 2nd batch).
• Pour first the distilled water into the agitation tank then gradually add the chalk
3 and mix thoroughly.
• Prepare the plate and frame set-up by covering the plates with filter sheet and
4 arranging them in the filter press.
• Insert one filter sheet between the individual filter plates and then push the
7 movable cober against the pack of filter plates by turning the tightening spindle.
• NOTE: When the filter sheets are soaked with liquid, they become softer and the
filter must again be tightened.
• Connect the agitation tank to the filter press. Check if the valves are closed and all
8 necessary connections have been made.
• Pour the measured amount of water in the agitation tank and switch on the
9 agitator.
11 • Open the valves where the slurry will pass and switch off the agitator.
12 • Collect the filtrate and record the time for every 200 ml of filtrate collected.
• After filtration, remove and examine the filter sheets and plates. Weigh them
13 again and record the heights.
3
Chapter 3
4
6800 20.475 409.875 0.3321 3.0111 60.27574
7000 17.955 427.83 0.3899 2.565 61.11857
7200 19.925 447.755 0.3614 2.7674 62.18819
7400 23.98 471.735 0.3086 3.2405 63.74797
7600 26.75 498.485 0.2841 3.5197 65.59013
7800 27.79 526.275 0.2807 3.5628 67.47115
8000 37.27 563.545 0.2147 4.6588 70.44313
8200 35.84 599.385 0.2288 4.3707 73.09573
8400 46.74 646.125 0.1798 5.5643 76.91964
8600 43.955 690.08 0.1957 5.1110 80.24186
8800 57.055 747.135 0.1542 6.4835 84.9017
9000 62.565 809.7 0.1439 6.9517 89.96667
9200 81.42 891.12 0.1130 8.8500 96.86087
9400 69.2 960.32 0.1358 7.3617 102.1617
9600 10.675 970.995 0.8993 1.1120 101.1453
9800 17.43 988.425 0.5622 1.7786 100.8597
10000 12.885 1001.31 0.7761 1.2885 100.131
10200 13.275 1014.585 0.7684 1.3014 99.46912
10400 11.81 1026.395 0.8806 1.1356 98.69183
10600 10.145 1036.54 1.0449 0.9571 97.78679
10800 11.31 1047.85 0.9549 1.0472 97.02315
11000 17.795 1065.645 0.6182 1.6177 96.87682
11200 15.81 1081.455 0.7084 1.4116 96.55848
11400 14.93 1096.385 0.7636 1.3096 96.17412
11600 19.815 1116.2 0.5854 1.7082 96.22414
11800 22.11 1138.31 0.5337 1.8737 96.46695
12000 16.51 1154.82 0.7268 1.3758 96.235
12200 19.005 1173.825 0.6419 1.5578 96.21516
12400 17.97 1191.795 0.6900 1.4492 96.1125
12600 17.205 1209 0.7323 1.3655 95.95238
12800 19.11 1228.11 0.6698 1.4930 95.94609
13000 17.17 1245.28 0.7571 1.3208 95.79077
13200 19.99 1265.27 0.6603 1.5144 95.85379
13400 21.24 1286.51 0.6309 1.5851 96.00821
13600 16.325 1302.835 0.8331 1.2004 95.79669
5
Table 3.2 Filter Cake
Plate Area Mass of Mass of Mass Mass of Filter Mass of Cake, g
and Plate & Plate & of Sheets + Cake, g
Frame Frame Frame, Filter wet dry wet dry
+ cake, g Sheets,
g g
1 (9&10) 10 1759.45 1590.39 109.93 351.67 154.93 241.74 45
2 (1&2) (7in x 372.94 328.95 108.36 430.19 193.13 321.83 84.77
4 (3&4) 7in) 372.23 328.75 108.3 410.72 182.23 302.42 73.93
2
6 (5&6) 490 in 375.99 329.82 108.22 443.25 204.54 335.03 96.32
8 (7&8) 368.02 329.37 108.26 458.67 216.93 350.41 108.67
TOTAL: 1551.43 408.69
6
Figure 3.1 Time Against Filtrate Volume
16
14
Filtrate Volume, L
12
10
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Time, sec
50
Time/Filtrate Volume, sec/L
40
30
20
10
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Filtrate Volume, L
7
Figure 3.3 Time Against Rate of Filtration
1.2
Rate of Filtration, L/sec
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Time, sec
8
Chapter 4
The data shows that there is a direct relationship between the time and the volume of
filtrate. The volume of filtrate increases as time increases, although there is a spike in the graph
around the 1000 seconds, the mean characteristic of the line shows that the volume increases.
