EXERCISE 14

In each of the following, find y’, y’’ and y’’’.

1. 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 2 + 5

Solution:

𝒚′ = 𝟒𝒙𝟑 − 𝟒𝒙 , 𝒚′′ = 𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒 , 𝒚′′′ = 𝟐𝟒𝒙

2. 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)3

Solution:

𝒚′ = 𝟑(𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐 , 𝒚′′ = 𝟔(𝒙 + 𝟏) = 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟔 , 𝒚′′′ = 𝟔

1 (𝑥 2 −3𝑥)(𝑥 2 −3𝑥) 𝑥(𝑥−3)(𝑥 2 −3𝑥)

3. 𝑦 = (𝑥 2 − 3𝑥)2 = = = (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 2 − 3𝑥)
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 9𝑥
Solution:

𝒚′ = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐𝒙 + 𝟗 , 𝒚′′ = 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟏𝟐 , 𝒚′′′ = 𝟔

1
4. 𝑦 = √2𝑥 = (2𝑥)2

Solution:

𝟏
′
𝟏 𝟐
− 𝟏
𝒚 = (𝟐𝒙) 𝟐 𝟐 (𝟐) =
𝟐 √𝟐𝒙
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 −𝟏
𝒚′′ = (𝟐𝒙)−𝟐 = − (𝟐𝒙)−𝟐−𝟐 (𝟐) = −(𝟐𝒙)−𝟐 = 𝟑
𝟐 (𝟐𝒙)𝟐

′′′ −
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟐
− − −
𝟓 −𝟑
𝒚 = −(𝟐𝒙) 𝟐 = (𝟐𝒙) 𝟐 𝟐 (𝟐) = 𝟑(𝟐𝒙) 𝟐 = 𝟓
𝟐 (𝟐𝒙)𝟐
2
5. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 −1 = 𝑥 2 −
𝑥

Solution:
 𝟐
𝒚′ = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙−𝟐 = 𝟐𝒙 +
𝒙𝟐
𝟒
𝒚′′ = 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙−𝟑 = 𝟐 +
𝒙𝟑
𝟏𝟐
𝒚′′′ = 𝟏𝟐𝒙−𝟒 =
𝒙𝟒

Find the point of inflection of the following curves.

6. 𝑦 = 5 − 2𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3

𝑦 ′ = −2 − 6𝑥 − 3𝑥 2

𝑦 ′′ = −6 − 6𝑥 = 0
−6𝑥 6
= , 𝑥 = −1
−6 −6

When x = -1 then y=5 – 2x – 3x2 – x3=5 – 2(-1) – 3(-1)2 – (-1)3=5

Inflection Point is (-1,5)

7. 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 − 24𝑥 2 + 75

𝑦 ′ = 4𝑥 3 − 48𝑥

𝑦 ′′ = 12𝑥 2 − 48 = 0

12𝑥2 48
= = 4 , 𝑥 = ±2
12 12

When x = 2 then y=x4-24x2+75 =(2)4-24(2)2+75=16-96+75=-5

When x = -2 then y=x4-24x2+75 =(-2)4-24(-2)2+75=16-96+75=-5

Inflection Pointsare (2,-5) and (-2,-5)

8. 𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑥 2 − 5)2 = 𝑥(𝑥 2 − 5)(𝑥 2 − 5) = (𝑥 3 − 5𝑥)(𝑥 2 − 5)

𝑦 = 𝑥 5 − 5𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 3 + 25𝑥 = 𝑥 5 − 10𝑥 3 + 25𝑥

𝑦 ′ = 5𝑥 4 − 30𝑥 2 + 25
𝑦 ′′ = 20𝑥 3 − 60𝑥 = 0

𝑥 (20𝑥2 − 60) = 0

𝑥1 = 0 , 𝑥2 = √3 , 𝑥3 = −√3

When x = 0 then y=x(x2-5)2 = (0)(02-5)2=0

When x = -√3 then y=x(x2-5)2 = ( - √3)((- √3) 2-5)2= - 4√3

When x = √3 then y=x(x2-5)2 = (√3)((√3) 2-5)2= 4√3

Inflection Pointsare (0,0) , (-√𝟑 , -4 √𝟑 ) and (√𝟑 , 4 √𝟑 )

1
9. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 −1 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥

𝑦 ′ = 2𝑥 + 𝑥 −2

2
𝑦 ′′ = 2 − 2𝑥 −3 = 2 −
𝑥3
2 2 2
2− =0 , 2= , 𝑥3 = 2 = 1 , 𝑥 = 1
𝑥3 𝑥3
1
When x = 1 then 𝑦 = (1)2 − 1 = 0

Inflection Point is (1,0)

1 1
− 1
10. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 = √𝑥 +
√𝑥

1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 3
𝑦 ′ = 𝑥 2−2 − 𝑥 −2−2 = 𝑥 −2 − 𝑥 −2
2 2 2 2
1 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 3 5 1 3
𝑦 ′′ = − 𝑥 −2−2 + 𝑥 −2−2 = − 𝑥 −2 + 𝑥 −2 = − 3 + 5
4 4 4 4 4𝑥 2 4𝑥 2
5
1 3 3 4𝑥 2
− 3 + 5 =0 , = 3 , 𝑥=3
1
4𝑥 2 4𝑥 2 4𝑥 2

1 1 4√ 3
When x = 3 then 𝑦 = √𝑥 + √𝑥 = √3 + √3 = 3
 𝟒√𝟑
Inflection Point is ( 3 , )
𝟑

Find the critical points, points of inflection and trace the following curves.
1 1
11. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥
3 2

𝑦 ′ = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2 = (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1) = 0

𝑥1 = 2 and 𝑥2 = −1
1 1 1 1 10
If 𝑥1 = 2 then 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 = (2)3 − (2)2 − 2(2) = −
3 2 3 2 3

𝟏𝟎
Minimum ( 𝟐 , − )
𝟑

1 1 1 1 7
If 𝑥2 = −1 then 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 = (−1)3 − (−1)2 − 2(−1) =
3 2 3 2 6

𝟕
Maximum ( −𝟏 , )
𝟔

1
𝑦 ′′ = 2𝑥 − 1 = 0 , 𝑥 =
2

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 13
If 𝑥 = then 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 = ( )3 − ( )2 − 2 ( ) = −
2 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 2

𝟏 𝟏𝟑
Inflection Point is ( , − )
𝟐 𝟐

12. 𝑦 = (𝑥 2 + 1)(𝑥 − 1) = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 1

𝑦 ′ = 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 = 0

Imaginary Roots maybe no maxima and minima

𝑦 ′′ = 6𝑥 − 2 = 0
2 1
𝑥= =
6 3
 1 1 1 1 20
If 𝑥 = then 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 1 = ( )3 − ( )2 + − 1 = −
3 3 3 3 27

𝟏 𝟐𝟎
Inflection Point is ( , − )
𝟑 𝟐𝟕

13. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 4 − 8𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2

𝑦 ′ = 12𝑥 3 − 24𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 = 0

𝑥(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1) = 𝑥(4𝑥 − 4)(3𝑥 − 3) = 0

𝑥1 = 0 and 𝑥2 = 𝑥3 = 1

If 𝑥1 = 0 then 𝑦 = 3𝑥 4 − 8𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 = 3(0)4 − 8(0)3 + 6(0)2 = 0

Minimum ( 𝟎 , 𝟎)

If 𝑥2 = 1 then 𝑦 = 3𝑥 4 − 8𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 = 3(1)4 − 8(1)3 + 6(1)2 = 1

Maximum ( 𝟏 , 𝟏)

𝑦 ′′ = 36𝑥 2 − 48𝑥 + 12 = 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1 = (3𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 1) = 0

1
𝑥1 = and 𝑥2 = 1
3

1 1 1 1 11
If 𝑥 = then 𝑦 = 3𝑥 4 − 8𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 = 3( )4 − 8( )3 + 6( )2 =
3 3 3 3 27

If 𝑥 = 1 then 𝑦 = 3𝑥 4 − 8𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 = 3(1)4 − 8(1)3 + 6(1)2 = 1

𝟏 𝟏𝟏
Inflection Point are (𝟏, 𝟏) and (𝟑 , 𝟐𝟕)

14. 𝑦 = (𝑥 2 + 2)2

𝑦 ′ = 2(𝑥 2 + 2)2−1 (2𝑥) = 4𝑥(𝑥 2 + 2) = 0

𝑥 = 0 is the only real root, others are imaginary.

