Review of literature:

A field study was determine at Postgraduate Agriculture Research Station (PARS), University of
Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan during 2005 to determine the effect of different rates of organic
and inorganic fertilizers on fodder yield of sorghum. Various applications of fertilizers include
synthetic and organic fertilizers alone or in combinations were evaluated. And significant effect
of these treatments were indicated for germination count m-2, plant height, number of plants m-2
at harvest, number of leaves plants-1, leaf area plant-1 and green fodder yield. Where inorganic
fertilizer (NP) were applied @75:60 kg/ha the maximum green fodder yield (16 t/ha) was
recorded and in the control treatment the minimum green fodder yield (20.9 t/ha) was observed.
It was suggested that the recommended dose of inorganic fertilizers (N: P @ 75:60 kg/ha) used
to be best than all other treatments. However the use of organic and inorganic fertilizers can be
utilized for better yield of sorghum cultivar JS 88 under given conditions. It was concluded that
although with the application of inorganic fertilizers green fodder yield was increased, however,
with a combination of inorganic fertilizers and organic sources green fodder yield obtained as
good as with inorganic fertilizers alone. Continuous use of inorganic and organic fertilizers not
only increased the fodder yield but it also improves soil fertility and increases the availability of
nutrients. Thus it was suggested that integrated use of organic sources and inorganic fertilizers to
exploit the yields of fodder sorghum besides improving physical structure and fertility status of
soil(Ahmad et al., 2007).

The effects of organic (poultry manure) and inorganic fertilizer on yield and chlorophyll content
of maize (Zea mays L) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) was carried out at the Teaching and
Research (T& R) Farm of the Obafemi Awolowo University, (O.A.U) IIe – Ife, Nigeria. The
experiment was a randomized complete block design (RCBD), laid out in a split-plot
arrangement in the second cropping season of year 2001 and 2002. For soil amendment there
were four sources of fertilizers: inorganic fertilizer (IF), mixture of inorganic fertilizer and
poultry manure (IFPM), poultry manure (PM) and control (C) (no fertilizer or manure treatment).
Each fertilizer source contain 54 kg N plus 25 kg K2O5/ha. Due to treatments on the two crops
there were significant variability and diversity observed. Under IFPM followed by IF treatment
for maize (2.33 kg/ha) and PM treatment for sorghum (3.37 kg/ha) grain yield was highest in
sorghum (3.55 kg/ha) and maize (2.89 kg/ha). Under IFPM sorghum and maize had the highest
dry matter of 72.3 g/plant and 71.0 g/plant at harvest. The effects of PM on the dry matter of
maize (61.7 g/plant) and sorghum (68.1 g/plant) were not significantly different (p=0.05) from
that of IF (maize (61.7 g/plant, sorghum 66.1 g/plant). Under PM sorghum had the highest leaf
area (LA) (2752.9 cm2/plant) and chlorophyll content of 3.28 mg/g while on the other hand
maize had the highest leaf area (LA) (1969.5 cm2/plant) and total chlorophyll content of 2.63
mg/g under IFPM. In both maize and sorghum in control plot the lowest chlorophyll content
occurred. Under control plots in both crops drought tolerance measured as percentage
chlorophyll stability index (CSI%)(Amujoyebe et al., 2007).
The most important intimidations for human is disposal of different organic wastes which
include tree leaves, garden wastes, agricultural wastes etc. Leaves are the main sources of
nutrients providing a high quality of organic matter, which should be returned to the soil. A filed
experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of aerobic (NADEP tank) and anaerobic
(Bangalore pit) leaf composts on the yield and nutrient contents of fodder maize in the Research
farm located in the Botanical garden of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University,
Aurangabad. With the four replications of each these treatments were compared with fertilizer
alone (FER) and absolute control (CON). Through urea, single super phosphate and murate of
potash the mineral fertilizers N, P2O5 and K2O (120:80:40 kg/ha) were applied for comparison.
The different parts of maize (root, stem and leaves) were analyzed for dry matter, N, P, K, Ca,
reducing sugar etc. The average yield of fresh aerial biomass (kg/ha), nitrogen, crude protein
content and reducing sugar of maize was highest in the plots received with AC amendment
(Naikwade, 2014).

