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Abstract
for geosynclinal development, commencing with the posits,from which molybdenumis the principal
accumulationof a thick volcanicand sedimentary metalrecovered, aresimilarto thoseof theporphyry
pile, and followedby plutonismand deformation and coppers.Hypogeneore gradein the porphyrycop-
finally by epeirogenicuplift and volcanism(e.g., persrarelyexceeds 1% Cu, and is commonly below
Beloussov, 1962) doesnot satisfactorily
explainthe 0.5% Cu.
evolutionof mostorogens(Coney,1970). In terms The hostintrusionsof porphyrycopperdeposits,
of the theoryof platetectonics,geosynclinesmay be andtheirvarioustypesof count-ry rocks,maybothbe
equatedwith oceansand continentalmargins, and ore-bearing,and are characterized by widespread,
oceansand island arcs. Mountain systemsare gen- zonally-arranged hydrothermal alteration,commonly
erated as a consequence of the underthrustingof of potassic,phyllic, argillic and propylitic types
oceaniclithosphere beneathan adjacentplate at con- (Meyer and Hemley, 1967; Lowell and Guilbert,
tinental margins (-e.g., the cordilleran system of 1970), and by hydrothermalbrecciation.
North and South America), or at island arcs (e.g., The close association of intrusion and mineraliza-
Japan). In some instances,eventual continent-con- tion in porphyrycopperand molybdenum deposits
tinent collision(e.g., the Himalayas) or continent- is emphasized by K-Ar dating which has demon-
islandarc collision(e.g., New Guinea) are involvedstratedthe two processes to be temporallyindis-
in orogenicdevelopment(Dewey and Bird, 1970; tinguishablein severalinstances(e.g., Livingston,
Dewey and Horsfield, 1970). It shouldbe stressed, Mauger and Damon, 1968; Moore, Lanphereand
however,that eachorogenicbelt displaysan essenti- Obradovich,1968; Laughlin,Rehrig and Mauger,
ally unique sequentialhistory, even though certain1969). In at least some deposits,part of the
sequencesof eventsare more commonthan others. mineralizationmayin factbe syngenetic with respect
Currently acceptedconceptsof the metallogenesis to the associated
intrusiverock (e.g., Ely, Nevada;
of post-Precambrianorogenic belts are based on Fournier, 1967). The intimatetemporalassociation
stabilist geotectonicdoctrine (Bilibin, 1968; Mc- of intrusionand mineralization
lendssupportto the
Cartney and Potter, 1962; McCartney, 1964), and orthomagrnatic model of porphyry coppergenesis
supportthe association of distincttypesof mineraliz- (Nielsen, 1968; Lowell and Guilbert, 1970). Ac-
ation with each stage of geosynclinaldevelopment. cordingto this model, a felsic magma,becoming
Porphyrycopperdeposits,for instance,are considered water-saturated as it intrudes towards the surface
to typify the post-orogenic,late tectonicstage (Mc- zone, undergoescrystallizationof its outer parts,
Cartney and Potter, 1962). In view of the recent whichare subsequently brecciatedby the releaseof
advancesin geotectonictheory, it would therefore accumulatedfluids,which alsoproducethe alteration
seemopportuneto reexaminethe metallogenesis of and mineralization. Meteoric waters are involved in
orogenicbelts in terms of the new globaltectonics. the formationof the outer zonesof hydrothermal
This paperoutlinesa platetectonicmodelto account alteration and mineralization.