If 𝑥 = 0 then 𝑦 = (𝑥 2 + 2)2 = (02 + 2)2 = 4

Critical Point( 𝟎 , 𝟒)
𝑦 ′′ = 12𝑥 2 + 8 = 0
2
𝑥2 = −
3
No real roots (imaginary roots), no inflection point/s
(𝑥+1)2
15. 𝑦 =
𝑥

Simplify:

(𝑥 + 1)2 (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1
𝑦= = = = 𝑥 + 2 + 𝑥 −1
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
1
𝑦 ′ = 1 − 𝑥−2 = 1 −
𝑥2
1
1− = 0 , 𝑥1 = 1 and 𝑥2 = −1
𝑥2

(𝑥+1)2 (1+1)2
If 𝑥 = 1 then 𝑦 = = =4
𝑥 1

Maximum ( 𝟏 , 𝟒)
(𝑥+1)2 (−1+1)2
If 𝑥 = −1 then 𝑦 = = =0
𝑥 −1

Minimum ( −𝟏 , 𝟎)
2
𝑦 ′′ = 2𝑥−3 = =0
𝑥3
No inflection point/s
1 4
16. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 3
1 1 3 8 4 3 1 2 8 1 1 8 1
𝑦 ′ = 𝑥3−3 + 𝑥3−3 = 𝑥−3 + 𝑥3 = 2 + 𝑥3
3 3 3 3 3
3𝑥 3
1 1 1
2 + 8𝑥 = 0 , 1 + 8𝑥 = 0 , 𝑥 = −
3
8
𝑥3
 1 4
1 1 1 1 4 3
If 𝑥 = − then 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2𝑥 = (− ) + 2(− )3 = −
3 3 3
8 8 8 8

𝟏 𝟑
Critical Point( − , − )
𝟖 𝟖

2 2 3 8 1 3 2 5 8 2 −2 8
𝑦 ′′ = − 𝑥 − 3−3 + 𝑥 3−3 = − 𝑥 − 3 + 𝑥 −3 = 5 + 2
9 9 9 9 9𝑥 3 9𝑥 3
5
−2 8 9𝑥 3 2 2 1
5 + 2 =0 , 2 = , 𝑥= =
8 8 4
9𝑥 3 9𝑥 3 9𝑥 3

1 4
1 1 1 1 4
If 𝑥 = then 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 3 = ( )3 + 2( )3 = 0.95
4 4 4
𝟏
Inflection Point is ( 𝟒 , 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓)

19. Find the equation of the line tangent to the curve y = x3 – 6x2 + 5x+2 at its point of inflection.

Solution:

𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 2

𝑦 ′ = 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 5

𝑦 ′′ = 6𝑥 − 12
12
6𝑥 − 12 = 0 , 𝑥 = =2
6

When x = 2 then 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 2 = 23 − 6(2)2 + 5(2) + 2 =

−4Inflection Point is ( 𝟐, −𝟒)

𝑚 = 𝑦 ′ = 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 5 = 3(2)2 − 12(2) + 5 = −7

Using point-slope form:

𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )

𝑦 − (−4) = −7(𝑥 − 2)

𝑦 + 4 = −7𝑥 + 14
7𝑥 + 𝑦 = 10
20. Find the equation of the line tangent to the curve 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 3)/ √𝑥 at its point of inflection.

Solution:

𝑥+3
𝑦=
√𝑥
Simplify:

√𝑥 √ 𝑥 3 1
−
1
𝑦= + = 𝑥 + 3𝑥 2
2
√ 𝑥 √ 𝑥
1 1 3 3
𝑦 ′ = 𝑥−2 − 𝑥−2
2 2
1 3 9 5
𝑦 ′′ = − 𝑥−2 + 𝑥−2
4 4
5
3
1 9 −5 𝑥2 9
− 𝑥−2 + 𝑥 2 =0 , 3 = , 𝑥=9
4 4 1
𝑥2

𝑥+3 9+3 12
When x = 9 then 𝑦 = = = =4
√𝑥 √9 3

Inflection Point is ( 𝟗, 𝟒)

1 −1 3 −3 1 −1 3 −3 1
′
𝑚 = 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 = (9) 2 − (9) 2 =
2 2 2 2 9
Using point-slope form:

𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
1
𝑦 − 4 = (𝑥 − 9)
9
9𝑦 − 36 = 𝑥 − 9

𝑥 − 9𝑦 = −27
21. Find the equation of the line normal to the curve 𝑦 = 3𝑥 5 + 10𝑥 3 + 15𝑥 + 1 at its point of
inflection.

Solution:

𝑦 = 3𝑥 5 + 10𝑥 3 + 15𝑥 + 1

𝑦 ′ = 15𝑥4 + 30𝑥2 + 15

𝑦 ′′ = 60𝑥3 + 60𝑥
60𝑥(𝑥 2 + 1) = 0

𝑥 = 0 since other roots are imaginary

When x = 0 then 𝑦 = 3𝑥 5 + 10𝑥 3 + 15𝑥 + 1 = 3(0)5 + 10(0)3 + 15(0) + 1 = 1

Inflection Point is ( 𝟎, 𝟏)

𝑚 = 𝑦 ′ = 15𝑥4 + 30𝑥2 + 15 = 15(0)4 + 30(0)2 + 15 = 15

1 1
𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = − =−
𝑚 15

Using point-slope form:

1
𝑦−1=− (𝑥 − 0)
15
15𝑦 − 15 = −𝑥

𝒙 + 𝟏𝟓𝒚 = 𝟏𝟓
22. Find the equation of the line normal to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑥 + 𝑎)(𝑥 + 2𝑎) at its point of
inflection.

Solution:

𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑥 + 𝑎)(𝑥 + 2𝑎) = (𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥)(𝑥 + 2𝑎) = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2𝑎2 𝑥

𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑎𝑥 2 + 2𝑎2 𝑥

𝑦 ′ = 3𝑥2 + 6𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑎2

𝑦 ′′ = 6𝑥 + 6𝑎
6𝑥 + 6𝑎 = 0 , 𝑥 = −𝑎

When x = -a then 𝑦 = −𝑎(−𝑎 + 𝑎)(−𝑎 + 2𝑎) = 0

Inflection Point is ( −𝒂, 𝟎)

𝑚 = 𝑦 ′ = 3𝑥2 + 6𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑎2 = 3(−𝑎)2 + 6𝑎(−𝑎) + 2𝑎2 = 3𝑎2 − 6𝑎2 + 2𝑎2 = −𝑎2

1 1 1
𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = − =− =
𝑚 (−𝑎2 ) 𝑎2

Using point-slope form:

1
𝑦−0= (𝑥 − (−𝑎))
𝑎2

𝑎2 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑎

𝒙 − 𝒂𝟐 𝒚 = −𝒂
23. Determine a and b so that the curve 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 will have a point of inflection at (1,2)

Solution:

𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2

𝑦 ′ = 3𝑎𝑥 2 + 2𝑏𝑥

𝑦 ′′ = 6𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑏 = 0

At (1,2)

6𝑎(1) + 2𝑏 = 0

6𝑎 + 2𝑏 = 0

𝑏 = −3𝑎

𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 = 𝑎𝑥 3 − 3𝑎𝑥 2 = 2

𝑎(1)3 − 3𝑎(1)2 = 2

−2𝑎 = 2 , 𝑎 = −1
𝑏 = −3𝑎 = −3(−1) = 3

𝒂 = −𝟏 and 𝒃 = 𝟑

24. Determine a and b so that the curve 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 −2 will have a point of inflection at (1,3)

Solution:

𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 −2

𝑦 ′ = 2𝑎𝑥 − 2𝑏𝑥 −3

6𝑏
𝑦 ′′ = 2𝑎 + 6𝑏𝑥 −4 = 2𝑎 +
𝑥4
At (1,3)
6𝑏 6𝑏
2𝑎 + 𝑥 4 = 0 , 2𝑎 + (1)4 = 0 , 2𝑎 + 6𝑏 = 0

𝑎 = −3𝑏

𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 −2 = −3𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 −2 = 3

−3𝑏(−1)2 + 𝑏(1)−2 = 3
3
−3𝑏 + 𝑏 = 3 , 𝑏 = − 2

3 9
𝑎 = −3𝑏 = −3 (− ) =
2 2
𝟗 𝟑
𝒂 = 𝟐 and 𝒃 = − 𝟐

25. Determine a, b and c so that the curve 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 will have a slope of 4 at its
point of inflection (-1 , -5)

26. Determine a, b and c so that the line 16𝑥 − 𝑦 + 20 = 0 will be tangent to curve 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 4 +
𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐 at its point of inflection (-1 , 4)

27. Determine a, b, c and d so that the curve 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 will have a critical point
at the origin and a point of inflection at (2,4).

