TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 3

1.1. Background of Study ......................................................................................... 3

1.1.1. Geography based on Dictionary ................................................................. 3

1.1.2. Geography based on Textbooks ................................................................ 3
1.1.3. Geography based on Scholars ................................................................... 4

1.2. Purpose of Study ................................................................................................ 6

1.2.1. Benefits of Increasing Spots of Tourism ..................................................... 6

1.2.2. The Importance of Employments ............................................................... 9

1.3. Statement of Problems ..................................................................................... 11

1.3.1. Problems Caused by Unemployment ....................................................... 11

1.3.2. Effects of Unemployment ......................................................................... 12

1.4. Definition of Terms ........................................................................................... 15

LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................ 20

2.1. Unemployment .................................................................................................. 20

2.1.1. Statistics of Unemployment ...................................................................... 20

2.1.2. Solution to Unemployment ....................................................................... 22

2.2. Tourism ............................................................................................................. 26

2.2.1. Impacts of Tourism ................................................................................... 27

2.2.1.1. Economic ..................................................................................... 27
2.2.1.2. Environmental.............................................................................. 29
2.2.1.3. Social and Cultural ...................................................................... 30
2.2.1.4. Crowding and Congestion ........................................................... 33
2.2.1.5. Services ....................................................................................... 34
2.2.1.6. Taxes........................................................................................... 35

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 2.2.1.7. Community Attitude ..................................................................... 36
2.2.2. Sources of Impacts .................................................................................. 37
2.2.2.1. Tourist Factors............................................................................. 38
2.2.2.2. Destination Factors...................................................................... 44

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................... 54

3.1. Interview with Ms. Nuni, Head of HRD Department ....................................... 54

3.1.1. Introduction .............................................................................................. 54

3.1.2. Questions and Answers ........................................................................... 54

3.2. Questionnaire.................................................................................................... 57

3.2.1. Introduction .............................................................................................. 57

3.2.2. Survey Questions ..................................................................................... 57

DATA ANALYSIS ......................................................................................................... 61

4.1. Interview with Ms Nuni, Head of HRD Department ........................................ 61

4.2. Questionnaire.................................................................................................... 71

CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................. 86

REFERENCES .............................................................................................................. 87

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 INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of Study

1.1.1. Geography based on Dictionary

1.1.1.1. Collins Cobuild Learner’s Pocket Dictionary

According to the (Collins Cobuild Learner’s Pocket

Dictionary, 2014, pg. 263), Geography is the study of the
countries of the world and things such as the land, oceans,
weather, towns, and population.

1.1.1.2. Oxford Learner’s Pocket Dictionary

Geography can be interpreted to two things by

(Oxford Learner’s Pocket Dictionary, 2008 pg. 184) It is the
“study of the earth’s surface, climate, countries, population,
etc” or the “arrangement of features in a particular region”.

1.1.1.3. Longman Active Study Dictionary

Geography is the study of the countries, oceans,

cities, population, etc of the world or of a particular area,
according to (Longman Active Study Dictionary, 2007 pg.
373).

1.1.2. Geography based on Textbooks

1.1.2.1. Britannica, Micropaedia

Geography is the scientific study of Earth’s surface.

Geography describes and analyzes the spatial variations in
physical, biological, and human phenomena that occur on

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 the surface of the globe and treats their interrelationship and
their significant regional pattern according to (Britannica,
Micropaedia, 1768 pg. 190)

1.1.2.2. Teaching Geography

In the opinion of Phil Gersmehl in (Teaching

Geography, 2005 pg. 3), “the subject we call geography
emerged because people need ways to organize, teach and
learn what is appropriate in a given place. Geography tells
you how to dress – for climate, the company, or the culture.
Like a language guide or a book of etiquette, it can deal with
topics that are trivial or extremely important, depending on
what specific content is chosen and how it is taught.
Geography is about conditions in other places and
connections with those places. Students should learn about
the land, climate, economy, and culture of others places.
That knowledge will help them deal with an increasingly
interconnected and often highly competitive world.”

1.1.3. Geography based on Scholars

1.1.3.1. Eckermann, 1958

Geography is the science of places, concerned with

the qualities of potentialities of countries. The particular
character of a country is expressed by the totality of
its features, the social diversities associated with the
diversities of places.

