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Structures
1
Dr. A/ERAHMAN ELZUBIER MOHAMED and FATAH ELRAHMAN
MOHAMED ADAM2
Abstract:
A finite element formulation is presented for conducting large deformation analysis of
matrices were made on the basis of total lagrangian formulation by using both
geometric strains (Engineering Strains) and Green’s stains. The formulations were
Examples are presented for the analysis of cylindrical shells. Agreement with existing
:
.
ﻤـﻊ . ﺘ.(Strains
. .
1
Head of Civil Engineering Department, Sudan University of Science & Tech., Khartoum, Sudan
2
Civil Engineering Department, Nile Valley University, Atbara, Sudan
1
Introduction:
A formulation of three dimensional large rotation elasto-plastic theory for thin curved
[1]
eccentric beams elements has been developed by A. Elzubier , which involves use of
geometric strains in the formulation. He shows that there was a big difference in stresses
obtained when using the geometric strains and Green’s strains in the case of large
rotations.
[1]
In this paper A.Elzubier formulation using geometric strains , is extended using shell
finite element to enable large deformation finite element analysis of shell structures to
formulation.
The concept of treating a shell element as special case of three dimensional analysis was
[2] [3]
used by Ahmed, Irons and Zienkiewicz and Pawsey , and it seems to provide a
Curved elements based on exact or appropriate shapes of shells began to appear in the
late 1960s, Bogner, Fox, and Schmit [4] describe a cylindrical shell element, which used
total lagrangian formulation with the concept that the displacements are nonlinear
A total lagrangian formulation based on geometric strains with geometric stresses and
Green’s strains with 2nd Piola Kirchhoff stresses is adopted in this paper. Results
obtained using geometric strains and Green’s strains compared with previous solutions
2
Geometric Definition of the element: -
Atypical curved shell element, with eight nodes on mid-surface is shown in Fig.(1).
Each node has five degrees of freedom, three translations and two rotations as shown in
Fig.(2). By assuming the lines joining the top and bottom nodes to be straight, the shape
x 8 xi
ti
y N i yi ζ v3i (1)
z i 1 z 2
i
Where xi ,yi ,zi are the global coordinates of the mid-surface node i. , ti It is the shell
thickness at node i. , v3i is a unit vector in the direction normal to the middle plane. and
u 8 ui
ti αi
v N i vi ζ v1i ,v2i (2)
w i 1 w 2 βi
i
3
xi xi
V3i yi yi
z
i top zi bottom
V1i = i x V3i
V2i = V1i x V3i
Where V3i is a vector in the direction normal to the middle plane, V1i is perpendicular to
the plane defined by V3i and x axis and V2i is normal to the V1i and V3i.
Strain-displacement Relation:
Green’s Strains:
The Green’s strains as defined by Ref. [6] can be written as follows:
u 1 u 2 v 2 w 2
x 2( ( x ) ( x ) ( x ) )
ε x v 1 ( ( u )2 ( v )2 ( w )2 )
ε y 2 y y y
y u v u u v v w w
ε γxy Or L (3)
γ y x x y x y x y
xz u w u u v v w w
γ yz z x x z x z x z
w v u u v v w w
y z z y z y z y
Where:
= Bo a (4)
L = ½ A (5)
4
A and are given as follows:
θ x 0 0
0 θy 0
A θ y θx 0 (6)
θ z 0 θx
0 θz θ y
θ θ x θz = G a
T
θy (7)
where:
u v w u v w u v w
x ; y ; z
x x x y y y z z z
Geometric strains:
The geometric strains ε'x , ε' y are defined by the change in length per unit initial length
of line elements originally oriented parallel to the x,y axes respectively. The shear strain
ex 2 1
1
12
ε' x ey 1
ε' γxy
y 1 2 1 2
e .e
ε' γ' xy x y (8)
γ' γxz1
xz ex 2
γ' yz γ
yz
1
ey 2
5
Variations of strains:
By taking the variation of Eq.(8),we have:
1
e 12 0 0 0 0
x
1
δε x' 0 1 0 0 0 δε x
δε ' ey 2
y γxy δε y
γxy 1
δε' δγxy' 3 2 1 2 0 0 δγxy or δε' = H δε (9)
1 3 1
ex .e y
1
δγ ' ex .e y ex .e y
2 2 2 2
δγxz
xz γxz 1
δγ yz ' e 3 2 0 0 0 δγ
ex
1
2 yz
x γ yz
0 1
0 0
e y 2
3 1
ey 2
δεo = Bo δa (10)
x
y
xy D ε' (14)
xz
yz
Where D is the elasticity matrix for isoparametric material and is given by Ref. [6].