Solution:

𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑

When x = 0
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 = 𝑎(0)3 + 𝑏(0)2 + 𝑐(0) + 𝑑

𝒅=𝟎

When x = 2 and y = 4

𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 = 𝑎(2)3 + 𝑏(2)2 + 𝑐(2) + 𝑑 = 4

8𝑎 + 4𝑏 + 2𝑐 + 0 = 4

𝑐 = 2 − 4𝑎 − 2𝑏

At (2 , 0)

𝑦 ′ = 3𝑎𝑥 2 + 2𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐

3𝑎𝑥 2 + 2𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 3𝑎(2)2 + 2𝑏(2) + 𝑐 = 0

12𝑎 + 4𝑏 + 𝑐 = 0

12𝑎 + 4𝑏 + (2 − 4𝑎 − 2𝑏) = 0

12𝑎 + 4𝑏 + 2 − 4𝑎 − 2𝑏 = 0

8𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 2 = 0

4𝑎 + 𝑏 = −1

𝑦 ′′ = 6𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑏 = 0

3𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 = 3𝑎(0) + 𝑏 = 0

𝒃=𝟎

4𝑎 + 𝑏 = −1

𝟏
𝒂=−
𝟒
8𝑎 + 4𝑏 + 2𝑐 + 0 = 4

1
8(− ) + 4(0) + 2𝑐 + 0 = 4
4
𝒄=𝟑
EXERCISE 15
1. Find two positive numbers whose product is 64, and whose sum is a minimum.

SOLUTION:

Let x = first number and y = second number

64
𝑥𝑦 = 64 , 𝑦 = 𝑥

𝑥+𝑦 =𝑆

64
𝑥+ =𝑆
𝑥
Differentiate with respect to x:

64 𝑑𝑆
1− =
𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑆
Equate 𝑑𝑥 = 0 to get minimum sum

64
1 − 𝑥 2 = 0 , √𝑥 2 = √64 , 𝑥 = 8

Get the y’’

𝑑 2 𝑆 128
= 3
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥
At x = 8

𝑑 2 𝑆 128 1
= = >0
𝑑𝑥 2 (8)3 4

64 64
𝑦= = =8
𝑥 8
𝑥 = 8 and 𝑦 = 8

2. What should be the shape of a rectangular field of a given perimeter, if it is to have a

maximum area?

SOLUTION:

Let a = length and b = width

 𝐴
𝑎𝑏 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 , 𝑏 = 𝑎

2𝑎 + 2𝑏 = 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟

𝐴
2𝑎 + 2( ) = 𝑃
𝑎
𝐴
2 − 2 ( 2 ) = 𝑃′
𝑎

Equate 𝑃′ = 0 to get maximum area

𝐴 𝐴
1− =0 , 1= , 𝐴 = 𝑎2
𝑎2 𝑎2

Shape that has same dimension of sides is a square. Area of square = a2

3. A rectangular field is to be enclosed by a fence and divided into three lots of fences parallel
to one of the sides. Find the dimensions of the largest field that can be enclosed with 800 feet
fencing.

SOLUTION:

Let x = length and y = width

2𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 800

𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 400

𝑥 = 400 − 2𝑦

𝑥𝑦 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎

(400 − 2𝑦)𝑦 = 𝐴

400𝑦 − 2𝑦 2 = 𝐴

400 − 4𝑦 = 𝐴′

Equate 𝐴′ = 0 to get maximum area

400 − 4𝑦 = 0 , 100 − 𝑦 = 0 , 𝑦 = 100

𝑥 = 400 − 2𝑦 = 400 − 2(100) = 200

Dimensions of the largest field 100 ft. x 200 ft.

4. A rectangular lot adjacent to a highway is to be enclosed by a fence. If the fencing cost USD
2.5 per foot along the highway and USD 1.5 per foot on the other side, find the dimensions of
the largest lot that can be fenced off for USD 720.

SOLUTION:

Let x = length and y = width

1.5𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2.50𝑥 = 720

4𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 720

720 − 3𝑦
𝑥=
4
𝑥𝑦 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎

720 − 3𝑦
( )𝑦 = 𝐴
4
3
180𝑦 − 𝑦 2 = 𝐴
4
3
180 − 𝑦 = 𝐴′
2
Equate 𝐴′ = 0 to get maximum area
3 3
180 − 2 𝑦 = 0 , 180 = 2 𝑦 , 𝑦 = 120 𝑓𝑡

720 − 3(120)
𝑥= = 90 𝑓𝑡
4
Dimensions of the largest lot 120 ft. x 90 ft.

5. A closed box, whose length is twice its width, is to have a surface of 192 square inches. Find
the dimensions of the box when the volume is maximum.

SOLUTION:

Let x = width , 2x = length , h = height

2𝑙𝑤 + 2𝑙ℎ + 2𝑤ℎ = 192 = 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎

2(2𝑥(𝑥) + 2𝑥ℎ + 𝑥ℎ) = 192

2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥ℎ = 96
 (96 − 2𝑥 2 )
ℎ=
3𝑥
𝑉 = 𝑙𝑤ℎ

(96 − 2𝑥 2 )
𝑉 = 2𝑥(𝑥)( )
3𝑥
4
𝑉 = 64𝑥 − 𝑥 3
3
𝑉 ′ = 64 − 4𝑥 2
Equate 𝑉 ′ = 0 to get maximum volume
64
64 − 4𝑥 2 = 0 , 𝑥 2 = , 𝑥 = 4 𝑖𝑛
4

𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 2𝑥 = 2(4 𝑖𝑛) = 8 𝑖𝑛

2
(96 − 2(4) ) 16
𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = ℎ = = 𝑖𝑛
3(4) 3

Dimensions of the largest lot 4in. x 8in. x 16/3 in.

6. An open box is formed from a piece of cardboard 12 inches square by cutting equal squares
out of the corners and turning up the sides. Find the volume of the largest box that can be
made in this way.

SOLUTION:

Let length = 12 – 2x , width = 12 – 2x , height = x

𝑉 = 𝑙𝑤ℎ = 𝑥(12 − 2𝑥)(12 − 2𝑥) = (12𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 )(12 − 2𝑥) = 144𝑥 − 24𝑥 2 − 24𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 3

𝑉 = 144𝑥 − 48𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 3

𝑉 ′ = 144 − 96𝑥 + 12𝑥 2

Equate 𝑉 ′ = 0 to get volume of largest box

144 − 96𝑥 + 12𝑥 2 = 0 , 12(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 6) = 0

𝑥1 = 2 and 𝑥2 = 6

When x = 2 then 𝑉 = 2(12 − 2𝑥2)(12 − 2𝑥2) = 128 𝑖𝑛2

When x = 6 then 𝑉 = 2(12 − 2𝑥6)(12 − 2𝑥6) = 0

So the maximum volume = 128 in2

7. If the length of the hypotenuse of a right triangle is 10, find the lenghts of the other sides of
when area is maximum.

SOLUTION:

Let base = x , y = height

By Pythagorean theorem

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 102

2𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦 ′ = 0
𝑥
𝑦′ = −
𝑦
1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 𝑥𝑦
2
1 1
𝐴′ = 𝑥𝑦 ′ + 𝑦
2 2
Equate 𝐴′ = 0 to get maximum area

1 1 𝑥 𝑥2
𝑥𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 0 , 𝑥(− ) + 𝑦 = 0 , − +𝑦 =0
2 2 𝑦 𝑦

𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 so 𝑥 = 𝑦
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 102

𝑦 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2𝑦 2 = 100

𝑦 2 = 50 so 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 5√2

So the maximum area 𝟓√𝟐 x 𝟓√𝟐

8. Find the maximum area of an isosceles triangle whose perimeter is 18 inches.

SOLUTION:

Let side 1 = x , side 2 = x (isosceles has 2 equal sides) , side 3 = y

𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟

2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 18

𝑦 = 18 − 2𝑥

1
𝑦(ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡) = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
2
Let 1st side = x , 2nd side =y/2 , h = height

Using Pythagorean theorem

𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2

2
𝑦2
𝑥 = + ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
2
𝑦22
ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 𝑥 −
2
(18 − 2𝑥)2
2
ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 𝑥 −
2
ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 𝑥 2 − 2(9 − 𝑥)2
1
𝑦(ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡) = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
2
1 2
(18 − 2𝑥)(𝑥2 − 2(9 − 𝑥) ) = 𝐴
2
2
(9 − 𝑥)(𝑥2 − 2(9 − 𝑥) ) = 𝐴