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1.1.3.2. Alfred Hettner, 1895

Geography is the chorological science of the earth or

the science of the earth areas and places in terms of their
differences and their spatial relations. The goal of the
chorological point of view is to know the character of regions
and places through comprehension of the existence together
and inter-relations amount the difference realms of reality
and their varied manifestation; and to comprehend the earth
surface as a whole in its actual arrangement in continents,
larger and smaller regions and places.

1.1.3.3. Richard Hartshorne, 1959

Geography provides accurate, orderly, and rational

description and interpretation of the variable character of the
earth surface. It is that discipline that seeks to describe and
interpret the variable character from place to place of the
earth as the world of man.

1.1.3.4. Frank Debenhams, 1950

Geography is the science of interpretation of the

distribution charge of holding the facts, finding the
relationship between human beings with the physical
environment. It explains the strength of the interaction
between man and nature.

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1.2. Purpose of Study

1.2.1. Benefits of Increasing Spots of Tourism

Over the decades, tourism has experienced continued growth

around the world that changes the world’s perspective of entertainment
and has become one of the quickest ways of increasing the growth of a
country anywhere around the world. In this case, there would be
advantages and disadvantages of increasing tourism in a country,
although it can be said that the pros overcome the cons and therefore, is
an advantage to a country who decided to increase more entertainment
spots for people around the world to enjoy.

Nowadays, it is quite obvious that people are looking for ways to

satisfy themselves in different ways. Some would love to travel or explore
new culinary tastes. Everyone know about Walt Disney, the person who
created Disney and Disneyland where entertainment and joy is their
number one priority. Throughout the years, there has never been a year
where rumors said that Disney would go bankrupt or even have a small
financial problem and this observation can be put simply as entertainment
will never bore anyone or go history.

Another thing that we can observe is the amount of unemployment

around the world. Some worse than others but this problem has never
been solved and may never be solved but the rate of unemployment in a
country can be reduced so that an economy of that country can go higher
than it normally is since this factor goes hand in hand and not just that, the
economy of a country affects the quality of lives of the citizens so that this
hypothesis can be made; the higher the economy of a country, the more
advance the country is. When this happens, more often than not, more
countries would want to collaborate with said country.

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 This arrangement is not just good for MEDCs, more economically
developed country, but also the LEDCs, less economically developed
country, such as Indonesia and India since LEDC countries’ citizens have
less chance of getting a good education with not enough resources of said
country to provide every single children to be able to have at least a
primary level education with overpopulation as a problem and an already
small economy development over the years. When they have little to none
education that children get, it is no wonder that companies would not even
given them a glance, especially when they can do nothing good for the
company. With that said, tourism does not actually need someone with a
high education to be able to do work such as controlling a machine as a
simple training with a professional would make them able to understand
how the machine would work.

Spots of tourism can be built by governments or private individuals,

although tourism spots built governments would benefit a country even
more since all profits made by that specific place can be used for the
country itself and for the local communities, direct or indirectly. The money
earned can be made to build infrastructures, education centers, medical
buildings, and other necessities needed. Other than that, local
communities would have no trouble in having some entertainments
without having to go out of the city and indirectly, foreigners would come
to even a rural area and learn about different cultures the people have
while simultaneously, souvenirs can be made and sold to increase the
income of families of local citizens. With the good infrastructure made to
rural areas, tourists and more local people would be more interested in
coming to isolated areas rather than going to places where the journey is
the adventure unlike places with good infrastructures made.

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 Tourism does not only increase the economy and the surrounding
areas of a country, it also helps environmentalist to help conserve places
of conservation where animal or plant extinction is critical and rainforests
are hard to protect from which will also be a factor in the loss of habitat for
lots of the animal and plant kingdom. Moreover, with less employment,
people had to search for ways to make a living and hunting or wood-cutter
would be the right choice without having to do crimes in order to get what
they want. Therefore, tourism can preserve these natural resources while
simultaneously giving people jobs that are harmless.