for the genesisand distributionin both spaceand
time of one important class of mineralization,the The Origin of Calc-Alkaline Igneous Rocks
porphyrycopperand porphyrymolybdenum deposits. and Porphyry Copper Deposits
Someaspectsof the modelwere presentedelsewhere
l/l/orldDistributionoI Porphyry Ore Deposits
as an abstract (Sillitoe, 1970). It shouldperhaps
be stressedthat the proposedmodelis of a speculative Figure 1 showsthe locationof the majorityof ex-
nature, and does not purport to embody rigorous ploitedporphyrycopperand molybdenumdeposits,
proofsof its validity. and of manyimportantprospects, whichin Figure 2
are relatedto Mesozoic-Cenozoic orogenicbeltsand
Geologicaland Genetic Characteristicsof currently active lithosphericplate boundaries. It
Porphyry Copper Deposits can be appreciatedthat the majority of the world's
porphyry depositsare locatedin the circum-Pacific
Over one half of the world'scopperproductionis orogenicbelts and in the central portion of the
currently derived from porphyry copper deposits, Alpide orogenicbelt. The western Americas belt,
large tonnage (commonlyexceeding500 m tons), containingmost of the known porphyrycopperde-
low grade, roughly equidimensional depositsof dis- posits,extendsfrom westernArgentina and central
seminatedand stockwork-veinlet,pyrite-chalcopyrite and northernChile,throughPeru, Ecuador,Panama,
mineralization,carrying at least trace amounts of Mexico, the western United States (Arizona, New
molybdenum,gold and silver. They are spatially Mexico, Nevada,Utah, Colorado,Idaho, Washing-
andgeneticallyrelatedto passively-emplaced hypabys- ton and Montana), to British Columbia, the Yukon
sal felsicstocks,commonlyporphyries. The geologi- andAlaska. Markedconcentrations of deposits
occur
cal characteristicsof the porphyrymolybdenum de- in Sonora-Arizona-New Mexico and in Brit.i•sh.
186 RICHARD H. SILLITOE
ignimbrites.Thesevolcanicrocksare commonlyob-
ß P•d•PHYRY COPPER
ALPIDE BELT
served to be intruded or underlain by extensive
ß PO•YRy
IIOL'Y'B•E#UM batholiths and smaller intrusions of a similar com-
•POSITS
EuL••sian
Plate ß
ß
•
•/'•
// Southeast
Asian
Plate
ß..'.;.'. ..:::
ß
ß
American
fine Plate Plate
ß
ß
Caribbean
Plate
/
Pacific Plate
.r'
ß , •.•.East Pacific
Plate
o.
IndianI•ate ,,
Nricon Plate
.J
ß
ß
ß
;
t'"'\--.•....x.
....v
• '" Antarctic
Plate
............ Accreting
platemargins Active transform faults
Consuming
platemargins Platemargins
of indeterminate
nature
"'."'i•Mesozoic-Cenozoic
mountain belts
Regions
with
porphyry
copper
and
molybdenum
6el)OSits
(Plate boundaries
tokenfrom Deweyand Bird, 1970)
Fro. 2. The western Americas. southwestPacific and Alpide porphyry belts in relation to Mesozoic-Cenozoic
orogenic belts and accreting and consumingplate boundaries
North America (Moore, 1959, 1962; Moore, Grantz and calc-alkalinemagrnatism,summarizedin the
and Blake, 1963; Batemanand Dodge,1970). preceeding
sections,the components
of porphyry-
Initial Sr87/Sr8øratios (0.703-0.706) obtainedfor copper stocks,including the containedmetals, are
andesiticvolcanics(Ewart and Stipp, 1968; Pushkar, likewisepostulated
to possess
an originby partial
1968; Peterman,Carmichaeland Smith, 1970), and meltingof oceaniccruston a subductionzone. Initial
those (0.705-0.709) obtainedfor felsic rocks from strontiumisotoperatiosin the range0.706-0.708ob-
the British Columbia, Sierra Nevada and Boulder tained for severalporphyry-copper stocksin the
batholiths (Fairbairn, Hurley and Pinson, 1964; southwest United States and for the stock associated
Hurley et al., 1965; Doe et al., 1968) are incom- with theQuesta,New Mexicoporphyrymolybdenum
patiblewith an originby partial meltingor wholesale deposit (Moorbath, Hurley and Fairbairn, 1967;
assimilationof continentalcrust, but would seem to Laughlin,Rehrig and Mauger, 1969) supportthis
be in accordwith a derivationby partial meltingof contention.A deep,homogenized, probablymantle-
oceanic crust on a subduction zone. The trace ele- sourcefor sulfidesulfur in porphyry•opper and
ment content of andesires is also consistent with a molybdenumdepositsin the southwestUnited States
Benloft-zone .origin (Taylor, 1969; Taylor et al., is suggestedby •S3• values close to the meteoric
1969). standard(Field, 1966; Jensen, 1967; Laughlin,
Rehrig and Mauger, 1969).
