ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING

INTRODUCTION TO KEY CONCEPTS

Objectives
1. Provide an introduction to key concepts and theories
related to Environmental Planning

2. Underline the salient features of the laws governing the

Environmental Planning Profession in the Philippines
PLANNING DEFINED
WHAT IS PLANNING?
Planning Defined [common]
As an activity, it is the making or carrying out plans

As a process, it refers to the organized set of actions making use of

various methods, mechanisms and tools for accomplishing the
activity, especially in a group or social context

As a profession, it refers to the practice of a group of individuals

carrying appropriate skill sets who fulfill an agreed upon social
responsibility to guide these processes
Planning Defined [common]
1. Planning is a decision-making process: an activity that one does
now, the results of which are expected to happen in the future

2. Planning is problem solving. It is a systematic process of

identifying issues that impede the achievement of a desired end
and determining means and procedures to address these

3. Planning is choosing alternatives among different courses of

action to attain a certain objective
Planning Defined [academic]
Planning is a deliberate, organized and continuous process of
identifying different elements and aspects of the environment,
determining their present state and interaction, projecting them in
concert throughout a period in time in the future and formulating
and programming a set of actions or interventions to attain desired
results
Planning Defined [academic]
Planning pays attention to the location, form, intensity, and effect of
human activities on the built and un-built environments,
anticipating change, and managing such change sustainably
Planning Defined
1. American – Urban and Regional Planning

2. British – Town and Country Planning

3. French – Environmental Planning

4. United Nations – Human Settlements Planning

Planning Defined [academic]
Town planning is the art and science of ordering the use of land and
siting of buildings and communication routes so as to secure the
maximum practicable degree of autonomy, convenience, and
beauty (Lewis Keeble)
Planning Defined [academic]
Urban and Regional Planning refers to the scientific, orderly, and
aesthetic disposition of land, buildings, resources, facilities and
communication routes, in use and in development, with a view to
obviating congestion and securing the maximum practicable degree
of economy, efficiency, convenience, sound environment, beauty,
health and well-being in urban and rural communities (Canadian
Institute of Planners, ca. 1919)
Planning Defined [academic]
Urban and Regional Planning is the unified development of urban
communities and their environs and of states, regions, and the
nation as a whole, as expressed through determination of the
comprehensive arrangement of land uses and land occupancy and
their regulation (American Institute of Certified Planners - AICP)
Planning Defined [academic]
It is an art of anticipating change, and arbitrating between the
economic, social, political and physical forces that determine the
location, form, intensity, and effect of urban development. It is
concerned with providing the right site at the right time, in the right
place, for the right people (John Ratcliffe)
PLANNING DEFINED IN THE
PHILIPPINE CONTEXT
Planning Defined [legal]
Environmental Planning refers to activities connected with the
management and development of land, as well as the preservation,
conservation and management of the human environment (PD
1308, 2 March 1978)
Planning Defined [legal]
Environmental Planning, also known as urban and regional
planning, city planning, town and country planning, and/or human
settlements planning, refers to the multi-disciplinary art and science
of analysing, specifying, clarifying, harmonizing, managing and
regulating the use and development of land and water resources, in
relation to their environs, for the development of sustainable
communities and ecosystems (RA 10587, 27 May 2013)
QUESTIONS?
QUIZ
1. United Nations : Human Settlements Planning
British : Town and Country Planning
Americans : Urban and Regional Planning

Q: How do the Canadians refer to the field of planning?

a) Human Settlements Planning

Answer: b) Town and Country Planning

c) Urban and Regional Planning
C d) Environmental Planning
e) All of the above
f) None of the above
2. Environmental Planning refers to activities connected with the
management and development of land, as well as the preservation,
conservation and management of the human environment. This
definition of planning is derived from _______________.

a) LGC

Answer: b) PIEP
10587
c) RA 10578
F d) PD 1307
1308

e) All of the above

f) None of the above
3. This is a systematic process of establishing ends that define
direction of future development and determining means and
procedures to achieve the end.

a) Environmental Planning

b) Urban and Regional Planning

Answer: c) Human Settlements Planning

PLANNING d) Town and Country Planning

e) All of the above

f) None of the above

KEY PLANNING CONCEPTS
Elements of Planning
1. Land/Environment – physical environment
2. People – generates population pressures
3. Resources – necessary in human processes