(9 − 𝑥)(𝑥2 − 162 + 36𝑥 − 𝑥2 ) = 𝐴

(9 − 𝑥)(36𝑥 − 162) = 𝐴

486𝑥 − 36𝑥 2 + 1458 = 𝐴

486 − 72𝑥 = 𝐴′

Equate 𝐴′ = 0 to get maximum area

27
486 − 72𝑥 = 0 , 72𝑥 = 486 , 𝑥 = 𝑜𝑟 6.75
4
 𝟐𝟕
So the maximum area is 𝒐𝒓 𝟔. 𝟐𝟓
𝟒

9. Find the most economical dimesions for a closed cylindrical can containing a quart.

SOLUTION:

1 2
𝑉= 𝜋𝑑 ℎ = 1 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡
4
1 𝑑ℎ
𝜋 (𝑑2 + 2𝑑ℎ) = 0
4 𝑑𝑑
𝑑ℎ −2ℎ
=
𝑑𝑑 𝑑
1
𝐴 = 2 ( 𝜋𝑑2 ) + 𝜋𝑑ℎ
4
1 2
𝐴= 𝜋𝑑 + 𝜋𝑑ℎ
2
𝑑ℎ
𝐴′ = 𝜋𝑑 + 𝜋(𝑑 + ℎ) = 0
𝑑𝑑
𝑑ℎ
𝑑 +ℎ =0
𝑑𝑑
𝑑ℎ
𝑑 + 𝑑( )+ℎ =0
𝑑𝑑
2ℎ
𝑑 + 𝑑(− )+ℎ=0
𝑑
𝑑−ℎ =0

𝑑=ℎ

The most economical dimensions is diameter should be equal to height

10. Find the dimension of the largest right circular cylinder that can be inscribed in a sphere of
radius 6 inches.

SOLUTION:

𝑉 = 𝜋𝑅 2 ℎ
Using pythagorean theorem:

𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2

𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑟 2

ℎ2
+ 𝑅2 = 𝑟 2
2

ℎ2
𝑅2 = 𝑟 2 −
4

ℎ2
2
𝑉 = 𝜋(𝑟 − )ℎ
4
𝜋ℎ3
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ −
4
3
𝑉 ′ = 𝜋𝑟 2 − 𝜋ℎ2 = 0
4

4 4
ℎ = √ 𝑟 2 = √ (6𝑖𝑛)2 = 4√3
3 3

3
2
𝜋ℎ3 𝜋(4√3)
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 ℎ − = 𝜋(6)2 (4√3) − = 522.37 𝑖𝑛3
4 4

Dimensions of the largest right circular cylinder V= 522.37 in3 and h = 𝟒√𝟑

11. If three sides of a trapezoid are each 6 inches long, how long must the fourth side be if the
area is a maximum?

SOLUTION:

Let h = altitude and L = length of fourth side

Since trapezoid make a right triangle in its two sides assume that x = length of one side of
triangle

𝐿 = 2𝑥 + 6

Using pythagorean theorem:

𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2
ℎ2 + 𝑥 2 = 62

ℎ2 + 𝑥 2 = 36

ℎ = √36 − 𝑥 2

1 1 1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑧𝑜𝑖𝑑 = (𝑏1 + 𝑏2 )ℎ = (𝑏1 + 𝑏2 )√36 − 𝑥 2 = (2𝑥 + 6 + 6)√36 − 𝑥 2
2 2 2

𝐴 = (𝑥 + 6)√36 − 𝑥 2

′
1 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥
𝐴 = (36 − 𝑥 2 )2 − 1 = √36 − 𝑥 2 −
(36 − 𝑥 2 )2 √36 − 𝑥 2

𝑥 2 +6𝑥
√36 − 𝑥 2 − √36−𝑥2 = 0 , 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 18 = (𝑥 + 6)(𝑥 − 3) = 0

𝑥1 = −6 and 𝑥1 = 3
If x = -6 then 𝐿 = 2𝑥 + 6 = 2(−6) + 6 = −6

If x = 3 then 𝐿 = 2𝑥 + 6 = 2(3) + 6 = 12

The answer is the positive value which is 12 in.

12. Find the dimesions of the largest right circular cone that can be inscribed in a sphere of
radius 12 inches.

SOLUTION:

Let r = radius of cone and h = height of cone

1
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
3
Using pythagorean theorem:

𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2

(ℎ − 12)2 + 𝑟 2 = 122

𝑟 2 = 144 − (ℎ − 12)(ℎ − 12) = 144 − (ℎ2 − 24ℎ + 144) = 144 − ℎ2 + 24ℎ − 144

𝑟 2 = (24ℎ − ℎ2 )

1 1
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 𝜋(24ℎ − ℎ2 )ℎ = 𝜋(24ℎ2 − ℎ3 )
3 3
 1
𝑉 ′ = 8𝜋ℎ2 − 𝜋ℎ3 = 16𝜋ℎ − 𝜋ℎ2
3
16ℎ − ℎ2 = 0 , ℎ = 16 𝑖𝑛
1 1
If h = 16 then 𝑉 = 3 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ = 3 𝜋(12 𝑖𝑛)2 (16 𝑖𝑛) = 768𝜋 𝑜𝑟 2412.74 𝑖𝑛2

The largest right circular cone will have a height of 16 in. and a volume of 4212.74 in 2.

13. A triangle has a base of 12 feet long and an altitude 8 feet high. Find the area of the largest
rectangle that can be inscribed in the triangle so that the base of the rectangle falls on the base
of the triangle.
EXERCISE 38
Simplify each of the following expressions.
1. sin 2𝑥 cos 2𝑥

SOLUTION:

1 𝟏
sin 2𝑥 cos 2𝑥 = (2 sin 2𝑥 cos 2𝑥) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝒙
2 𝟐
2. (sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥)2

SOLUTION:

(sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥)2 = (sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥)(sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥) = sin2 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + cos 2 𝑥

sin2 𝑥 + 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + cos 2 𝑥

Rearranging:

(sin2 𝑥 + cos 2 𝑥) + 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 = 𝟏 + 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙

3. cos4 𝑥 − sin4 𝑥

SOLUTION:

cos4 𝑥 − sin4 𝑥 = (cos 2 𝑥 − sin2 𝑥)(cos2 𝑥 + sin2 𝑥) = (cos2 𝑥 − sin2 𝑥)(1)

cos2 𝑥 − sin2 𝑥 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙

4. 2 sin 𝑥 csc 2𝑥

SOLUTION:

1 2 sin 𝑥 𝟏
2 sin 𝑥 csc 2𝑥 = 2 sin 𝑥 ( )= = = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙
sin 2𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
2 cot 𝑥
5.
1+cot2 𝑥

SOLUTION:

2 cot 𝑥 2 cot 𝑥 2
cos 𝑥 2
= = 2 cot 𝑥 sin 𝑥 = 2 sin 𝑥 = 2 cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙
1 + cot 2 𝑥 csc 2 𝑥 sin 𝑥
cos 3𝑥 sin 3𝑥
6. +
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
SOLUTION:

cos 3𝑥 sin 3𝑥 cos 2𝑥 cos 𝑥 − sin 2𝑥 sin 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 cos 2𝑥
+ = +
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
cos 2𝑥 cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 cos 2𝑥 cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 cos 2𝑥
− sin 2𝑥 + sin 2𝑥 + = +
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
cos 𝑥 (cos 2𝑥 cos 𝑥) + sin 𝑥 (sin 𝑥 cos 2𝑥) cos 2 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 + sin2 𝑥 cos 2𝑥
=
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 (cos 2 𝑥 + sin2 𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥(1)
=
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
sin 2𝑥
2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 = sin 2𝑥 so sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 =
𝟐

𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 (cos 2 𝑥 + sin2 𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 2 cos 2𝑥

= sin 2𝑥 = = 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐𝒙
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 ( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥
𝟐

7. cot 𝑥 − tan 𝑥

SOLUTION:

cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 cos 2 𝑥 − sin2 𝑥 2(cos 2 𝑥 − sin2 𝑥)

cot 𝑥 − tan 𝑥 = − = =
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
2 cos 2𝑥
= 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐𝒙
sin 2𝑥
1
8. 2 cos2 (2 𝜋 − 𝑥) − 1

1 1
9. sin(2 𝜋 + 𝑥) + cos(2 𝜋 + 𝑥)

10. sin 𝑥 (cos 4𝑥 + 4 cos 2 𝑥 cos 2𝑥)

Plot each of the following equations.

