148

DESIGN OF BEAM

TIE BEAM

Member No. 6 (Frame A – Substructure)

Design Criteria:
121.420 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
Concrete covering = 75 mm

f’c = 21 MPa

Fy = 275 MPa

L = 4.65 m

AT LEFT AND RIGHT SUPPORT (from STAAD Analysis):

Mu = 121.420 kN. m

Trial section

Base = 300 mm

Height = 475 mm 300

Effective depth

dmain bar
380

deff = h − concrete cover − dstirrups −

2
475

20
deff = 475 − 75 − 10 −
2

deff = 380 mm
 149

Steel reinforcement

1.4
ρmin =
Fy

1.4
ρmin =
275

ρmin = 0.005091

0.85f′c β600
ρb =
Fy (600 + Fy )

0.85(21)(0.85)(600)
ρb =
275(600 + 275)

ρb = 0.037

ρmax = 0.75ρb

ρmax = 0.75(0.037)

ρmax = 0.028

Checking whether singly or doubly reinforced

Asmax = ρmax bd

Asmax = 0.028(300)(380)

Asmax = 3192 mm2

T=C

Asmax Fy = 0.85f′c amax b

3192 (275) = 0.85(21)amax (300)

amax = 163.9215686 mm
 150

amax
Mumax = ϕAsmax Fy (d − )
2

163.9215686
Mumax = 0.9(3192)(275) (380 − )
2

Mumax = 235.4569412 kN. m > 121.420 kN. m

*Mumax > Mu ; design as "𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐲 𝐫𝐞𝐢𝐧𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐝"

Coefficient of resistance

Mu
Rn =
∅bd2

121.420
Rn =
0.9(300)(3802 )

R n = 3.114291577

Actual steel ratio

0.85f′c 2R n
ρ= [1 − √1 − ]
fy 0.85f′c

0.85(21) 2(3.114291577)
ρ= [1 − √1 − ]
275 0.85(21)

ρmax > ρ = 0.0125 > ρmin

. . 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐮𝐬𝐞 𝛒 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟓

Tension steel reinforcement

As1 = ρbd

As1 = 0.0125(300)(380)

As1 = 1428.997448 mm2

 151

Assume fs = fy

T=C

As1 Fy = 0.85f′c ab

1428.997448 (275) = 0.85(21)a(300)

a = 73.38455617 mm

a
c=
β

73.38455617
c=
0.85

c = 86.33477196 mm

Checking whether tension steel will yield first. Assume fs = fy

fs 600
=
d−c c

fs 600
=
380 − 86.33477196 86.33477196

fs = 2040.882634 MPa (𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐞𝐥 𝐲𝐢𝐞𝐥𝐝𝐬)

Number of bars

4As
N=
πdb 2

4(1428.997448)
N=
(202 )π

N = 4.549 pcs

𝐒𝐀𝐘 𝐍 = 𝟓 𝐩𝐜𝐬 − 𝟐𝟎 𝐦𝐦 Ø
 152

ACI Code, the minimum bar spacing in a beam

1.75(20) = 35 mm

Actual spacing of tension bars

Assume single layer:

b − 2steel cover − (n − 1)db

spacing =
n−1

300 − 2(95) − (5 − 1)(20)

spacing =
5−1

spacing = 7.5 mm (failed in single layer!)

∗∗ use multilayer for tension reinforcement

Multi-layered tension bars

b − 2steel cover − (n − 1)db

spacing =
n−1

300 − 2(95) − (3 − 1)(20)

spacing =
3−1

spacing = 35 mm = 35mm (OK!)

Spacing of compression bars

b − 2cc − 2(stirrups Ø) − (no. of top bars)db

spacing =
number of gap

300 − 2(75) − 2(10) − 2(20)

spacing =
1

𝐬𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐧𝐠 = 𝟗𝟎 𝐦𝐦 > 𝟑𝟓 𝐦𝐦 (𝐎𝐊!)

 153

Compute new value of effective depth

d = 470 − 95 − 20 − 12.5

𝐝 = 𝟑𝟒𝟐. 𝟓 𝐦𝐦

Actual area of reinforcement

πdb 2
As = xN
4

π(20)2
As = x5
4

As = 1570.796 mm2

Actual values of “a” and “c”

T = Cc

A s Fy
a=
0.85f′c b

1570.796 (275)
a=
0.85(21)(300)

a = 80.665 mm

c = 94.902 mm

Checking whether the tension bars will yield first

fs 600
=
d−c c

fs 600
=
380 − 94.902 94.902

fs = 1802.478346 MPa (𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐞𝐥 𝐲𝐢𝐞𝐥𝐝𝐬)

 154

Actual Moment capacity

a
Mu = ∅Asfy(d − )
2

80.665
Mu = 0.9(1570.796)(275)(380 − )
2

Mu = 132.0532167 kN. m

Efficiency of the section

121.42 kN. m
Eff. =
132.0532167 kN. m

𝐄𝐟𝐟. = 𝟗𝟏. 𝟗𝟓% (𝐄𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐒𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧!)