STATE INTERVENTION
to ensure sustainable allocation of resources,
for current and future generations
Ultimate Goal of Planning
To further the welfare of people and
their communities by creating
convenient, equitable, healthful, efficient,
attractive, ecologically sustainable
environment that contributes to the
economic prosperity of the present and
future generations
3 Key Actors in Planning
1. Government

2. Private Sector

3. Civil Society

THE THREE-FOLDING IMAGE OF SOCIETY

Fields of Planning
Land Use Tourism/Recreation
Community Development Culture/Heritage
Urban Design Transportation
Development Control Waste Management
Resource Management Social Services
Environment Housing
Politics Education
LGU Plan documents required by National Government Agencies
NGA-mandated plans Other sectoral plans mentioned
1. Action Plan for the Protection of Children 18. Nutrition Action Plan
2. AFMA / SAFDZ Plan 19. Information and Communication Technology
Plan
3. Annual Culture and the Arts Plan 20. Local Shelter Plan
4. Anti-Poverty Reduction Plan 21. Ancestral Domain Sustainable Development
5. Local Coconut Development Plan Protection Plan
22. Plan for the Elderly
6. Disaster Management Plan
23. Plan for Health and Family Planning
7. Food Security Plan
24. Coastal Management Plan
8. Forest Management Plan 25. Information Strategic and Management Plan
9. Gender and Development Plan 26. Traffic Management Plan
10. Integrated Area Community Peace and Order and Public
Safety Plan
11. Local Entrepreneurship Development Plan
12. Sustainable Area Development Plan
13. Local Tourism Plan
14. Small and Medium Enterprise Development Plan
15. Solid Waste Management Plan
16. Watershed Management Plan
17. Revenue Generation Plan
Source: DILG-Sourcebook to RPS
Mandated Plans
Name of Comprehensive Land Use Comprehensive
Plan Plan (CLUP) Development Plan (CDP)

Aim Identify areas where Develop programs to

development can be attain desired shape/form
located of development
Key 4 Land Use Policy Areas 5 Development Sectors
elements
Enacted Zoning Ordinance Local Development
through Investment Plan
Timeframe 9 years 3-6 years
FOUR LAND USE POLICY AREAS FIVE DEVELOPMENT SECTORS

Protection Area

Settlement Area

Infrastructure Area

Production Area
Attributes of the Planning Process
1. Scientific – quantifiable and objective

2. Multi-Disciplinary – expertise of various disciplines

3. Comprehensive – covers all aspects/sectors of development

4. Dynamic – responsive to changes in time

5. Iterative – continuous, cyclical

6. Participatory – values engagement of multiple stakeholders

7. Time-Bound – specified time perspective

QUESTIONS?
COMMON PLANNING
TERMS
 URBAN AREA
is a human settlement with high population density and substantial
infrastructure on built environment

Note: There is no commonly-agreed international definition of what constitutes “urban”

o Sweden - at least 200 population
o USA – at least 2,500 population, densely settled
o Japan – at least 10,000 population
o PH – density of at least 1,000 person per square kilometre or 10 persons per hectare,
with grid-iron or analogous settlement design, etc.*

*Philippine Statistics Authority – Philippine Standard Geographic Code

CITY
an important permanent settlement possessing the characteristics of
size, density and heterogeneity, whose people are granted a
substantial level of self-governance

REGION
refers to a city of central place plus the outlying territories that are
functionally integrated with it
VISION
described the ideal scenario or the desired state of a group and its
people in the future (long time horizon)

GOALS
broad, long-term ends towards which a collectivity should aim;
always related to community/group situation or organizational
structure
OBJECTIVES
operational reformulation of goals so that they can be
doable/implementable for a defined period

SECTOR
an element or sub-system of a whole having coherent functions and
subject to common-thematic type of planning
POLICY
guide to actions to carry out the objectives or achieve the targets (ex.
Regulatory measures, legislation)

PROGRAM
a collection of complementary projects/activities formulated to
achieve the functions/objectives of a sector
PROJECT
a self-contained unit of investment aimed at developing resources
and facilities within a limited area within a given time period.