The Origin of Porphyry Copper and Molybdenum In summation,therefore, porphyry copper and
Deposits molybdenumdepositsare consideredto be confined
In view of the closetemporaland spatialrelation- to orogenic belts characterizedby calc-alkaline
ship betweenthe genesisof porphyryore deposits magrnatism,and resulting from plates of oceanic
188 RICHARD H. SILLITOE
Oceanicsediments
(layert) withmetal-rich horizon
at theirbase
Porp•lyrycopperdeposit
Copperconcentration
in oceaniccrust
Volcanic chain
Bat halitl•s /
OCEAN
RIS
r Basaltic
Old continental crust TREN'CH Oce'-
/
/
Basalt
encI
qa-ers
gabbro
2and
31
'iS,;;e ai;metal-rlc
•' ' h /
magma
MOHO
on [layers
,ang
3•
Calco alkaline
magma IOO
150
200
To 700 Km.
Nameof PorphyryDeposits
or Regions Age"of PorphyryDeposits Sourceof Data
British Columbia
deposits Upper Triassic-MiddleJurassic White, Harakal and Carter (1968);
Mostporphyrycopperand molybdenum
Upper Jurassic Brown (1969)
Late Lower Cretaceous
Upper Paleocene-UpperEocene
Vancouver Island Lower Eocene-Lower Oligocene Carson (1969)
Western United States and Sonora
Most porphyry copperdeposits Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene Creaseyand Kistler (1962);
Bisbee, Arizona Middle Jurassic McDowell and Kulp (1967);
Ely and Yerington,Nevada Lower Cretaceous Moorbath, Hurley and Fairbairn
Bingham, Utah Lower Oligocene (1967); Livingston, Mauger and
Front Rangeporphyrymolybdenum
deposits Upper Oligocene-LowerMiocene Damon (1968); Moore, Lanphere
and Obradovich (1968); Tweto
(1968); Wallace et al. (1968);
Laughlin, Rehrig and Mauger
(1969)
Panama
Botija Lower Oligocene Feren[i6 (1970)
Ecuador
Chaucha Upper Miocene M/iller-Kahle and Damon (1970)
Peru
Southern Peru Paleocene Laughlin, Damon and Watson
Michiquillay ? Lower Miocene (1968); Stewart and Snelling (in
prep.)
Argentina Tertiary (S) United Nations (1970)
Farel16n Negro, Catamarca Upper Miocene-Pliocene(S) Llambias (1970)
Chile
Upper Cretaceous Sillitoe, Quirt, Clark, Farrar and
Paleocene Neumann (in prep.)
Upper Eocene-Oligocene
Upper Miocene-Pliocene
BougainvilleIsland
Panguna ? Pliocene(S)' Macnamara (1968)
Taiwan
Chemei Miocene or later Po and Lee (1970)
Philippines Tertiary (S) Bryner (1969)
Atlas Upper Paleocene
West Pakistan
Chagaidistrict ? post-Oligocene
(S) Schmidt (1968)
Iran
Kerman region Upper Oligocene-Miocene
(S) Bazin and H/ibner (1969)
Armenia
Upper Eocene Bagdasaryan,Gukasyan and Kara-
Lower Oligocene myan (1969)
Lower Miocene
aTimescaleaccording
to Hadand,SmithandWilcock(1964).