The time of filtration per filtrate increases as the filtrate volume increases but a spike was also
seen around the filtrate volume if 10000. This may be due to inaccurate data gathering of the
group. The rate of filtration decreases as the time increases, this implies that the filter paper if
The use of the established formula for constant pressure filtration at 14.7 psi can be
used given the assumptions that the cake is incompressible and the filter medium is negligible.
To be able to obtain better results in the filtration, it is recommended that the data
gathering should be done more accurate and the use of different slurry concentrations to have
wider view on how the filtration can be observed on the given parameters.
9
References
Geankoplis, C. J. (1993). Transport Processes and Unit Operations, 3rd Edition. New
Jersey: Prentice-Hall International.
McCabe, W. L., Smith, J. C., & Harriott, P. (1993). Unit Operations of Chemical
Engineering, 5th Edition. Singapore: McGraw-Hill Book Co. - Singapore.
Wakeman, R.J., & Tarleton, E.S. (1999). Filtration Equipment Selection, Modelling and
Process Simulation, Elsevier Advanced Technology. Oxford, UK ; New York :
Elsevier Advanced Technology.
10
Appendix A
1. A plate and frame filter press is the most fundamental design, and many now refer
it as a "membrane filter plate". This type of filter press consists of many plates and
frames assembled alternately with the supports of a pair of rails. The presence of a
centrifuge pump ensures the remaining suspended solids do not settle in the system,
and its main function is to deliver the suspension into each of the separating chambers
in the plate and frame filter. For each of the individual separating chambers, there is
one hollow filter frame separated from two filter plates by filter cloths.
2. Filter press is a tool used in separation processes, specifically to separate solids and
liquids. The process uses the principle of pressure drive] as provided by a slurry
pump.
3. Industrial agitators are machines used in industries that process products in the
chemical, food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, in mixing liquids together,
promote the reactions of chemical substances, keeping homogeneous liquid, bulk
during storage, and increase heat transfer (heating or cooling). They are devices used
to stir or mix fluids, liquids specifically.
4. Stopwatch is a handheld device that records the amount of time that has elapsed
from an initial time.
5. Beaker is a cylindrical container used to store, mix and heat liquids in laboratories.
6. Laboratory balances from a general standpoint measure the mass of an object, in the
laboratory they are used to measure solids, liquids, tissue, they have a wide range of
uses in virtually any laboratory including clinical, research and environmental
settings.
11
Appendix B
COMPUTATIONS
400/18.265 21.675
16.1583
600/27.96
12.175
800/37.7
8.72
1000/46.42
7.9792
1200/55.995
7.4571
1400/66.435
6.1556
1600/76.22
7.2806
1800/89.325
4.0125
2000/97.35
4.9409
2200/108.22
4.3833
2400/118.74
3.8423
2600/128.73
3.7071
2800/139.11
2.365
3000/146.205
1.25
3200/150.205
1.6618
3400/155.855
1.989
3600/162.99
6.6329
3800/176.795
2.7825
4000/187.925
3.1107
12
4200/200.99
2.9693
4400/214.055
4600/227.83 2.9946
4800/241.985 2.949
5000/257.795 3.162
5200/272.97 2.9283
5400/288.1 2.8019
5600/307.65 3.4911
5800/330.335 3.9112
6000/344.56 2.3708
6200/359.115 2.3476
6400/374.68 2.432
6600/388.715 2.1265
6800/409.19 3.0111
7000/427.145 2.565
7200/447.07 2.7674
7400/471.05 3.2405
7600/497.8 3.5197
7800/525.59 3.5628
8000/562.86 4.6588
8200/598.7 4.3707
8400/645.44 5.5643
8600/689.395 5.111
8800/746.45 6.4835
13
9000/809.015 6.9517
9200/890.435 8.85
9400/959.635 7.3617
1.112
9600/970.31
1.7786
9800/987.74
1.2885
10000/1000.625
1.3014
10200/1013.9
1.1356
10400/1025.71
0.9571
10600/1035.855
1.0472
10800/1047.165
1.6177
11000/1064.96
1.4116
11200/1080.77
1.3096
11400/1095.7
1.7082
