Experiment No.

8
8.1 Objective:
To verify the laws of shearing force and bending moment on a beam.

8.2 Apparatus:
 Bending moment of shearing force apparatus
 Hanger
 weight

8.3 Introduction:
It is a simple apparatus having a horizontal beam and three pulleys with a
frame. The beam is attached to the frame by means of a pin.
The apparatus is manually operated. The frame of apparatus is actually a metal
plate at which a pin support is present for the support of the beam. The pulleys
are fixed in the frame of the apparatus and are attached to each other by
means of wires.

Metallic plate

10

W2 Beam selection
W

W
W1

W
Fig.8.1: Schematic diagram for equilibrium condition
8.4Theory
8.4.1. BEAM:
A Beam in structural engineering terms is a member that can be comprised of
a number of materials (including steel, wood, aluminium)to withstand loads
typically applied laterally to the beam axis. Beam can be referred to members,
elements, shafts etc.

8.4.2. CLASSIFICATION:
Beams are generally horizontal structure members which
transfer loads horizontally along their length to the supports where the loads
are usually resolved into vertical components. The beams are classified as:
 Simply supported beam
 Fixed beam
 Cantilever beam
 Continuous supported beam
 overhanging beam
8. 4.2.1.SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM:
If the ends of a beam are made to rest freely on supports beam, it is called a
simple supported beam.

Figure#8.2:simply supported beam

8.4.2.2.FIXED BEAM:
If a beam is fixed at both ends it is free called fixed beam. Its other name
is fixed in beam.

Figure#8.3:fixed beam
8.4.2.3.CANTILEVER BEAM:
If abeam is fixed at one end while the other end is free,it is called a cantilever
beam.

Figure#8.4:cantilever beam

8.4.2.4. CONTINUOUSLY SUPPORTED BEAM:

If more than two supports are provided to the beam, It is called
continuously supported beam.

Figure#8.5:Continuously supported beam.

8.4.2.5. OVERHANGING BEAM

It is a beam that has its one or both ends stretching out past its
support.it can have any number of supports.in other words it is a beam when a
cantilever portion is hanging out of a simply supported beam

8.4.3.EQUILIBRIUM CONDITION:
8.4.3.1.STATICALLY DETERMINATE BEAM:
A beam is called determinate if it can be analyze by the basic equilibrium
condition. The support reaction can be found by using basic equilibrium
condition.
Forces:
Summation of all the forces should be zero. F  0

Torques:
Summation of all the torques should be zero   0
Examples are simply supported beam and cantilever beam.
8.4.3.2.STATICALLY INDETEREMINTE BEAM:
If the beam cannot be analysed by using basic equilibrium condition, known
as statically indeterminate beam. The end reaction find out by using basic
equilibrium condition with combination of other conditions like strain energy,
virtual work method. Examples are continuous beam and fixed beam.

8.4.4.CROSS SECTION:
A beam may have different cross sections. The most common cross sections of
beam are as follows:
I beam: The beam types have I cross section as shown in figure#10.

Figure#8.6: I beam

T BEAM: The T beam is shown in figure#11.

Figure#8.7: T beam

8.4.5.GEOMETRY:
According to geometry beams are:
1) Straight beam
2) Curved beam
3) Tapper beam
8.4.6 Moment of inertia:
The moment of inertia, otherwise known as the angular mass or rotational
inertia, of a rigid body is a tensor that determines the torque needed for a
desired angular acceleration about a Rotational axis; similar to how mass
determines the force needed for a desired acceleration. It is given as: 𝑰 = 𝒎 𝒓𝟐

8.4.7 Concentrated load:

It is a kind of load which is considered to act at a point. By this we mean that
the length of the beam over which the force acts is so small in comparison to
its total length of beam.

8.4.8 Shearing force and bending moment:

Shearing force at any point along the loaded beam is the algebraic sum of all
the vertical forces acting to one side of the point.
The bending moment at any point along a loaded beam is the algebraic sum of
the moments of all the vertical forces acting to one side of the point about the
point.
8.4.9 Mathematical Derivation:
W1 and W are in downward direction
W2 in upward direction
Weight of beam = 4.2lb
By equilibrium conditions :
∑Fx=0
W= W
∑Fy=0
W2 = W1 + W
∑Mp=0
W (4) + W1 (10) – W (8)
W = ( 4W + 10W1) / 8 This is the required condition for a beam to be in
equilibrium under the condition of apparatus given.
8.5 Procedure:
 Set the apparatus with beam initially supported by pin.
 Apply the loads in the hangers until the shearing force and couple
balances each other.
  Remove the pin and check whether the apparatus in equilibrium.
 Change the load W1 and repeat the experiment.
8.6 Observations and Calculations:
Length of beam section = 10 inch
Length of beam section up to C.O.G = 4 inch
Length of mettalic plate = 8 inch
Weight of beam section = 4.2 inch

Sr.No W1 W2 = W1 + W W = (4W +10W1 ) W (ex)

(lb) (lb) (lb) (lb)

1 0.1 4.3 2.225 2.30

2 0.2 4.4 2.35 2.40

3 0.3 4.5 2.475 2.5

4 0.4 4.6 2.6 2.6

5 0.5 4.7 2.725 2.7

% error = 2.5%

8.7. Comments:
The deviation from the actual value may be due to:
 Mistake in noting down the readings
 There may be error in the apparatus
8.8. References:
 https://www.quora.com/What-is-fixed-beam.
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment_of_inertia.
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bending_moment.
 Beer, F.; Johnston, E.R. (1984), Vector mechanics for engineers: statics
 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007