In the environmental view, there are ways to contribute to the

wildlife. It can be through financial contributions by paying directly to the
conservation of sensitive areas and habitat. Revenue from park-entrance
fees and similar sources can be allocated specifically to pay for the
protection and management of environmentally sensitive areas. Special
fees for park operations or conservation activities can be collected from
tourists or tour operators. Some governments also collect money in more
far-reaching and indirect ways that are not linked to specific parks or
conservation areas. User fees, income taxes, taxes on sales or rental of
recreation equipment, and license fees for activities such as hunting and
fishing can provide governments with the funds needed to manage natural
resources. Such funds can be used for overall conservation programs and
activities.

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1.2.2. The Importance of Employments

The term unemployment is used to describe anyone who is able to

work, but does not have an occupation. Unemployment is one of the most
common and chronic problems worldwide. It is a concern for individuals as
well as global communities. With it being a problem worldwide, it is
important to take care of this problem personally when this has been going
on for too long and knowing the harm it could do to the people around
them and also their own country.

Basically there are five types of unemployment: frictional

unemployment, cyclical unemployment, structural unemployment, real
wage or classical unemployment, and seasonal unemployment. The level
of unemployment varies with economic conditions and other
circumstances. The causes of unemployment include increased
population, rapid technological change, lack of education or skills and
rising cost lead to financial inflation, social and psychological problems.

Employment is the basic of everything working. Without workers,

companies cannot be build, grow nor provide goods and services to other
people. To put it simply, nothing can be produced and nothing will be like
this if there are no workers working behind the scenes of successful
companies. There will also be no advancement in every single category
such as medical or technology advancement that people would still be
suffering if there are no workers to give ideas and accomplish new
discoveries. Based on the example given, nothing would be the same
today if there are no scientists, doctors, professors, astrologist,
environmentalist, and even normal workers.

Everything and everyone depends on each other to give resources

needed. During the old age, people still work by plowing the land, planting
seeds, and harvesting them when it was ripe. If there was no one to do
this, no human beings would even be alive as who can eat the food from

9
the land when not a single person wanted to do all the hard work so that
everyone can enjoy the products and that is how important employment is
for the world.

John Maynard Keynes gave another opinion about why

employment is important. He “singled it out as one of the principle faults of
capitalism; the other is excessive inequality. Obviously, there is some link
between these two faults: since most people living in capitalist economies
must work for wages as a major source of their incomes, the inability to
obtain a job means a lower income. If jobs can be provided to the
unemployed, inequality and poverty will be reduced.”

Another fact that can be said about employment is that without it,
surviving in the modern world is hard where everything is about money
and with money, comes power and without any employment opportunities,
it is plain to see that most people would not even have the basic
necessities needed for their family and for themselves. As John Maynard
Keynes said, if jobs can be provided to the unemployed, inequality and
poverty will be reduced and this can be interpret that without any
employment given to people of a country, they would not have little to no
chance of gaining control of their life since everything depends on money;
for education, basic necessities, family needs, or leisure activities. But
without it, nothing would ever be achieved, no advancement would ever
be found, no curiosity that is fulfilled and everything would still be like the
primitives during the Stone Age.

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1.3. Statement of Problems

1.3.1. Problems Caused by Unemployment

When unemployment becomes a major problem in a country, there

are many more problems that are needed to overcome, not just one single
problem. Firstly, the unemployed would lose income that would pay for
their mortgage and for the basic necessities for their families which would
continue to grow when said person could not pay for the education
needed to help his children have more chance of getting a job since skills
are needed to be hired by companies. Another problem would be the
reduction in goods and services since no one would be there to produce
them unless using advanced technologies and when companies face this
problem, governments would also need to handle this when taxes given
would also face reduction with less companies able to handle the pressure
of loss.

Thirdly, the crime, divorce, and any social rate would increase
significantly with less employment as social problems would arise. Crime
rates would increase when people does not have the skills to be hired and
does not have any other way to find a way to give life to their families; the
only way to achieve that goal is to steal, to take what others have
abundantly so that those who have less would actually have something.
Another example is divorce rates, when a husband or wife has no way of
supporting the other, arguments and fights would often break out since
giving life to just one person is hard enough or when a person has a child
and one of their parents does not have any job to take care of all of them,
it is found that they have the power to abuse their child or their spouse just
to take off their anger and stress, giving high death rate.