(S) Stratigraphicestimate.
has been sufficientto remove the upper parts of presently available suggestthat the periods of
batholiths,the loci of porphyrydeposits. However, porphyrycopperformationin Chile were separated
it is predictedthat porphyry depositswill be en- by quiescentintervalswith durationsof about 15-25
counteredin parts of certain pre-Mesozoicorogens m.y. Similar pulse-likeigneousintrusionhas also
where erosionhas been less severe. 8 The apparent beenreportedfrom parts of westernNorth America,
predominanceof late Cretaceous-Paleogene ages of pulseslastingapproximately10-15 m.y. and being
porphyrydeposits(Table 1) mightalsobe dependent separatedby 30 m.y. intervals(Damon and Mauger,
on the erosionfactor,wherebymany early Mesozoic 1966; Evernden and Kistler, 1970; Gabrielse and
depositshave been eroded away, and some post- Reesor, 1964). Such magmaticperiodicitymay be
Paleogenedepositshave yet to be exhumedfrom correlablewith changesin the thermal regime on
beneaththeir volcaniccover. Supportfor this pro- subductionzonesinducedby variationsin the relative
posal is derived from conditionsin Chile north of spreadingrate or motionpattern of the plates. In
latitude 30øS, where the erosionlevel becomespro- this context,changesin the relative motion of plates
gressivelydeeperfrom the recentvolcanicchain on every 10-20 m.y. in the northeastPacific, deduced
the Andeancrestwestwardsto the Jurassicintrusions by Francheteau,Sclaterand Menard (1970), might
on the Pacificlittoral (Sillitoe and Sawkins,1971). be significant.
The majority of the exposedporphyry copper de- The eastwardmigration of the loci of intrusion
positsare Paleogenein age; Jurassicdeposits,if they and porphyry copperemplacementevident in north-
ever existed,havebeenlost by erosion,and deposits ern Chile, which perhapsreflectsa parallel trend in
yet to be exposedmay exist in the recent volcanic the positionof magmagenerationon the underlying
chain. However, the secondfactor, discussedbelow, subduction zone,whetheror not causedby a change
may also be an importantcontributary,or even the in its position or inclination relative to the con-
dominant, causeof the relative abundanceof Paleo- tinental margin, is less well definedin the western
genedepositsin northernChile. United States. In the latter region,Gilluly (1963)
If the importanceof the erosionfactor has been recognized an overalldecrease in the ageof Mesozoic-
correctly evaluated,then porphyry depositsin re- Cenozoic intrusion landwards from the continental
gionswith a high erosionrate, suchas the south- margin, but subsequentprograms of radiometric
west Pacificbelt characterized by a tropicalclimate, dating have shown many exceptionsto this gen-
couldbe expectedto yield a predominance of particu- eralization. A broadly comparablepattern of east-
larly youngages;more radiometricdating is needed ward youngingis apparentfrom the porphyry de-
in order to test this proposal. posits. The belt of mid-Tertiary porphyry moly-
Explanationsof many featuresof the distribution bdenumdepositsin the Front Range lies east of the
of porphyry copperand molybdenumdepositscan main clusterof late Cretaceous-Paleocene porphyry
be attemptedin termsof the secondfactor,the lateral copper deposits in Sonora-Arizona-New Mexico
and secularpattern of magma generation,and the (Fig. 1), and the Lower Cretaceousporphyryde-
availabilityof copperandmolybdenum, on subduction positsat Ely and Yerington, Nevada are locatedin
zones. In northern Chile, discrete post-Paleozoic the westernpart of this porphyry province. The
intrusiveepisodes are manifested by a seriesof north- great concentrationof late Cretaceous-Paleocene
south-trendingbelts of batholithsand stocks.The porphyry copper depositsin the southwestUnited
ages of these belts decreasefrom Lower Jurassic Statesis visualizedas being due to the subductionof
nearthe coastto late Tertiary in the AndeanCordil- areasof exceptionally copper-richoceaniccrust. This
lera (Ruiz et al., 1965; Farrar et al., 1970). The contentionis supportedby the occurrencein the