3
11. 𝑦 = 2 sin 4𝑥

12. 𝑦 = tan 2𝑥

13. 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 + sin 2𝑥

14. 𝑦 = 𝑥 − cos 𝑥

In each of the following, find dy/dx.

15. 𝑦 = 2 sin 3𝑥

SOLUTION:

𝑦 ′ = 2 cos 3𝑥 (3) = 𝟔 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝒙

16. 𝑦 = cos(𝑥 2 + 1)

SOLUTION:

𝑦 ′ = − sin(𝑥 2 + 1) (2𝑥) = −𝟐𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)

17. 𝑦 = 4 cot(3 − 2𝑥)

SOLUTION:

𝑦 ′ = −4 csc 2 (3 − 2𝑥) (−2) = 𝟖 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝟐 (𝟑 − 𝟐𝒙)

18. 𝑦 = 2 sec √𝑥

SOLUTION:

1 𝐬𝐞𝐜 √𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 √𝒙
𝑦 ′ = 2 sec √𝑥 tan √𝑥 ( )=
2√𝑥 √𝒙
1 1
19. 𝑦 = 2 𝑥 − 4 sin 2𝑥

SOLUTION:

1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑦′ = − cos 2𝑥 (2) = − cos 2𝑥 = (1 − cos 2𝑥) = (1 − 2 cos2 𝑥 + 1)
2 4 2 2 2 2
1
𝑦′ = (2 − 2 cos 2 𝑥) = 1 − cos2 𝑥 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙
2
20. 𝑦 = 𝑥 sec 𝑥

SOLUTION:

𝑦 ′ = 𝑢𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣𝑑𝑢

𝑦 ′ = 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
𝒚′ = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 (𝒙𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 + 𝟏)
1
21. 𝑦 = 2 tan 2 𝑥 − 𝑥

SOLUTION:

1 1 1 𝟏
𝑦 ′ = 2𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 ( 𝑥) ( ) − 1 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 ( 𝑥) − 1 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧( 𝒙)
2 2 2 𝟐

22. 𝑦 = sec 𝑥 sec 2𝑥

SOLUTION:

𝑦 ′ = 𝑢𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣𝑑𝑢

𝑦 ′ = sec 𝑥 (sec 2𝑥 tan 2𝑥 (2)) + sec 2𝑥 (sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥)

𝒚′ = 𝟐 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝒙 + 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐𝒙 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐𝒙 (𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝒙 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙)
sin 𝑥
23. 𝑦 =
2+cos 𝑥

SOLUTION:

𝑣𝑑𝑣 − 𝑢𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ =
𝑣2
(2 + cos 𝑥)(cos 𝑥) − sin 𝑥 (− sin 𝑥) 2 cos 𝑥 + (cos 𝑥 2 + sin2 𝑥) 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝟏
𝑦′ = 2
= 2
=
(2 + cos 𝑥) (2 + cos 𝑥) (𝟐 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙)𝟐
1+tan 𝑥
24. 𝑦 =
1−tan 𝑥

SOLUTION:

𝑣𝑑𝑢 − 𝑢𝑑𝑣
𝑦′ =
𝑣2

′
(1 − tan 𝑥)(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥) − (1 + tan 𝑥)(−𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥[1 − tan 𝑥 + 1 + tan 𝑥]
𝑦 = =
(1 − tan 𝑥)2 (1 − tan 𝑥)2

′
𝟐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙
𝒚 =
(𝟏 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙)𝟐

1
25. 𝑦 = 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + (1 − 𝑥 2 ) cos 𝑥
2

SOLUTION:
 𝑥 2 cos 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 −
2

𝑦 ′ = 𝑢𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣𝑑𝑢

1 2
𝑦 ′ = 𝑥(cos 𝑥) + sin 𝑥 + (− sin 𝑥) − 𝑥2 (− sin 𝑥) + cos 𝑥 (− 𝑥2−1 )
2 2
1
𝑦 ′ = 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 + 𝑥2 sin 𝑥 − 𝑥 cos 𝑥
2

′
𝒙𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
𝒚 =
𝟐
1
26. 𝑦 = 𝑥 − tan 𝑥 + tan3 𝑥
3

SOLUTION:

3
𝑦 ′ = 1 − sec 2 𝑥 + tan2 𝑥 (sec 2 𝑥) = 𝟏 − 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝒙 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝒙
3
27. 𝑦 = 2 cos 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 − sin 𝑥 cos 2𝑥

SOLUTION:

𝑦 ′ = 𝑢𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣𝑑𝑢

𝑦 ′ = 2 cos 𝑥 (cos 2𝑥)(2) + sin 2𝑥 (−2 sin 𝑥) − sin 𝑥 (− sin 2𝑥)(2) + cos 2𝑥 (− cos 𝑥)

𝑦 ′ = 4 cos 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 − 2 sin 2𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 2 sin 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 − cos 𝑥 cos 2𝑥

𝒚′ = 𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙
1
28. 𝑦 = sec 2 3𝑥 (tan2 3𝑥 − 1)
12

SOLUTION:

𝑦 ′ = 𝑢𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣𝑑𝑢

1 2
𝑦′ = sec2 3𝑥 (2 tan 3𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐2 3𝑥(3)) + (tan2 3𝑥 − 1)( sec 3𝑥 sec 3𝑥 tan 3𝑥 (3))
12 12
1 1 1
𝑦′ = tan 3𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐4 3𝑥 + sec2 3𝑥 tan3 3𝑥 − sec2 3𝑥 tan 3𝑥 =
2 2 2
 1 1
𝑦′ = tan 3𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐2 3𝑥[(𝑠𝑒𝑐2 3𝑥 − 1) + tan2 3𝑥] = tan 3𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐2 3𝑥[tan2 3𝑥 + tan2 3𝑥]
2 2
1
𝑦′ = tan 3𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐2 3𝑥[2tan2 3𝑥] = 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟑 𝟑𝒙 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝟑𝒙
2
29. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 + 2𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 2 cos 𝑥

SOLUTION:

𝑦 ′ = 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 (− sin 𝑥) + cos 𝑥 (−2𝑥) + 2𝑥(cos 𝑥) + sin 𝑥 (2) + 2(− sin 𝑥)

𝑦 ′ = 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 − 2𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 2𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 2 sin 𝑥 − 2 sin 𝑥

𝒚′ = 𝒙𝟐 (𝟑 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙)

30. 𝑦 = sinm 𝑥 cos n 𝑥

SOLUTION:

𝑦 ′ = sinm 𝑥 (𝑛 cos (n−1) 𝑥 (− sin 𝑥)(1)) + cos n x (m sin(m−1) x (cos x)(1)

𝒚′ = −𝒏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐦 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝐧−𝟏) + 𝒎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐧 𝐱 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝐦−𝟏)

EXERCISE 39
1. Evaluate sin−1(0) , tan−1 (√3) , sec −1(−1)

SOLUTION:

𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
sin−1(0) = 00 𝑥 =0
1800
𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝜋
tan−1(√3) = 600 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑
1800 3
1 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
sec −1(−1) = cos−1 ( ) = 1800 𝑥 = 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
−1 1800
1
2. Evaluate cos−1 (− 2) , cot −1 (1) , csc −1 (−2)

SOLUTION:

1 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 2𝜋
cos−1 (− ) = 1200 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑
2 1800 3
1 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝜋
cot −1 (1) = tan−1( ) = 450 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑
1 1800 4
1 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝜋
csc −1 (−2) = sin−1( ) = −300 𝑥 = − 𝑟𝑎𝑑
−2 1800 6
3
3. Evaluate sin−1(4) , tan−1(−5)

SOLUTION:

3 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
sin−1( ) = 48.590 𝑥 = 0.848 𝑟𝑎𝑑
4 1800
𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
tan−1(−5) = −78.690 𝑥 = −1.373 𝑟𝑎𝑑
1800
4. Evaluate cos−1 (−0.1) , sec −1(3)

SOLUTION:

𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
cos−1 (−0.1) = 95.740 𝑥 = 1.67 𝑟𝑎𝑑
1800
1 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
sec −1(3) = cos−1 ( ) = 70.530 𝑥 = 1.23 𝑟𝑎𝑑
3 1800
Simplify the following expressions.
3 4 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝜋
5. cos−1 (5) + cos−1 (5) = 900 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑
1800 2

1 1 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝜋
6. tan−1(2) + tan−1(3) = 450 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑
1800 4

𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 3𝜋
7. tan−1(2) − tan−1(−3) = 1350 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑
1800 4

3 12 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
8. sin−1(5) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (13) = 59.490 𝑥 = 1.04 𝑟𝑎𝑑
1800

12 5 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
9. sin−1( ) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (− ) = 44.760 𝑥 = 0.7812 𝑟𝑎𝑑
13 13 1800

1 1 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
10. tan−1(3) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1(13) = 22.830 𝑥 = 0.398 𝑟𝑎𝑑
1800

1 1 1
11 If 𝑎 > 0 , show that csc −1 𝑎 = sin−1(𝑎) , sec −1 𝑎 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑎) and cot −1 𝑎 = tan−1(𝑎)

12. Derive formula 𝐷18 .

𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
𝐷18 → Tan−1 𝑢 =
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥

Let 𝑦 = Tan−1 𝑢 so tan 𝑦 = 𝑢

𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
Tan 𝑦 = sec 2 𝑦 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
Therefore =
𝑑𝑥 sec2 𝑦

Since sec 2 𝑦 = 1 + tan2 𝑦 = 1 + u2 so finally

𝒅𝒚 𝟏 𝒅𝒖
= ( )
𝒅𝒙 𝟏 + 𝐮𝟐 𝒅𝒙
13. Derive formula 𝐷19 .

𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
𝐷19 → cot −1 𝑢 = −
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥

Let 𝑦 = cot −1 𝑢 so cot 𝑦 = 𝑢

𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
cot 𝑦 = − csc 2 𝑦 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
Therefore =−
𝑑𝑥 csc2 𝑦

Since sec 2 𝑦 = 1 + cot 2 𝑦 = 1 + u2 so finally

𝒅𝒚 𝟏 𝒅𝒖
=− ( )
𝒅𝒙 𝟏 + 𝐮𝟐 𝒅𝒙
14. Derive formula 𝐷20 .

𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
𝐷20 → sec −1 𝑢 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢√𝑢2 − 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 1 𝑑𝑢 𝒅𝒖
𝑑 𝑑 1 ( ) −
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥 𝒅𝒙
sec −1 𝑢 = cos −1 = − =− =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑢 1 1 𝒖√𝒖𝟐 − 𝟏
√1 − √1 −
𝑢2 𝑢2

15. Derive formula 𝐷21 .

𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
𝐷21 → csc −1 𝑢 = −
𝑑𝑥 𝑢√𝑢2 − 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 1 𝑑𝑢 𝒅𝒖
𝑑 𝑑 1 ( ) −
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥 𝒅𝒙
csc −1 𝑢 = sin−1 = = =−
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑢 1 1 𝒖√𝒖𝟐 − 𝟏
√1 − √1 −
𝑢2 𝑢2

1
16. Derive formula 𝐷17 using 𝐷16 and the relation cos −1 𝑢 = 2 𝜋 − sin−1 𝑢

𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
𝐷17 → cos−1 𝑢 = −
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥

Let 𝑦 = cos−1 𝑢 so cos 𝑦 = 𝑢

𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
cos 𝑦 = − sin 𝑦 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
Therefore =−
𝑑𝑥 sin 𝑦

Since sin 𝑦 = √1 − cos 2 𝑦 = √1 − 𝑢2 so finally

 𝒅𝒖
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙
=−
𝒅𝒙 √𝟏 − 𝒖𝟐
Differentiate each of the following functions with respect to x , (𝑎 > 0).

17. 𝑦 = Tan−1 3𝑥

SOLUTIONS:

𝑑𝑢 𝑑(3𝑥) 3
𝑦′ = 2
= 2
=
1+𝑢 1 + (3𝑥) 1 + 9𝑥 2
1
18. 𝑦 = sec −1 𝑥
4

SOLUTIONS:
1 1
𝑑𝑢 𝑑( 𝑥) 𝟏
4 4
𝑦′ = = = =
𝑢√𝑢2 − 1 1 1 1 1 𝒙𝟐
𝑥√( 𝑥)2 − 1 𝑥√( 𝑥)2 − 1 𝒙√ −𝟏
4 4 4 4 𝟏𝟔

19. 𝑦 = cos −1 (1 − 𝑥)

SOLUTIONS:

−𝑑𝑢 −𝑑(1 − 𝑥) −(−1) 𝟏

𝑦′ = = = =
√1 − 𝑢2 √1 − (1 − 𝑥)2 √1 − (1 − 2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ) √𝟐𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐
2
20. 𝑦 = sin−1 ( )
𝑥

SOLUTIONS:

2 2(1)
𝑑𝑢 𝑑( ) − −𝟐
𝑥 𝑥2
𝑦′ = = = =
√1 + 𝑢2 2 4 𝟒
√1 + ( )2 √1 + 𝒙𝟐 √𝟏 +
𝑥 𝑥2 𝒙𝟐

21. 𝑦 = csc −1 √𝑥

SOLUTIONS:
 1
−𝑑𝑢 −𝑑(√𝑥) − −𝟏
2√𝑥
𝑦′ = = = =
𝑢√𝑢2 − 1 √𝑥 √𝑥 − 1 𝟐𝒙√𝒙 − 𝟏
√𝑥 √(√𝑥)2 − 1

22. 𝑦 = cot −1 √𝑥 2 − 2𝑥

SOLUTIONS:

(2𝑥−2) 2(𝑥−1)
−𝑑𝑢 −𝑑(√𝑥 2 − 2𝑥) − −
2√𝑥 2 −2𝑥 2√𝑥 2 −2𝑥
𝑦′ = = = =
1 + 𝑢2 1 + (√𝑥 2 − 2𝑥)2 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 1)
(𝑥−1)
− −𝟏
√𝑥 2 −2𝑥
𝑦′ = =
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 1) √𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 (𝒙 − 𝟏)

23. 𝑦 = (sin−1 4𝑥)2

SOLUTIONS:

𝑦 ′ = 2 sin−1 4𝑥 (𝑑 (sin−1 4𝑥))

𝑑𝑢 𝑑(4𝑥) 4
𝑦′ = =
√1 + 𝑢2 √1 + (4𝑥)2 √1 + 16𝑥 2

′ −1
4 𝟖 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝟒𝒙
𝑦 = 2 sin 4𝑥 ( )=
√1 + 16𝑥 2 √𝟏 + 𝟏𝟔𝒙𝟐
1
24. 𝑦 = 𝑥 Tan−1 𝑥
2

SOLUTIONS:

𝑦 ′ = 𝑢𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣𝑑𝑢
𝑥 1
𝑑( ) 1 1
2
𝑦′ = 𝑥 ( 𝑥 2 ) + Tan
−1
𝑥 = 𝑥 ( 2 𝑥 2 ) + Tan−1 𝑥
1+( ) 2 1+ 2
2 4

𝒙 𝟏
𝒚′ = 𝒙𝟐
+ 𝐓𝐚𝐧−𝟏
𝒙
(𝟐 + ) 𝟐
𝟐
25. 𝑦 = cos −1 (sin 𝑥)

SOLUTIONS:

−𝑑𝑢 −𝑑(sin 𝑥) − cos 𝑥 − cos 𝑥

𝑦′ = = = = −𝟏
√1 + 𝑢2 √1 + (sin 𝑥)2 √cos 2 𝑥 cos 𝑥

3𝑥−4
26. 𝑦 = tan−1 √
4

SOLUTIONS:

−𝑑𝑢 −𝑑(sin 𝑥) − cos 𝑥 − cos 𝑥

𝑦′ = = = = −𝟏
√1 + 𝑢2 √1 + (sin 𝑥)2 √cos 2 𝑥 cos 𝑥
1 3 1 3
3𝑥−4 3𝑥−4 ( ) ( )
𝑑𝑢 𝑑(√ ) 𝑑(√ ) 2√
3𝑥−4 4
2√
3𝑥−4 4
′ 4 4 4 4
𝑦 = = = 3𝑥−4 = 4 3𝑥−4 =1
1 + 𝑢2 3𝑥−4 2 1+ + (4 + 3𝑥 − 4)
1+ (√ ) 4 4 4 4
4

1 3
( )
3𝑥−4 4
2√
4 1 3 4 𝟏
𝑦′ = 3𝑥 = ( )𝑥 =
3𝑥−4 4 3𝑥 𝟑𝒙−𝟒
4 2√ 𝟐𝒙√
4 𝟒

27. 𝑦 = cot −1 √𝑥 2 − 1 + sec −1 𝑥

SOLUTIONS:

′
−𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 −𝑑(√𝑥 2 − 1) 𝑑(𝑥)
𝑦 = + = + =
1 + 𝑢2 𝑢√𝑢2 − 1 1 + (√𝑥 2 − 1)2 𝑥√(𝑥)2 − 1
𝑥 𝑥
− √𝑥2 1 − √𝑥2 1 −𝟏 1
′ −1 −1
𝑦 = + = + = + =𝟎
1 + 𝑥2 − 1 𝑥√𝑥 2 − 1 𝑥2 𝑥√𝑥 2 − 1 𝒙√𝑥 2 − 1 𝑥√𝑥 2 − 1

28. 𝑦 = sin−1 (2√𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )

SOLUTIONS:
 1
1
𝑑𝑢 𝑑(2√𝑥 − 𝑥 2) 2(𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )−2 ∗ ∗ (1 − 2𝑥)
2
𝑦′ = = = =
√1 + 𝑢2 √1 + 4(𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )
√1 + (2√𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )2

(1−2𝑥) 1

√𝑥−𝑥 2 (1 − 2𝑥) ∗ (1 − 2𝑥)−2 √1 − 2𝑥

𝑦′ = = 1 = 1
√(1 − 2𝑥)(1 − 2𝑥) √𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ∗ (1 − 2𝑥)2 √𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ∗ (1 − 2𝑥)2
𝟏
𝒚′ =
√𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐
𝑥
29. 𝑦 = sin−1
√𝑥 2 +𝑎2

SOLUTIONS:
1
𝑥 √𝑥 2 +𝑎2 +𝑥∗1∗(𝑥 2 +𝑎2 )−2 ∗2𝑥
2
𝑑𝑢 𝑑( )
′ √𝑥 2 +𝑎2 (√𝑥 2 +𝑎2 )2
𝑦 = = = =
√1 + 𝑢2 𝑥 𝑥2
√1 + (√𝑥 2 +𝑎2 )2 √1 +
𝑥 2 +𝑎2

2𝑥
√𝑥 2 +𝑎2 + √𝑥 2 +𝑎2 𝑥2
√𝑥2 +𝑎2
+
𝑥 2 +𝑎2 √𝑥 2 +𝑎2 √𝑥 2 +𝑎 2 √𝑥 2 +𝑎2 √𝑥 2 +𝑎2 √𝑥 2 +𝑎2
𝑦′ = =
𝑥 2 +𝑎2 𝑥2 1
√ 2 +
√ (𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 )
𝑥 2 +𝑎 𝑥 2 +𝑎2 𝑥 2 +𝑎2

2𝑥
√𝑥 2 +𝑎2 + 1 𝑥2
√𝑥2 +𝑎2 + 3
√𝑥 2 +𝑎 2
𝑥 2 +𝑎2 (𝑥 2 +𝑎2 )2
𝑦′ = =
𝑥 2 +𝑎2 𝑥2 1
√ + √ (2𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 )
𝑥 2 +𝑎2 𝑥 2 +𝑎2 𝑥 2 +𝑎2
EXERCISE 64
Evaluate the following integrals.
3 2 3
1. ∫ cos 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 3 sin 2 𝑥 + 𝐶

1
2. ∫ csc 2 (2 − 3𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 3 cot(2 − 3𝑥) + 𝐶

1 𝜋
3. ∫ x2 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝜋 𝜋
𝑢= , 𝑑𝑢 = − 𝑥2
𝑥
𝝅
1 1 cos 𝑢 𝐜𝐨𝐬( )
𝒙
− ∫ sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − (− cos 𝑢) = +𝐶 = +𝑪
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝝅
dt 1
4. ∫ = ∫ dt( ) = ∫ sec 2 t dt = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒕 + 𝑪
cos2 t cos2 t

1
5. ∫ sec(4θ) tan(4θ) = sec 4θ + 𝐶
4

1
6. ∫ csc 2y dy = − ln(csc 2𝑦 + cot 2𝑦) + 𝐶
2

1 1
7. ∫ cot x dx = 2 ln(sin 𝑥) + 𝐶
2 2

8. ∫ 𝑥 tan x 2 dx =

𝑢 = x 2 , 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥
1 1 𝟏
∫ tan 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = (− ln(cos x 2 )) = − 𝐥𝐧(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐱 𝟐 ) + 𝑪
2 2 𝟐
9. ∫ sin3 x cos 3 x dx = ∫ sin3 x cos 2 x cos x dx = ∫ sin3 x (1 − sin2 x) cos x dx =

𝑢 = sin x , 𝑑𝑢 = cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

3 (1 2 )du 3 5 )du
u4 u 6 𝟏 𝟏
∫u −u = ∫(u − u = − + 𝐶 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟒 𝐱 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟔 𝐱 + 𝑪
4 6 𝟒 𝟔

10. ∫ cos 3 3x dx , 𝑢 = 3x
 1 1 1 1
∫ cos 2 u cos u dx = ∫ ( + cos 2u) cos u dx = ∫ cos u + cos 2u cos u dx =
2 2 2 2
1
cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 = (cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) + cos(𝐴 + 𝐵))
2
1 1 1 1 1 1
cos 𝑢 + cos(𝑢 − 2𝑢) + cos(𝑢 + 2𝑢) = cos 𝑢 + cos(−𝑢) + cos(3𝑢)
2 4 4 2 4 4
1 1 1 3 1
cos(−𝑢) = cos 𝑢 𝑠𝑜 cos 𝑢 + cos(𝑢) + cos(3𝑢) = cos 𝑢 + cos 3𝑢
2 4 4 4 4

3 1 3 1
∫ cos 3 3x dx = ∫ cos 𝑢 + cos 3𝑢 = ∫ cos(3𝑥) + cos(3 ∗ 3)
4 4 4 4
3 1 𝟏 𝟏
∫ cos(3𝑥) + cos(9𝑥) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟑𝒙) + 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟗𝒙) + 𝑪
4 4 𝟒 𝟑𝟔
1 1 1 1
11. ∫ cos 2 y dy , 𝑢 = 𝑦 , cos 2 u = ( + cos 2u)
2 2 2 2

1 1 1 1 1 1 2
∫ cos 2 u dy = ∫ ( + cos 2u) dy = 𝑦 + sin 2𝑢 + 𝐶 = 𝑦 + sin( 𝑦) + 𝐶
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 𝟏 𝟏
∫ cos 2 y dy = 𝒚 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒚) + 𝑪
2 𝟐 𝟐
1−cos 2u 1+cos 2u
12. ∫ sin4 2x dx , 𝑢 = 2𝑥 , sin2 u = , cos 2 u =
2 2

4 2
1 − cos 2x 2
2
(1 − cos 2x)2
∫ sin 2x dx = ∫(sin 2x) dx = ∫( ) dx = ∫ dx
2 4
(1 − cos 4x)2 (1 − cos 4x)(1 − cos 4x)
=∫ dx = ∫ dx
4 4
1 − 2 cos 4x + cos 2 4x 1 1 1
=∫ dx = ∫ − cos 4𝑥 + cos 2 4x dx
4 4 2 4
1 1 1 1 + cos 8x 1 1 1 cos 8x
= ∫ − cos 4𝑥 + ( ) ( ) dx = ∫ − cos 4𝑥 + + dx
4 2 4 4 4 2 8 8
3 1 cos 8x 3 1 1
= ∫ − cos 4𝑥 + dx = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ cos 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ cos 8x dx
8 2 8 8 2 8
 𝟑 𝟏 𝟏
∫ sin4 2x dx = 𝒙 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝒙 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟖𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟖 𝟖 𝟔𝟒
13. ∫ sec n θ tan θ dθ = ∫ sec n−1 θ sec θ tan θ dθ

𝑢 = sec 𝜃 and 𝑑𝑢 = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

n−1
un−1+1 un 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝐧 𝛉
∫u du = +𝑪= +𝑪= +𝑪
𝒏−𝟏+𝟏 𝒏 𝒏
14. ∫ √tan x sec 4 x dx = ∫ √tan x sec 2 x sec 2 x dx = ∫ √tan x (1 + tan2 x) sec 2 x dx

sec 2 x = 1 + tan2 x

𝑢 = tan 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥

Substitute:

2
2 2 2 7
1 5 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟕
∫ √u(1 + u )du = ∫(u + u )du = u − u + 𝐶 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐 𝒙 + 𝑪
2 3 2
2 𝟑
3 7 𝟑 𝟕
3
15. ∫ tan2 4 x dx

sec 2 x = 1 + tan2 x

3 3 3 𝟒 𝟑
∫ tan2 x dx = ∫ tan2 x du = ∫(sec 2 x − 1)dx = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 − 𝒙 + 𝑪
4 4 4 𝟑 𝟒