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 Lastly, unemployment goes hand in hand with the economy of a
country and so a country’s economy would decrease if the unemployment
rate of said country is high. With less goods and services provided for
citizens or foreigners, taxes given for the development of a country would
also decrease. Therefore, income coming in to be used by the country
would decrease and resources needed to defend or provide for the
citizens would also be insufficient. Rural areas would still be
underdeveloped and urban areas would be overpopulated which would
raise a new set of problems. So as stated above, employment is important
individually and for the whole country.

1.3.2. Effects of Unemployment

There are three major effects of unemployment. First, the financial

problems which are rising from prolonged unemployment. It is known that
we cannot buy anything without money; the constant income buys food,
clothing and shelter. Due to the loss of income, unemployed individuals
will be unable to earn money to meet financial obligations. For example,
people who fail to pay mortgage payments or to pay rent will lose their
housing properties and become homeless. Unemployment also prevents
one from doing many things and involving in different activities such as
travelling. Consequently, this affects the national economy leads to
poverty. With that being said, the standard quality of life would also
decrease of the unemployed.

Unemployment also has been connected to the impaired family

functioning as it affects the parents' interactions with their children and
their spouse as well. Unemployed parents spend more time with their
children, but the quality of these interactions suffers in comparison with
those of employed parents and can cause some children to lose respect of
their parents since they are unable to fulfill the child’s needs and wants

12
such as education. But in other cases, employed parents may spend too
much time working that the time spent with their children can be limited
and cause family problems. There are also many obvious facts
surrounding unemployment that involves in social interaction such as
alcoholism, drug abuse, domestic violence, and many others. Moreover,
these interactions can cause psychological problems in the people near
them and may never be cured with the constant trouble occurring from
childhood.

Unemployment affects a person psychologically too. Numerous

studies have revealed a relationship between unemployment and lack of
self-esteem and confidence leading to depression. Besides, there is an
increased anxiety and stress levels which lead to psychosomatic
diseases, personal worthlessness and powerlessness. Consequently, this
“feelings” could cause a much more serious disease such as depression
and suicidal, increasing the crime and death rates of a country associating
with high rate of unemployment.

Another case relating to psychological problem is the retirement

money that people get when they are of age and could not work in
companies anymore. Those who do not get hired do not get this financial
contributions and if so much family members depend on said person, he
or she will not be able to help them, much less themselves. Consequently,
the future generation could not sufficiently provide themselves with
necessities, much less a job.

There are other factors involving the problem cause which is the
economic costs of unemployment. Unemployment leads to higher
payments from state and federal governments for unemployment benefits,
food assistance, and medical treatment. At the same time, those
governments are no longer collecting the same levels of income tax as
before, forcing the government to borrow money from other countries and

13
having the government to owe said country or cut back on other spending,
perhaps allowing the country to get worse with absolute no new
development or be in debt with that particular country; if worse comes to
worse, a war or natural disaster may break out with no way to support all
the citizens. The citizens’ standard of living may also be compromised
which can cause another problem; people with high skills needed would
not want to have their jobs in said country and the country would lose a
much needed human resources.

It is also worth noting that companies pay a price for high

unemployment as well. Unemployment benefits are financed largely by
taxes given by businesses. When unemployment is high, states will often
look to replenish their coffers by increasing their taxation on businesses,
while simultaneously discouraging companies from hiring more workers.
Not only do companies face less demand for their products, it is also more
expensive for them to retain or hire workers.

Employment also relates with the economy of a country. If there is

a high rate of unemployment in a country that would mean that there are
not enough resources for the citizens. This is because employment
contributes to economic growth: Workers produce valuable goods and
services, and in turn receive a wage which they can spend on buying the
goods produced. High employment means a greater number of goods can
be produced as well. Before the industrial revolution, workers relied only
on what they could produce individually. This resulted in a limited number
of products for sale, which generally included meat, grains and clothes. As
production and employment with a business grows, so does the variety of
goods and services offered. The availability of electronics, various
specialty foods, clothing and other retail items is due entirely to the
expansion of employment opportunities and an able workforce willing to
produce these items.