FOR LEFT AND RIGHT SUPPORT: 300

Use 300 mm x 475 mm section

𝟓 − 𝟐𝟎 𝐦𝐦 ∅ 𝐭𝐨𝐩 𝐛𝐚𝐫𝐬 475

𝟐 − 𝟐𝟎 𝐦𝐦 ∅ 𝐛𝐨𝐭𝐭𝐨𝐦 𝐛𝐚𝐫𝐬
 155

Design Criteria:

Concrete covering = 75 mm
30.335 kN.m
f’c = 21 MPa

Fy = 275 MPa

AT MID SUPPORT (from STAAD Analysis):

Mu = 30.335 kN. m

Trial section

Base = 300 mm

Height = 475 mm

Effective depth

dmain bar
deff = h − concrete cover − dstirrups −
2
20
deff = 475 − 75 − 10 −
2

deff = 380 mm

300
Steel reinforcement ratio

1.4
ρmin =
√Fy

1.4
380

ρmin =
475

√275

ρmin = 0.005091
 156

0.85f′c β600
ρb =
Fy (600 + Fy )

0.85(21)(0.85)(600)
ρb =
275(600 + 275)

ρb = 0.0373

ρmax = 0.75ρb

ρmax = 0.75(0.0373)

ρmax = 0.028

Checking whether singly or doubly reinforced

Asmax = ρmax bd

Asmax = 0.028(300)(380)

Asmax = 3192 mm2

T=C

Asmax Fy = 0.85f′c amax b

3192 (275) = 0.85(21)amax (300)

amax = 163.9215686 mm

a
Mumax = ϕAsFy (d − )
2

163.9215686
Mumax = 0.9(3192)(275) (380 − )
2

Mumax = 235.4569412 kN. m > 30.335 kN. m

*Mumax > Mu ; design as "𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐲 𝐫𝐞𝐢𝐧𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐝"

 157

Coefficient of resistance

Mu
Rn =
∅bd2

30.335
Rn =
0.9(300)(3802 )

R n = 0.7781

Actual steel ratio

0.85f′c 2R n
ρ= [1 − √1 − ]
fy 0.85f′c

0.85(21) 2(0.7781)
ρ= [1 − √1 − ]
275 0.85(21)

ρ = 0.0029 < ρmin

∗∗ therefore use ρ = 0.005091

Tension steel reinforcement

As1 = ρbd

As1 = 0.005091(300)(380)

As1 = 580.374 mm2

Assume fs = fy

T=C

As1 Fy = 0.85f′c ab

580.374 (275) = 0.85(21)a(300)

a = 29.80445378 mm
 158

a
c=
β

29.80445378
c=
0.85

c = 35.06406327 mm

Checking whether tension steel will yield first. Assume fs = fy

fs 600
=
d−c c

fs 600
=
380 − 35.06406327 35.06406327

fs = 5902.383886 MPa (𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐞𝐥 𝐲𝐢𝐞𝐥𝐝𝐬)

Number of bars

4As
N=
πdb 2

4(580.374)
N=
(202 )π

N = 1.8474 pcs

𝐒𝐀𝐘 𝐍 = 𝟐 𝐩𝐜𝐬 − 𝟐𝟎 𝐦𝐦 Ø

ACI Code, the minimum bar spacing in a beam

i. 1.75(20) = 35 mm

Spacing of tension bars

Assume single layer:

b − 2steel cover − (n − 1)db

spacing =
n−1
 159

300 − 2(95) − (2 − 1)(20)

spacing =
2−1

spacing = 90 mm

Actual area of reinforcement

πdb 2
As = xN
4

π(20)2
As = x2
4

As = 628.3185307 mm2

Actual values of “a” and “c”

T = Cc

A s Fy
a=
0.85f′c b

628.3185307(275)
a=
0.85(21)(300)

a = 32.26659121 mm

c = 37.96069554 mm

Checking whether the tension bars will yield first

fs 600
=
d−c c

fs 600
=
380 − 37.96069554 37.96069554

fs = 5406.212393 MPa (𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐞𝐥 𝐲𝐢𝐞𝐥𝐝𝐬)

 160

Actual Moment capacity

a
Mu = ∅Asfy(d − )
2

32.26659121
Mu = 0.9(628.3185307)(275)(380 − )
2

Mu = 56.58448779 kN. m

Efficiency of the section

30.335 kN. m
Eff. =
56.58448779 kN. m

𝐄𝐟𝐟. = 𝟓𝟑. 𝟔𝟏% (𝐒𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐢𝐬 𝐬𝐚𝐟𝐞 𝐛𝐮𝐭 𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐨𝐦𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥)