ACTIVITIES
very short-term effort performed by one or several members of a
project team or of an office or organization

TASKS
a purposive combination of psychomotor actions or motions leading
to the accomplishment of an activity
CONCEPT PLAN
the output of the FIRST STAGE activities in the preparation of a
development plan

DEVELOPMENT PLAN
series of written statements accompanied by maps, illustrations and
diagrams which describe what the community wants to become
and how it wants to develop
QUESTIONS?
QUIZ
Q. What are the key elements in planning?

Answer:
1. Land
2. People
3. Resources
Q. Who are the three key actors in development planning?

Answer:
1. Government
2. Business Sector
3. Civil Society
Q. What are the development sectors?

Answer:
1. Social
2. Economic
3. Environmental
4. Physical Infrastructure
5. Institutional
Q. What are the land use policy areas?

Answer:
1. Protected Areas
2. Settlement Areas
3. Production Areas
4. Infrastructure Areas
 PLANNING
SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT
STATIC PLANNING
Static Planning
• Also Blueprint Planning or the Master
Plan Approach is a grand one-shot
attempt, its end-product is long range
(20–40 years) affecting one whole
generation
• Tends to be ‘top-down’ or
implementing only the dominant
vision of an authoritative leader or
clique
• Strong on physical planning and
design
Daniel Burnham
SYNOPTIC PLANNING
Synoptic Planning
• also Rational-Comprehensive-Adaptive Planning
• Makes use of ‘Reason’ intensively – making use of scientific and
mathematical tools and models
• ‘Comprehensive’ because it tends to ‘cover all bases’, all aspects, all
sectors
• ‘Adaptive’ as it looks at problems from a systems viewpoint, where
the only thing permanent is change
SYSTEMS VIEW
Cybernetics is the
interdisciplinary science dealing
with communication and
control systems in living
organisms, machines, and
organizations
CYBERNETICS BY NORBERT WEINER
 Synoptic Planning
• “Diagnosis before treatment”

• Four classical elements

(1) Goal setting

(2) Identification of policy

alternatives

(3) Evaluation of means against

ends
SURVEY-ANALYSIS-PLAN BY (4) Implementation of policy
PATRICK GEDDES
 Problem Finding

Goal Formulation System Description

Projection of goals System Modelling

FEEDBACK

FEEDBACK
Evaluation of projection System projection

Evaluation of alternatives System Synthesis

Evaluation of
performance System Control

SYSTEMS PLANNING APPROACH BY GEORGE CHADWICK

 FORMULATE PROBLEM • Long and tedious process -
massive, extensive, voluminous
FORMULATE GOALS data analysis
PUBLIC PARTICIPATION

IDENTIFY • Has a window for participation,

ALTERNATIVES
allows many people from all
EVALUATE walks of life to contribute
ALTERNATIVES
• Criticized for its theory-based
SELECT THE BEST
ALTERNATIVE
“goal-setting” – based on a
predefined notion of “common
PLAN IMPLEMENTATION &
EVALUATION good”
INCREMENTAL PLANNING
Incremental Planning
• “Science of Muddling Through”

• Policy decisions are best determined

through negotiation and political
compromises

• Plans are constructed by a means of

intuition, experience, rules of thumb,
and endless series of consultations
CHARLES LINDBLOOM
• Planning becomes a practice of what is feasible politically
instead of what is technically efficient and effective

• CRITIQUE: When there is no overall theory or general principle that

guide inquiry, actions tend to become:

• Disjointed, segmented, incoherent, and un-integrated

• Actions are Casuistic – reactive, “case-to-case” basis

• Over time, decisions will tend to negate or nullify each other

PARTICIPATORY PLANNING
ADVOCACY PLANNING
• Planning to advocate for those who Notable Personalities

are powerless and disenfranchised Paul Davidoff - pluralistic

view of politics and
• Applying principles of social justice governance
Saul David Alinsky - Rules
• Development of plural plans rather for Radicals
than a unit plan Sherry Arnstein - Eight
Rungs in the Ladder of
Citizen Participation
 COMMUNICATIVE PLANNING
• Instead of considering public
participation as a method in planning,
participation is the central goal

• Focus on interpersonal dialogues,

finding common ground and common
aspirations among conflicting groups,
and turning these into actions