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1.4. Definition of Terms

Here are the meanings of some of the hard terms for this essay.

1. Climate: The weather conditions prevailing in an area in

general or over a long period

2. Spatial: Relating to or occupying space

3. Phenomenon: A fact or situation that is observed to exist or

happen, especially one whose cause or
explanation is in question

4. Interrelationship: The way in each of two or more things is related

to the other or others

5. Etiquette: The customary code of polite behavior in

society or among members of a particular
profession or group

6. Trivial: Of little value or importance

7. Economy: The state of a country or region in terms of the

production and consumption of goods and
services and the supply of money

8. Diversity: The state of being diverse

9. Chronological: Following the order in which they occur

10. Realm: A field or domain of activity or interest

11. Manifestation: An event, action, or object that clearly shows or

embodies something abstract or theoretical

12. Variable: An element, feature, or factor that is liable to

vary or change

15
13. Perspective: A particular attitude towards or way of regarding
something; a point of view

14. Culinary: Or of for cooking

15. Finance: The management of large amounts of money,

especially by governments or large companies

16. Hypothesis: A supposition or proposed explanation made on

the basis of limited evidence as a starting point
for further investigation

17. Collaborate: Work jointly on an activity or project

18. Infrastructure: The basic physical and organizational

structures and facilities needed for the
operation of a society or enterprise.

19. Environmentalist: A person who is concerned about protecting the

environment

20. Revenue: Income, especially when of an organization and

of a substantial nature

21. Allocate: Distribute (resources or duties) for a particular

purpose

22. Conservation: Preservation, protection, or restoration of the

natural environment and of wildlife

23. Recreation: Activity done for enjoyment when one is not

working

24. Chronic: (Of a problem) long-lasting

25. Inflation: A general increase in prices and fall in the

purchasing value of money

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26. Frictional unemployment: The unemployment which exists in any
economy due to people being in the process of
moving from one job to another

27. Cyclical unemployment: Periodic unemployment caused by fluctuations

in the business cycle

28. Classical unemployment: Effect on the real wages and the market
clearing wage on the availability of jobs

29. Seasonal unemployment: An elevated level of unemployment that is

expected to occur at certain part of the year

30. Astrologist: Somebody who studies the position of the

planetary bodies within our universe in order to
make predictions on future outcomes or
interpret the meaning of past events.

31. Principle: A fundamental basis of a system of thought or

belief

32. Capitalism: An economic system in which capital goods are

owned by private individuals or businesses

33. Inequality: The quality of being unequal or uneven

34. Leisure: Time free from the demands of work or duty,

when one can rest, enjoy hobbies or sports, etc

35. Primitive: Relating to human society at a very early stage

of development, with people living in a simple
way without machines or a writing system

36. Mortgage: An agreement that allows you to borrow money

from a bank or similar organization, especially
in order to buy a house, or the amount of
money itself

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37. Abundant: More than enough

38. Impair: To spoil something or make it weaker so that it

is less effective

39. Domestic violence: The situation in which someone you live with
attacks you and tries to hurt you

40. Self-esteem: Belief and confidence in your own ability and

value

41. Depression: The state of feeling very unhappy and without

hope for the future

42. Human resources: The department of an organization that deals

with finding new employees, keeping records
about all the organization's employees, and
helping them with any problems

43. Coffer: The money and organization has in its bank

account and available to spend

44. Retain: To keep or continue to have something

45. Industrial revolution: The period of time during which work began to
be done more by machines in factory than by
hand at home