FOR MIDSPAN: 300

Use 300 mm x 475 mm section

𝟐 − 𝟐𝟎 𝐦𝐦 ∅ 𝐛𝐨𝐭𝐭𝐨𝐦 𝐛𝐚𝐫𝐬 475

𝟐 − 𝟐𝟎 𝐦𝐦 ∅ 𝐭𝐨𝐩 𝐛𝐚𝐫𝐬

Development length

Compression steel

0.24db fy
Ld =
λ√fc′

∗∗ where: λ = 1.0 for normal weight concrete

λ = 0.75 for light weight concrete

0.24(20)(275)
Ld =
1√21

Ld = 290.127 mm
 161

say Ld = 300 mm

Ldmin = 0.043db fy

Ldmin = 0.043(20)(275)

Ldmin = 236.5 mm

say Ldmin = 250 mm

Ld as by code ≥ 200 mm

∗∗ 𝐮𝐬𝐞 𝐋𝐝 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝐦𝐦 (𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧)

Tension steel

0.24ѱdb fy
Ld =
λ√fc′

∗∗ where: ѱ = 1.2 for epoxy − coated reinforcement

λ = 0.75 for light weight concrete

ѱ and λ = 1.0 for other cases

0.24(1)(20)(275)
Ld =
1√21

𝐿𝑑 = 290.1274083 𝑚𝑚

𝑠𝑎𝑦 𝐿𝑑 = 300 𝑚𝑚

𝐿𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑏𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 8𝑑𝑏 𝑜𝑟 ≥ 150 𝑚𝑚

𝐿𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑏𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 8(20)

𝐿𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑏𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 160 𝑚𝑚

∗∗ 𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝑳𝒅 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎 (𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏)

 162

Details of Shear reinforcement

Length of beam = 4.65 m

Effective depth = 380 mm

Vumax (STAAD Analysis) = 89.352 kN

Shear at distance d-eff from face of column

𝐿
2𝑉𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 (2 − 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑓 )
𝑉𝑢 =
4650

4650
(89.352) ( 2 − 380) (2)
𝑉𝑢 =
4650

𝑉𝑢 = 74.74823226 𝑘𝑁

Shear force provided by concrete

𝑉𝑐 = 0.17𝜆√𝑓′𝑐𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = 0.17(1.0)√21(300)(380)(10−3 )

𝑉𝑐 = 88.81031697 𝑘𝑁

Shear force carried by steel

𝑉 − ∅𝑉𝑐
𝑉𝑠 =
∅

74.748 − (0.75)88.81031697
𝑉𝑠 =
(0.75)

𝑉𝑠 = 10.85368303 𝑘𝑁
 163

Spacing of Stirrups

A b Fy d
S=
Vs

102 π(275)(380)
S=
4(10.85368303 )

S = 756.187 mm

𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑑/2

𝐒𝐀𝐘 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 190mm

Span that needs reinforcement

2Vumax ∅Vc
=
L L
2 (2 − x)

2(89.352) 0.85(88.81031697)
=
4650 4650
2 ( 2 − x)

x = 1342.865359 mm

@ x = 1000 mm

Vumax Vu
=
L L
2 2−x

89.352 Vu
=
2325 2325 − 1000

Vu = 50.92103226 kN

𝑉 − ∅𝑉𝑐
𝑉𝑠 =
∅
 164

50.92103226 − (0.75)88.81031697
𝑉𝑠 =
(0.75)

Vs = 8.8416 kN

Spacing of Stirrups

A b Fy d
S=
Vs

102 π(275)(355)
S=
4(8.8416)

S = 867.20 mm

𝐒𝐀𝐘 s = 175 mm

@ x = 1500 mm

Vumax Vu
=
L L
2 2−x

153.31 Vu
=
2000 2000 − 1500

Vu = 38.3275 kN

Vu
Vs = − Vc
∅

38.3275
Vs = − 81.341
0.85

Vs = −36.25 kN (provide minimum stirrups)

𝐒𝐀𝐘 s = 175 mm (provide minimum stirrups as by code)

**provide minimum spacing of 175mm O.C. as by ACI code (d/2)

 165

Detail of stirrups

Number of
@ distance Spacing length
Stirrups

1 50mm 50mm 50mm

4 355mm 100mm 400mm

4 1000mm 175mm 700mm

Rest @ 175mm
 150

Details
300mm

4.0m

300mm
(see detail of stirrups for spacing)

Design Output
300 450 300 300

450
450

5 – 20mm ø tension bars and 3 – 3 – 20mm ø compression bars and 5 – 20mm ø tension bars
20mm ø compression bars w/ 10 2 – 20mm ø tension bars w/ 10 and 3 – 20mm ø

166
mm ø stirrups mm ø stirrups compression bars w/ 10 mm
ø stirrups