• Mutual learning
STRATEGIC PLANNING
Strategic Planning
• Strategic planning is interwoven into
management

• Aggressive pursuit of change through a

strategy that will bring optimal results

• Does not need comprehensive or voluminous

data but only manageable data relevant to
strategic issues
DR. HENRY MINTZBERG
 Identify strategic issues
A continuous learning

EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
process that defines

INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
Identify context of strategic issues
the purpose of an

AGENCY

AGENCY
organization and how Sort complete information

it will achieve
performance results Employ analytical tools
SWOT analysis
that lead to its desired
Identify Strategic alternatives
state
Evaluate alternatives (values, cost-
benefit)

Select the best alternative

Plan Implementation
Evaluation
Observed Shifts in Modern
Planning
BEFORE NOW
Product-Oriented Process-Oriented
All-Inclusive Strategic
Compartmental Integrated (trans-border)
Agency-Led Community-Based
Top-Down Bottom-Up
Open Participation Focused Participation
QUESTIONS?
QUIZ
ENVIRONMENTAL
PLANNING AS A
PROFESSION
Laws Governing the Practice of
Environmental Planning
PRESIDENTIAL DECREE 1308 March 2, 1978
REGULATING THE PRACTICE OF THE PROFESSION OF
ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING IN THE PHILIPPINES

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10587 May 27, 2013

ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING ACT OF 2013
SALIENT FEATURES OF
RA 10587
Declaration of Policy
The State recognizes the importance of environmental planning in
nation-building and development. Hence, it shall develop and
nurture … professional environmental planners … through honest,
effective, relevant and credible licensure examinations and through
regulatory programs, measures and activities that foster their
professional growth, social responsibility and development.
Environmental Planning
… refers to the multi-disciplinary art and science of analyzing,
specifying, clarifying, harmonizing, managing and regulating the use
and development of land and water resources, in relation to their
environs, for the development of sustainable communities and
ecosystems.
Environmental Planner
Refers to a person who is registered and licensed to practice
environmental planning and who holds a valid Certificate of
Registration and a valid Professional Identification Card from the
Board of Environmental Planning and the Professional Regulation
Commission
Environmental Planner
Art. III Sec. 14 – Upon the effectivity of this Act, no person shall
practice or offer to practice environmental planning in the
Philippines without having obtained from the Board and the
Commission a Certificate of Registration and a Professional ID Card or
a Temporary/Special Permit
Scope of ENP Practice
a) Providing professional services in the form of technical
consultation, rendering of technical advice, plan preparation,
capacity building and monitoring and evaluation of
implementation

b) Preparing pre-feasibility, and feasibility studies, environmental

assessments; and institutional, administrative or legal systems
studies;
Scope of ENP Practice
c) Curriculum and syllabi development in licensure examinations for
environmental planners and teaching in academic institutions and
conducting review courses in environmental planning;

d) Serving as expert witness, resource person, lecturer, juror or

arbitrator in hearings, competitions, exhibitions and other public
fora; conduct of hearings, competitions, exhibits and public fora;

e) Ensuring compliance with environmental laws, including the

acquisition of regulatory permits
RA 10587 ENTITIES
Board of Environmental Planning
(b) Supervise the registration, licensure and practice of environmental
planning in the Philippines;

(d) Issue, suspend, revoke or reinstate Certificate of Registration for

the practice of environmental planning;

(f) Prepare the contents of licensure examination, score and rate the
examination papers

(g) Adopt and promulgate a Code of Ethics and a Code of Technical

Standards issued by the APO
Accredited Professional Org (APO)
refers to the duly integrated and accredited professional organization
of environmental planners, of which there shall be only one

Philippine Institute of
Environmental Planners (piep)
 PRACTICE OF
ENVIRONMENTAL
PLANNING
Consulting Firms, Partnerships,
Corporations, Associations and
Foundations
• Must hold a Certificate of Registration issued by the Board and the
Commission, which requires that majority of the officers of the firm
are licensed environmental planners; and