ages of porphyry copperdepositsin this region sameprovinceof unmineralized(with the exception
possessan analogousspace-timedistribution,al- of Bingham, Utah) mid-Tertiary stocks, which I
thoughJurassicdeposits are as yet unknown. Thus consider to have been intruded at a time when lesser
the possibilityarises that each discretepulse of amountsof copperwere availableon the subjacent
magmageneration had the potentialto give rise to subductionzone. Theories invoking the extraction
porphyryore deposits;the extendedtime interval of copperfrom the continentalcrust or uppermantle
fail to account for the concentration within a limited
and episodicityof porphyrydepositgenesis,particu-
larly in westernNorth America,as reflectedby the time period of most of these porphyry copper de-
posits;furthermore,post-Paleozoic stocksof all ages
agesin Table 1, supportthis conclusion.The data in the provincewould be expectedto be similarly
a Pre-Mesozoic porphyry copper-typedepositshave been endowed with porphyrycopperdeposits.Continuing
reported from northwest of St. John, New Brunswick the sameline of argument,large amountsof moly-
(Ruitenberg,Shafiquallahand Tupper, 1970), and from east-
central Queensland,(Cornelius, 1969), but no particulars bdenum,and only minorcopper,are thoughtto have
of the occurrenceswere given. been available on a subduction zone vertically
192 RICHARD H. $ILLITOE
mid-way through the interval of formation of the Miocene times, they would be related to a north-
porphyry deposits. ward dipping subductionzone, which becameex-
tinct during the Miocene,by the collisionof its
LineamentIntersectionsand Porphyry CopperDe- overlyingislandarc (Bismarckarc) with the Aus-
positsin Western .dmerica
traliancontinent(DeweyandBird, 1970).
The locations of several southwest North American
porphyry copper depositshave been attributed to The .dlpideBelt
major orogen- and fault-zone intersections(Bill- The Alpide belt, in termsof the new globaltec-
ingsley and Locke, 1941; Mayo, 1958; Schmitt, tonics,is one of the leastknownand mostcomplex
1966). More specifically,the locationsof several of the compressive plate boundaries.On a global
porphyry copperdeposits(e.g., Ajo, Pima-Mission scale,the compressire forcesin the Alpide belt have
and Silver Bell) have been consideredto have been been attributed to relative movements between the
influencedby elementsof the west-northwest- trend- African and Eurasian plates related to sea-floor
ing Texas lineament,particularlyby its intersection spreadingin the Central and North Atlantic Oceans
with the Wasatch-Jeromeorogen (Mayo, 1958; (Hs/i, 1971; Smith, 1971). Lithospherewas con-
Schmitt, 1966; Guilbert and Sumner, 1968; Wertz, sumedalongthe northernandnortheastern edgesof
1970). Schmitt (1966) and Guilbert and Sumner the Arabianplateat the Zagrosthrustzonein Iran
(1968) have interpretedthe Texas lineamentas a and West Pakistanand its westerlycontinuationin
continental manifestation of now-extinct transform Turkey (DeweyandBird, 1970). Porphyrycopper
faults in the North Pacificbasin. Although several depositsin Iran and West Pakistan, north of the
porphyry copper depositsoutside of the southwest Zagros zone, were emplacedwhile subductionwas
United States (e.g., Chuquicamata,Chile; Taylor, active. The porphyrydepositsin Romania,Yugo-
1935) lie adjacent to important faults, none have slaviaand Bulgaria appearto be relatedto a Meso-
been describedas being locatedby major structural zoic-Tertiarysubduction
zone which, accordingto
intersections. It is suggestedthat the control of Dewey and Bird (1970; Fig. 14), is marked by
porphyry copper emplacementby extinct transform ophiolitecomplexes,and extendedwestwardsfrom
faults and major structural intersectionsis not uni- the southernshoreof the Black Sea. It might be
versally applicable,and is subordinateto a funda- conjecturedthat all the porphyryore depositsin the
mental dependenceon elongate zones of plate con- Alpide belt were generatedduring phasesof sub-
vergence. In Chile, for example, the linear, longi- ductionrelatedto theclosure
of thewesternTethyan-
tudinal array of porphyrycopperdeposits(Fig. 1) Indian Ocean.