16. ∫(sin x + cos x)2 dx = ∫(sin x + cos x)(sin x + cos x)dx

∫(sin2 x + 2 cos x sin x + cos2 x)dx = ∫(sin2 x + cos2 x + 2 cos x sin x)dx

𝟏
∫(1 + sin 2x)dx = 𝒙 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟐

17. ∫ sin 3x cos 5x dx

2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 = sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) + sin(𝐴 − 𝐵)

1 1 1
∫ sin 3x cos 5x dx = ∫ (sin(8𝑥) + sin(−2𝑥)) = ∫ sin(8𝑥) − ∫ sin(2𝑥)
2 2 2
𝟏 𝟏
∫ sin 3x cos 5x dx = − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟖𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟏𝟔 𝟒
18. ∫ sin 2x cos 3x dx

2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 = sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) + sin(𝐴 − 𝐵)

1 1 1
∫ sin 2x cos 3x dx = ∫ (sin(5𝑥) + sin(−𝑥)) = ∫ sin(5𝑥) − ∫ sin(𝑥)
2 2 2
𝟏 𝟏
∫ sin 2x cos 3x dx = − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟓𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟏𝟎 𝟐

3 1 1 3
19. ∫ csc 4 θ dθ = ∫( 3 )dθ = ∫ ( 3 2
) (cot 2 2 𝜃 + 1)dθ
2 (sin 𝜃)4 (sin 𝜃)
2 2

3
𝑥= 𝜃
2
3 2 1
∫ csc 4 θ dθ = ∫ ( 2
) (cot 2 𝑥 + 1)
2 3 (sin 𝑥)
1
u = cot x and 𝑑u = − dx
sin2 t

2 𝑑𝑥 2
2 2
2 𝑢3
∫( ) (cot 𝑥 + 1) = − ∫(𝑢 + 1)𝑑𝑢 = − ( + 𝒖) + 𝑪
3 (sin 𝑥)2 3 3 𝟑

2𝑐𝑜𝑡 3 𝑥 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙 𝟐 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑
− − +𝑪=− 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝟑 𝜽 − 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝜽 + 𝑪
𝟗 𝟑 𝟗 𝟐 𝟑 𝟐
20. ∫ cot 3 2θ dθ

𝑢 = 2𝜃

1 3
1 cos 3 u 1 cos 2 u
∫ cot u du = ∫ ( 3 ) 𝒅𝒖 = ∫ ( 3 ) cos u 𝒅𝒖
2 2 sin u 2 sin u

1 1 − sin2 u 1 cos u cos u

∫( ) cos u 𝒅𝒖 = ∫( − )𝒅𝒖
2 sin3 u 2 sin3 u 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒖

x = sin u and 𝑑𝑥 = − cos u

1 dx dx 1 1 1 1
∫( 3 − )𝒅𝒖 = − ( 2 − ln 𝑥) + 𝐶 = − 2 − ln 𝑥 + 𝐶
2 x 𝒙 2 2x 4x 2
 1 1 1 1
− − ln(sin 𝑢) + 𝐶 = − − ln(sin 2𝜃) + 𝐶 =
4sin2 u 2 4sin2 2θ 2
𝟏 𝟏
∫ cot 3 2θ dθ = − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝟐𝛉 − 𝐥𝐧(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝜽) + 𝑪
𝟒 𝟐
1 1 1 1 1
21. ∫ tan4 x dx = ∫ tan2 x tan2 x dx = ∫ tan2 x (sec 2 x − 1)dx
2 2 2 2 2

1 1 1
∫ tan2 x (sec 2 x)dx − tan2 x dx =
2 2 2
1 1 1
∫ tan2 x (sec 2 x) dx − sec 2 x dx + dx
2 2 2
1 1 1
u = tan x , du = sec 2 x
2 2 2

Substitute:
2 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
∫ 2u2 du − 2du + 1 = u3 − 2u + x = 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟑 𝐱 − 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐱 + 𝐱 + 𝐂
3 𝟑 𝟐 𝟐
22. ∫(sec θ − tan θ)2 dθ = ∫(sec θ − tan θ)(sec θ − tan θ)dθ

∫(sec 2 θ − 2 tan θ sec θ + tan2 θ)dθ = ∫(sec 2 θ + tan2 θ − 2 tan θ sec θ)dθ

∫(sec 2 θ + tan2 θ − 2 tan θ sec θ)dθ = ∫(sec 2 θ + sec 2 θ − 1 − 2 tan θ sec θ)dθ

tan2 x = sec 2 x − 1

∫(2 sec 2 θ − 1 − 2 tan θ sec θ)dθ = 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 − 𝒙 − 𝟐 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 + 𝑪

𝑑𝑥 1−cos 𝑥 1−cos 𝑥 1−cos 𝑥

23. ∫ = ∫ (1+cos 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1+cos 𝑥 𝑥)(1−cos 𝑥) 1−cos2 𝑥 sin2 𝑥

1 cos 𝑥 2
cos 𝑥 1
∫( − )𝑑𝑥 = ∫[csc 𝑥 − ( )]𝑑𝑥 = ∫[csc 2 𝑥 − cotx cscx]𝑑𝑥
sin2 𝑥 sin2 𝑥 sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
∫ = − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒙 + 𝑪
1 + cos 𝑥
 cos(tan 𝜃)
24. ∫ 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ cos(tan 𝜃) sec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
cos2 𝜃

Let 𝑢 = tan 𝜃 and 𝑑𝑢 = sec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

∫ cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sin 𝑢 + 𝐶 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽) + 𝑪

√1−cos 𝜃 √(1+cos 𝜃)(1−cos 𝜃)

25. ∫ √1 + cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ √1 + cos 𝜃 ∗ 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 𝑑𝜃
√1−cos 𝜃 √1−cos 𝜃

√1 − cos 2 𝜃 √sin2 𝜃 sin 𝜃

∫ 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 𝑑𝜃
√1 − cos 𝜃 √1 − cos 𝜃 √1 − cos 𝜃
1
Let 𝑢 = √1 − cos 𝜃 and 𝑑𝑢 = sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2√1−cos 𝜃

By substituting:

∫ 2 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑢 + 𝐶 = 𝟐√𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 + 𝑪

cos 2𝑥 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 −1 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 1

26. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ − 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2 cos 𝑥 − sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥

2 ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 − 𝐥𝐧(𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙) + 𝑪

sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥 1−sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥−sin2 𝑥 sin 𝑥−sin2 𝑥

27. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ∗ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1+sin 𝑥 1+sin 𝑥 1−sin 𝑥 1−sin2 𝑥 cos2 𝑥

sin 𝑥 sin2 𝑥 sin 𝑥 1 sin2 𝑥

∫ 2
− 2
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ( ) − 2
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 − tan2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥

∫ tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 − tan2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 − (sec 2 𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥

∫ tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 + 𝒙 + 𝑪

𝑑𝑥
28. ∫
(1−sin 𝑥)2
 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
29. ∫0 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = ∫0 sin 𝜃 (1 − cos 𝜃)𝑑𝜃 = ∫0 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 − sin 𝜃 cos 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2 3 2 2 2

𝜋
2
∫ sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 − sin 𝜃 cos 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
0

𝑢 = cos 𝜃 and 𝑑𝑢 = − sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

1
So ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢3 so substituting 𝑢 = cos 𝜃
3
𝜋
2 1
∫ sin3 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = − cos 𝜃 + cos 3 𝜃
0 3

𝜋 1 𝜋 1 1 1 𝟐
(− cos ( ) + cos 3 ( )) − (− cos 0 + cos 3 0) = (0 − (0)) − (−1 + ) =
2 3 2 3 3 3 𝟑
𝜋
30. ∫04 cos x cos 3x𝑑𝑥 =

𝜋 𝜋

31. ∫ 4
𝜋 sec 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ sec 4 𝑡 sec 2 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
6 4
𝜋
− −
4 4

sec 2 𝑡 = 1 + tan2 𝑡
𝜋 𝜋
4 4
∫ (sec 2 𝑡)2 𝑑(tan 𝑡) = ∫ (1 + tan2 𝑡)2 𝑑(tan 𝑡)
𝜋 𝜋
− −
4 4

𝜋 𝜋
4 4
∫ (1 + tan2 𝑡)2 𝑑(tan 𝑡) = ∫ (1 + 2 tan2 𝑡 + tan4 𝑡)𝑑(tan 𝑡)
𝜋 𝜋
− −
4 4

𝜋
2 1
tan 𝑥 + tan3 𝑥 + tan5 𝑥 / 4𝜋 =
3 5 −
4