A study to see the effect of organic manure (cow dung) and inorganic fertilizers (N.P.K) on the
growth of maize was done at the University of Abuja, Biological science garden for a period of
fourteen (14) weeks. A control was setup for this study. With the NPK fertilizers treatment on
maize pants were significantly taller than those treated with cow dung and those of control. With
the NPK fertilizers mean number of leaves, stem diameter, shoot and root dry weight were
higher but showed no significant difference (P>0.05) from those grown with cow dung manure.
Growth indices of maize plants to which fertilizer N.P.K was applied showed no significant
(P>0.05) increase than the cow dung. It is recommended that the cow dung used in the absence
of N.P.K fertilizers by considering the cost and associated the environmental effect of the later
(Clement et al., 2016).

Due to soil fertility decline Agriculture in Rwanda is today characterized by low agriculture
productivity. This is mainly due to mining of nutrients due to continuous cropping without
adequate external addition of inputs. Therefore it is recommended to use integrated soil fertility
management (ISFM) technologies such as the combination of organic manure and mineral
fertilizers is being taken as a one of the solution to solve this problem. A study was conducted to
see the effect of farmyard manure and mineral fertilizers on maize yield response, crop nutrient
uptake, nutrient use efficiency and to evaluate changes of bio chemical soil properties brought
about by the treatments applied. The study was carried out at the Research Stations of Rwanda
Agriculture Board (RAB), namely, at Rubona in Huye and at Karama in Bugesera Districts in
Southern and Eastern provinces of Rwanda, respectively. The experiment was carried out in a
randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three factors: nitrogen, phosphorous fertilizers
and farmyard manure. Nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizers were applied at three levels, 0, 50
and 100 kg/ha for nitrogen and 0, 25 and 50 kg/ha for phosphorous while manure levels were
two (0 and 10 tons/ha). The experiment was repeated three times. Soil samples were analyzed for
soil pH, soil organic carbon, total N, available phosphorous, potassium, CEC, ECEC,
Exchangeable acidity and microbial status of soil. Maize grains were dried after harvest and
weighed at 12.5% moisture content. The data was analyzed by ANOVA using general linear
model of SAS software. Regression and correlation were used to establish relationships between
measured parameters. The results showed that maize grain yield, 1000 grain weight and stover
biomass were influenced significantly (P<0.05) by the application of farmyard manure and
inorganic fertilizers. The combined application of fertilizers gives high yield than organic and
inorganic alone and the control. The highest grain yields of 8.92 tons/ha and 7.11 tons/ha were
obtained in the combined treatments of farmyard manure and mineral fertilizers at the rate of 100
kg/ha N, 50kh/ha P mineral fertilizers and 10 tons/ha manure at both sites (Rubona and Karama),
while the controls recorded the lowest grain yields of 4.61 tons/ha and 3.23 tons/ha for Rubona
and Karama sites respectively. The combined treatments generally showed the higher nutrient
uptake and nutrient use efficiency and the alone organic and mineral fertilizers. In the evaluation
of soil properties, total nitrogen, K and pH significantly decreased in plots treated with organic
and inorganic fertilizers while soil organic C, available P, Ca, Mg and CEC increased generally
in treatments under inorganic plus organic fertilizers. In case of microbial biomass, there were
slight increase for both bacteria and fungi after NP fertilizers and manure combined treatments.
In both sites, maize yields respond more to N than P fertilizer, an indicating of low nitrogen
content in the soils of Rubona ana Karama (Munyabarenzi, 2014).

The field experiment was done in Peshawar valley of North West Frontier Province, Pakistan
during summer 2005 to see the effect of integrated use of compost and urea on yield and N
uptake by maize crop. Urea and compost were combined in such a way that the total N supply
from both sources was 120 kg/ha. The contribution of N from the two sources was in 0:0, 100:0,
75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100 ratios. With four replications the treatments were arranged in RCB
design. Maize (variety: Jalal) was planted in rows. Data on biological, grain and Stover yields of
maize were recorded. To determine N uptake by the crop samples of grain Stover were analyzed.
The results indicate maximum biological (12410 kg/ha), Stover (8200 kg/ha) and grain (4210
kg/ha) yields of maize were obtained in treatment receiving N from urea and compost in 75:25
ratio. The next higher yield was obtained in treatment receiving 50% N from urea and 50% from
compost. As compared to other treatments, the yields were significantly lower in treatment
where N from urea source was below 50%. Slimily, the N uptake in grain (64.84 k/ha) and
Stover (34.44 kg/ha) was also significantly (P<0.05) greater in treatments receiving 75% N from
urea and 25% from compost. In response to integrated use of urea and compost the data on crop
yields and N uptake of maize supported each other. The soil organic fertility after maize harvest
was proportional to the compost used. Data thus suggest that integrated use of urea and compost
at 75:25 or 50:50 ratios (N bases) has produced maximum yields and is therefore recommended
for profitable maize yield and sustainable soil fertility (Shah et al., 2007).