providesstrongsupportfor a subduction-zone origin, In the caseof orogenicbeltsin whichthe collision
and no indicationof control by structural intersec- of continents with island arcs or with other con-
tions is evident (Sillitoe, unpublished). In the tinentshas contributedto their development,
as in
southwestUnited States, the less regular, disperse the Alpine-Mediterranean system, calc-alkaline
pattern of porphyry copper deposits may be ex- igneousrocksand associated ore depositsmay have
plained in terms of partial fusion and consequent beenconcealedby overthrustslicesor by flyschde-
magma and metal generationover a greater down- positsduring or after collision.
dip extension of the underlying subductionzone;
this situation might be expectedif the subduction Concluding Remarks
zone were flat-dippingand imbricateas invokedby In termsof the plate tectonicmodeloutlinedabove
Lipman, Prostkaand Christiansen(1971). It is not for the genesisof porphyryore deposits,several
denied,however,that lineamentsmay haveinfluenced suggestionsfor explorationmay be made. A con-
locallythe uprise of magmaand includedmetals. sideration of the distribution of Mesozoic-Cenozoic
subductionzones(Fig. 2) indicatesseveralareasas
The SouthwestPacificBelt potentialporphyryprovinces,in additionto the oro-
In view of the youngages(Table 1) suggested for genic belts of western America and their southward
the porphyry copper depositsin Bougainvilleand continuation
into the AntarcticPeninsula.Probably
Taiwan, it seemsprobablethat their formation is the most obviousof theseregionsare Japan• and
linked to Benioff zonesoccupyingpositionsclosely New Zealandwhereporphyrydepositshavenot yet
similar to thosecurrently active (Fig. 2). If the beendiscovereddespiteextensiveexploration.A re-
porphyrycopperdepositsin West Irian and Papua- centcompilationof agesof magmatismin islandarcs
New Guinea prove to be post-Miocenein age, then (Mitchell and Bell, 1970) showsthat Upper Creta-
they would seem to be related to the southward ceous-Eocene or mid-Tertiary periodsof volcanism
underthrustingof the Pacificplate (Fig. 2). On the accompanied by intrusionare represented,in addi-
other hand, if the depositswere formed in pre- tion to in islandarcs where porphyrycopperde-
194, RICHARD H. SILLITOE
Bonin, Sumatra-Java, Banda, North and South Atwater, T., 1970, Implications of plate tectonicsfor the
Cenozoic tectonic evolution of western North America:
Celebes,New Hebrides and Fiji; these areas are
Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull., v. 81, p. 3513-3536.
consideredimportantfor porphyry copperexplora- Bagdasaryan,G. P., Gukasyan,R. K., and Karamyan, K.
tion. The Lesser Antilles islandarc, Kamchatkaand A.0 1969, Absolute dating of Armenian ore formations:
Burma and Thailand are also considered to be Int. Geol. Review, v. 11, p. 1166-1172.
Bateman,P. C., and Dodge, •'. C. W., 1970, Variations of
promisingtargets. major chemical constituents across the Central Sierra
In the Alpide zone,Turkey,4 Greeceand Afghanis- Nevada batholith: Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull., v. 81, p.
409-420.
tan seemto be likely areasfor porphyry copperdis- Bazin, D., and Hiibner, H., 1969, La r•gion cuprifire •t
covery. A detailed analysis of the Alpine-Medi- gisements porphyriques de Kerman (Iran): Mineral.
terraneanorogenin termsof the new globaltectonics Deposita, v. 4, p. 200-212.
Beloussov,V. V., 1962, Basic Problems in Geotectonics:
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additional evidence from seismology: Geol. Soc. Amer.
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Tertiary times at the contact of the African and Bilibin, Y. A., 1968, Metallogenic provincesand metallogenic
European-Asianplates,as depictedby Dewey and epochs: Geol. Bull., Dept. Geol., Queens College, Queens
College Press, New York, 35 p.
Bird (1970; Fig. 14), thenporphyrycopperdeposits BillingsIcy, P., and Locke, A., 1941, Structure of ore dis-
might be expectedin the north of Moroccoand Al- tricts in the continental framework: Amer. Inst. Min.