11600/1115.515
1.8737
11800/1137.625
1.651
10000/1154.135
1.5578
12200/1173.14
1.4492
12400/1191.11
1.3655
12600/1208.315
1.493
12800/1227.425
1.3208
13000/1244.595
1.5144
13200/1264.585
14
1.5851
13400/1285.825
13600/1302.15 1.2004
Computations
= 18472.7834 mL
Mass of the Cake: (Mass of frame and plate + cake) – mass of frame and plate
15
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑎𝑘𝑒 408.69
a. Mass of solid per unit volume = = 1551.43 = 0.2634
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑒𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑘𝑒
b. Filter area
𝑡 𝐾𝑐 1
= 𝑉+
𝑉 2 𝑞𝑜
Where m = mass of the wet cake/mass of the dry cake: 3223.32/1065.14 = 3.0262 g wet cake/
g dry cake 1551.43/ 408.69=3.7962 ; 408.69/1551.43=0.2634
𝑘𝑔
𝑥𝜌 0.05(1000 3 )
a. Mass of solid per unit volume = 1−𝑚𝑥 = 1−0.2634(0.05)
𝑚
= 50.6673𝒌𝒈/𝒎3
16
Appendix C
DOCUMENTATION
17
Appendix D
The filtration time and volume of filtrate collected has a directly proportional
relationship. As time passes by, the volume of the collected filtrate increases.
2. What is the significance of calculating the cake resistance and filter medium
resistance?
In filtration, the flow resistances increase with time as the filter medium
resistance). Resulting from the increase of these resistances would either be flow rate
diminishing or pressure drop rising across the unit. By calculating the resistances, the
flow parameters can be properly adjusted to offset the increase in pressure drop.
Pumps and pipes connected to the filtering apparatus can be properly designed.
The plate and frame filter press consists of a series of chambers containing
material or membrane that acts as the initial filter when the press is in operation. As
the solid filter cake builds up, the cake adds to the removal of fine particles. The
solution coming through the filter, called the filtrate, can be very pure. At the end of
4. What are the factors that affect the filtration process in a PFFP?
Some of the factors that would affect the filtration process are (1) filter
medium, (2) cake compressibility, and (3) filter aids. The filter medium must have
18
pores smaller than the size of solid suspension in liquid flow. The filtration process is
applied when the filtration rate is slow, filtrate clarity is unsatisfactory or medium
blinding is rapid.
separation and the procedure of separation. Filtration intends to remove solid particles
from a fluid by passing the fluid through a filtering medium on which the solids are
entrained upon. The solids, the filtrate, or both may be the valuable product from the
process.
6. Enumerate and define the main groups of filters. Classify PFFP under these groups
and explain.
Filters are classified into generally classified into three – cake filters,
clarifying filters, and crossflow filters. Cake filters separate relatively large amounts
of solids as a cake of crystal or sludge. Plate and frame filter press classifies under the
cake filter group because the solids entrained on the cloth-covered faces of the plates
is the cake. Clarifying filters remove small amounts of solids to produce a clean gas
or sparkling clear beverages. Screens used in clarifying filters have larger pore
diameter than that of the particles to be removed. The feed suspension to a crossflow
filter flows under pressure at a fairly high velocity across the filter medium.
A good filter media must retain the solids to be filtered, giving a reasonably
clear filtrate. It must not plug or blind. It is required to be chemically resistant and
19
physically strong to withstand process conditions. Also, it must permit clean and
A filter aids, such as diatomaceous earth, perlite, and purified wood cellulose,
are used to prevent blinding of filter medium. They are very porous and their
presence in the cake improves permeability and often makes cake filtration of dilute
and generally difficult slurries possible. When the porosity of the cake is increased,
20