6
Tangent Stiffness Matrix:
The tangent stiffness matrix KT is obtained by differentiating the residual force vector ψ
T
ψ B* σ dv - f (15)
v
KT = Ko + KL + K + K* (16)
Where:
Ko = Bo H T D H Bo dv
T
(17)
v
Ko + KL = B*T D B* dv BT H T D H B dv (18)b
v v
K = G T P* G dv (19)a
v
x* I xy * I xz * I
P* = y I yz I ; I is a 3x3 identity matrix
* *
(19)b
Symetric
oI
x*
*
y
xy * H T
*
(19)c
*
xz *
yz
7
K* BT P B dv (20)a
v
P, is the additional initial stress matrix and is given in terms of the initial stress and
strains by:
- x 3 xy xy 3 xz xz xy xy xy xz
( 32 52 12 5
) 3 3 3 1 3
0
ex ex ey ex ex ey ex 2 ey 2 ex
2 2 2 2
- y 3 xy xy 3 yz yz xy yz
( 3 1 5 ) 0 3
P ey 2 ex 2 ey 2
5
ey 2
1 3
ex 2 ey 2 ey 2 (20)b
0 0 0
Symmetric 0 0
0
Numerical Examples:
of symmetry, only one-eight of the cylinder was modeled by 4x4 mesh elements. The
material is assumed to be linearly elastic and isotropic. The pressure load was applied in
cycles. The load deformation response is compared with those obtained by Chang and
10
Ref.7
NL.Geom.
NL.Green.
Internal Press. (ksi)
8
Lin.Soln.
4 z
z
y x
2 3
E=7.5 x10 ksi , v=0.25
R=20 in , L=20 in , Thick=0.5 in
0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
Max. Displacement (in.)
Fig. (3): Large deflection analysis of thin wall cylinder
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2-Circular cylindrical shell:
The circular cylindrical shell as shown in Fig.(4) is clamped along all four edges and
elastic and isotropic. One quarter of the shell was modeled by 4x4 mesh elements. In the
analysis the pressure load increment was varied at three stages: 0.25 kN/m2 for the
softening part, 0.0625 kN/m2 near the snap through deformation and 0.25 kN/m2 for the
stiffing part. The incremental solution at the initial and final stages converges with an
average of 2 iteration cycles and for the softening part 1 iteration cycle. The load
deformation response is compared with those obtained by Chang and Sawamiphakdi [7].
3.0
Lateral Press. (kN/m )
2.5
2
2.0
L
L
1.5
R
1.0 LinearSoln.
NL.Green 2
NL.Geom. E=3.10275 kN/mm , v=0.3
0.5 L=254 mm , Thick=3.175 mm
Ref.7. R=2540 mm , = 0.1 rad.
0.0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Central Deflection (mm)
Fig.(4): A cylindrical shell subjected to uniform press.
of the convex side. The longitudinal sides are hinged whereas the curved edges are free.
[8]
Pica and Wood have investigated this snap through problem. Their results are
compared to those obtained using 4x4 mesh elements. The central load deflection
results shown in Fig.(5), agree with those presented in Ref.[8] up to a load of about 2.1
9
2.5
Ref.8
2.0 NL.Geom.
NL.Green P
(kN)
Central Load (kN)
Lin.Soln.
1.5 L
L
R
1.0
Conclusions:
This paper has presented a geometrically nonlinear analysis of shells using the total
that the displacements obtained by using geometric strains are nearly the same as those
obtained by using Green’s strains in the case of small rotations and further investigation
In conclusion it can be stated that the results obtained by using Green’s strains and
results obtained by using geometric strains are in good agreement with published
References:
1- Mohamed A. E. , “A small Strain large Rotation Theory and Finite Element
Formulation of thin Curved Beams”, Ph.D. Thesis, The City University, April 1983.
2- Ahmed S. , Irons B.M. and Zienkiewicz O.C. , “Analysis of Thick and Thin Shell
Structures by Curved Finite Elements”, Intl. JI, Num. Meth. Engineering vol. 2, PP.
419-451, 1970.
10
3- Pawsey S. F. , “The Analysis of Moderately Thick and Thin Shells”, Ph.D. Thesis,
6- Zienkiewicz O.C. and Taylor R. L. , “The Finite Element Method”, vol. 2 4th edn.,
Shells by Finite Element Method”, Computers and Structures, vol. 13, PP 331-240,
1981.
8- Pica A. and R. D. Wood, “Post Buckling Behaviour of Plates and Shells using A
Mindlin Shallow Shell Formulation”, Computers and Structures, vol. 12, PP 759-768,
1980.
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