Metall. Engrs. Trans., v. 144, p. 9 64.
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subductionzone active during the closure of the continental margin tectonics and the evolution of the
easternpart of the Tethyan-IndianOcean(Mitchell Appalachian orogen: Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull., v. 81, p.
1031-1060.
and Reading, 1969), then porphyry depositsmight Bonatti, E., 1968, Ultramafic. rocks from the Mid-Atlantic
be presenton its northernside. Ridge: Nature, v. 219, p. 363-364.
It is hoped that this model for the origin of Bostr6m, K., and Peterson, M. N. A., 1966, Precipitates
from hydrothermal exhalations on the East Pacific Rise:
porphyrycopperand molybdenum deposits,though Ecotv. GEoI..,v. 61, p. 1258-1265.
liableto modificationin the light of further informa- , 1969, The origin of aluminium-poor ferromanganoan
tion relatingto porphyrydeposits sedimentsin areas of high heat flow on, the East Pacific
and platetectonics, Rise: Marine Geol., v. 7, p. 427-447.
will stimulateconfirmatoryresearch,and attemptsto --., Joensuu,O., and Fisher, D. E., 1969, Aluminium-poor
applythe newglobaltectonics to otherclasses of ore ferromanganoan sediments on active oceanic ridges: Jour.
Geophys,Res., v. 74, p. 3261-3270.
deposit. A numberof the stagesin the proposed Brown, A. S., 1969, Mineralization in British Columbia and
model would seem to be amenable to testing by the copper and molybdenumdeposits: Canad. Inst. Min.
further work. Potentiallyimportantresearchmight Trans., v. 72, p. 1-15.
includeage-determination and Srs7/Sr86studiesof Bryner, L., 1969, Ore depositsof the Philippines--an intro-
ductionto their geology: EcoN GEoI..,v. 64, p. 644-666.
porphyrydeposits, and isotopicandchemical studies Cann, J. R., 1968, Geologicalprocessesat mid-oceanridge
of oceanic crustal rocks. These should be accom- crests: Geophys.Jour., v. 15, p. 331-341.
paniedby investigations the magmatic Carson,
to elucidate D. J. T., 1969, Tertiary mineral deposits of Van-
couverIsland: Canad.Inst. Min. Trans., v. 72, p. 116-125.
and metal-concentrating processesoperativeat the Chase,R. L., and Bunce,E. T., 1969, Underthrustingof the
oceanrise system,and the nature of lithosphere eastern margin of the Antilles by the floor of the western
sinking,and partialmeltingandmetalextraction,in North Atlantic ocean,and origin of the BarbadosRidge:
Jour. Geophys.Res., v. 74, p. 1413-1420.
subduction zones.
Christensen,N. I., 1970, Compositionand evolution of the
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Acknowledgments Christiansen, R. L., and Lipman; P. W., 1970, Cenozoic
volcanism and tectonism in the western United States and
I shouldlike to thank Dr. A. H. Clark, Dr. J. F. adjacent parts of the spreading ocean floor. Part 11:
Dewey,Dr. W. R. Dickinson,and particularlyDr. Late Cenozoic: Abstracts, Geol. Soc. Amer. Cordilleran
Sec. 66th Ann. Mtg., v. 2, p. 81-82.
J. W. Stewartfor theirusefulcomments
onan early Coats, R. R., 1962,Magma types and crustal structure in the
draft of the paper. Aleutian arc: p. 92-109, in The Crust olt the Pacific Basin,
Amer. Geophys.Union, Geophys.Monog. 6.
INSTITUTO DE INVESTIGACIONESGEOL6GICAS, Coleman, P. J., 1966, The Solomon Islands as an island
CASILLA10465, SANTIAGO,CHILE, arc: Nature, v. 211, p. 1249-1251.
PRESENT ADDRESS: Coney, P. J., 1970, The geotectoniccycle and. the New
DEPARTMENT OF 1V[INING GEOLOGY, Global Tectonics: Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull., v. 81, p. 739-
748.
ROYALSCFIOOLOF MINES,
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