Maize is one of the most important staple food in Ethiopia although its yield is low. Plant
nutrient deplete and yield decline because of intensive cultivation. The objective of this
experiment was, therefore, to see the combined effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on
yield and yield components and nutrient contents of maize. Field experiment were conducted on
Nitisols (acidic soils) for two consecutive cropping seasons at Wujiraba watershed, northwestern
highlands of Ethiopia. The experiment were laid down in RCBD as factorial combinations of
three levels of N (0, 60 and 120 kg/ha), compost (0,5 and 10 ton compost/ha) and S (0, 15 and 30
kg S/ha) fertilizers which were replicated three times. In this experiment, significant (p<0.05)
differences were observed on maize grain yield, total above ground dry biomass, plant height,
grain no per cob, cob weight, thousand seed weight, N concentration in leaf and grain (7.9, 22.4
t/ha, 2.52 m, 486, 0.44 g, 492 g, 3.25 and 1.4%) were observed in plots treated with fertilizer
combinations of 120 kg N/ha, 10 t compost/ha and 15 kg S/ha respectively. From this study it is
clear that use of integrated application of organic and inorganic fertilizers increased crop yields.
Hence, incorporation of compost with inorganic N and S fertilizers for maize enhanced grain
yield by adding nutrient (Admas., 2015).

To benefit the environment and promote fair relationship and a good quality of life organic
agriculture combines tradition, innovation and science are involved. Maize is the 3rd important
cereal crop after wheat and rice in Pakistan. According to survey, it is cultivated on the area of
approximately, 1.11 million hectare and production from this area was 4.04 million tones. A field
experiment was conducted at University of Agriculture Faisalabad to examine the effect of
organic and inorganic fertilizers on maize crop productivity. The experiment was laid out in
RCBD, with four replications. In this experiment two maize hybrid were used. The results
showed that maize yield and its component such as cobs per plant, cob length, number of grains
per cob, 1000- grain weight were maximum when the plots were fertilized at 100 kg/ha as urea +
100 kg N/ha as poultry manure. Further research is desired to investigate maximum yield by
using organic of fertilizer and inorganic source of fertilizer to avoid lethal effects on human
health created by inorganic fertilizer (Nasim et al., 2012).

Organic and inorganic nutrient are important for crop productivity and health. Present study
investigate the effect of organic and inorganic manure on maize and their residual impacts on
soil physico-chemical characteristics. Sheep manure (SM), poultry manure (PM) and farmyard
manure were applied as organic nutrient source while urea, diammonium phosphate (DAP) and
sulphate of potash (SOP) were used at different concentrations as inorganic nutrient source viz,
T1:unfertilized control; T2: NPK at 250-150-125 kg/ha; T3: SM at 15 t/ha; T4 : FYM at 16t/ha;
T5 : PM at 13 t/ha; T6 NPK at 150-85-50+8 t/ha SM; T7: NPK at 150-85-50+8.5 t/ha FYM and
T8 : NPK 150-85-50+7 t/ha PM. Results showed that growth and yield of maize were
substantially improved by fertilizer application alongside organic manures whereas soil total
organic C and total N, P, K contents increased when inorganic fertilizers were applied alone or in
combined with organic manures. However, soil pH and bulk density decreased due to application
of organic fertilizer and showed a negative correlation with grain yield. Further, a significant and
positive correlation (R=0.52, 0.91 and 0.55) was observed among maize grain yield and available
NPK contents, respectively in the soil. Conclusively, integration of inorganic fertilizers with
organic manures can be used with optimum rates to improve crop productivity on sustain basis(
Mahmood et al., 2017).