• Environmental planning practice is carried out by licensed

Environmental Planners
Special/Temporary Permits for
Foreign Environmental Planners
before assuming the duties, functions and responsibilities as
environmental planner or consultant, must secure a
Temporary/Special Permit from the Board, subject to the approval
of the Commission and the Department of Labor and Employment
(DOLE)
Positions in Government with
Environmental Planning Functions
After the lapse of five (5) years from the effectivity of this Act, only
registered and licensed environmental planners shall be appointed
to the position of heads and assistant heads of offices and which
require the knowledge, skills and competence and qualifications of
registered and licensed environmental planners.
Unlawful Practices
(a) offer or render planning services when he/she is not a registered
and licensed environmental planner;

(b) cause, induce, encourage or coerce the preparation of or

implementation any plan that is not signed by a registered and
licensed environmental planner
Unlawful Practices
(c) amend, revise, duplicate or make copies of plans, designs,
programs and other documents prepared, signed and sealed by a
registered and licensed environmental planner without his/her
explicit and written consent

(d) sign his/her name, affix his/her seal or use any other method of
signature on plans, specifications or other documents not actually
prepared by him/her
Civil Liability
The environmental planner may be held civilly liable in cases of
serious, large-scale or wholesale damage, failure or destruction of any
project subject of or covered by an environmental plan, that result in
significant adverse impact on affected stakeholders or the
concerned ecosystem, within a period of ten (10) years from the time
of implementation of such plan.
LICENSURE EXAMINATION
Subjects of Examination
1. History, concepts, theories and principles of Environmental Planning

2. Environmental Planning process, methods/techniques and strategies

3. Environmental Plan implementation, legal aspects and administration

Each person must obtain 70% Weighted Average

and no less than 50% in each subject
Qualifications for the Examination
• Citizen of the Philippines or a foreign citizen whose country or
State has a policy on reciprocity in the practice of the profession;

• Of good moral character;

• Not convicted of an offense involving moral turpitude;

• Holder of any of the following degrees from CHED-accredited schools:

o A graduate in environmental planning, urban/city planning, or

town and country planning or its equivalent;
o A post-graduate diploma in EnP/UCP/TCP, and with at least 1 year
of OJT training;
o A Bachelor’s degree in EnP/UCP/TCP, with 2 years of OJT training;
o A masters or doctorate in EnP/UCP/TCP related disciplines
acceptable to the Board, with 3 years of OJT training*
o A bachelor’s degree in EnP/UCP/TCP related disciplines
acceptable to the Board, with 5 years of OJT training*
o Incumbent holders of planning positions in NGA/LGUs
acceptable to the board, with civil service eligibility and 80 hours
of training*
Documentary Requirements
• Accomplished application form • Cedula/CTC
(online)
• Any valid ID
• NSO Birth Certificate
• Certification of Good Moral
• NSO Marriage Contract (female Character
married applicant)
• Certificate of Employment
• TOR (with degree/course, exact
date of graduation, scan picture • Certificate of Experience
and remarks “FOR BOARD • Application fee of PhP900
EXAMINATION PURPOSES”)
• 4 pcs Passport Size colored with
name tag
• NBI Clearance
QUESTIONS?
REVIEW TIPS
1. No such thing as “too prepared” – confidence is key
2. Know your study pattern
3. Create a study plan/schedule
4. Study every day (with a rest day in each week)
5. Pray/meditate – helps to keep a positive mind
MUST READ
1. Rationalized Local Planning System (Serote)
2. Property, Patrimony & Territory (Serote)
3. HLURB Guidebooks (Vol. 1-3)
4. The Image of the City (Kevin Lynch)
5. RA 7160
6. RA 10587
7. National Physical Framework Plan
8. Philippine Development Plan
9. MDG/SDGs/Philippine Agenda 21 & Targets
10. Climate Change
EXAM DAY TIPS
1. Have enough sleep
2. Bring a calculator (must be PRC-approved)
3. Do not shade your answer sheet immediately – avoid
erasures
4. Process of elimination
5. Do not select an answer you are not familiar with
THANK YOU & GOOD LUCK
 CREDITS

Josefina Ramos [slides], Basics on Planning

D.C. Magnaye [slides], Introduction to the Planning System
K. Aspiras [slides], Context and Rationale for Public Sector Planning
Dr. Meliton Juanico [slides], Key Concepts in Environmental Planning
EnP Oshean Garonita [slides], Environmental Planning Concepts, Theories, and Principles