46. Workforce: The group of people who work in a company,

industry, country, etc

47. Proactive: Controlling a situation by making things happen

or by preparing for possible future problems

48. Indispensable: Not subject to being set aside or neglected;

absolutely necessary

49. Underlying: Basic, fundamental

18
50. Corroborate: To support with evidence or authority

51. Empirical: Originating in or based on observation or

experience

52. Durable: Able to exist for a long time without significant

deterioration in quality or value

53. Peripheral: Relating to

54. Incentive: Something that incites or has a tendency to

incite to determination or action

55. Volatile: Characterized by or subject to rapid or

unexpected change

56. Proliferation: To grow by rapid production of new parts

57. Ramification: The act or process of branching

58. Detriment: The state of being harmed or damaged

59. Influx: An arrival or entry of large numbers of people or

things

60. Upheaval: Extreme agitation or disorder

61. Amenity: Something that helps to provide comfort,

convenience, or enjoyment

62. Divisive: Tending to cause disagreement or hostility

between people

63. Monolithic: Characterized by hugeness, impenetrability, or

intractability

64. Offset: Something that serves to counterbalance or to

compensate for something else

65. Viability: Ability to work successfully

19
 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. Unemployment

According to Classical and Keynesian Economic Explanations for

Unemployment by Michael Griffiths (pg.2), “unemployment is a key measure of
economic health. It is a major factor in determining how healthy an economy is; if
the economy maximized efficiency, everyone would be employed at some wage.”
In his opinion, “an individual unemployed is both unproductive and a drain on
society’s resources. However, while unemployment seems a basic statistic – the
number without jobs divided by those with jobs – the issue is anything but.
Unemployment is a powerful statistic that shapes government policy and
personal decisions. The government keeps a close eye on the unemployment
rate. Not only does unemployment indicate that the economy isn’t operating at
peak efficiency, but politicians have noticed that high unemployment correlates
with losing elections.” This shows that employment is a key factor in the measure
of economic and quality of life in a country. Moreover, with low rate of
unemployment, as Michael Griffiths had said, comes good government and
higher economy.

2.1.1. Statistics of Unemployment

“The International Labor Organization (ILO) estimates that nearly

75 million young people are unemployed in the world today. This number
has increased by more than 4 million since the financial crisis of 2008-9,
and the outlook for the medium term is worsening. The global youth
unemployment rate is 12.7% in 2012, and the ILO projects that it is likely
to rise to 12.9% by 2017. The sheer magnitude of the youth employment
challenge has gradually penetrated the public’s awareness over the last
decade, raising the profile of the issue before governments and
policymakers. Increasingly there is a realization that the levels of youth

20
unemployment are not simply a mirror of the business cycle, but a
persistent structural issue that has distinct causes and requires distinct
solutions that cut across fiscal, labor, social security, and education
policies.” With the expected rise of youth unemployment, it is also
expected that there would be consequences with relation to – most
importantly – security and education where the multiplier effect could be
seen. The poor would still be poor and the rich get richer when the poor
could not afford education and good condition of life. “The danger is that
without aggressive, proactive job creation and youth employment
strategies– the kind we haven’t seen in the past - we are looking at job
scarcity, social tensions, and a lost generation of young people in both the
developed and developing world.” With that said, it is known that
unemployment must be solved otherwise problems would start coming not
now, but also for future generation. (How Policymakers Can Boost Youth
Employment by ManpowerGroup, pg. 3-4)

According to Jim Clifton, Chairman of Gallup and author of “T

he Coming Jobs War,” there are only about 1.2 billion good jobs –
steady, full-time, formal sector jobs -- in the entire global economy. Yet
there are five billion people in the world over the age of 15, three billion of
whom are trying to sustain themselves in the global labor force. It is
obvious that future generation would have a harder time getting a job
rather than the present generation and therefore, with less rate of
unemployment now, there would be a higher chance of not getting a job in
the future, especially the poor. Unemployment has just become a major
issue in this case and with time, there would be no jobs left for future
generation to work with. Therefore, unemployment should be solved
clearly with the right solution to ensure the right conditions and jobs
needed to be provided depending on each area. Moreover, governments
should make an agreement with private individuals-owning companies that
jobs can be provided for the young.

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2.1.2. Solution to Unemployment

“Job creation – on a massive scale – is the indispensable

precondition for ensuring that young people around the world have access
to economic opportunities. We cannot help young people find jobs unless
those jobs exist. And increasingly, based on our experience,
policymakers around the world are in agreement with labor market
economists that promoting economic growth is the single most important
driver for creating jobs. Most governments take formal responsibility, as a
matter of policy, for promoting full employment for their citizens. The U.S.,
for example, makes the promotion of full employment an explicit federal
policy goal that has been written into law. But finding the right tools to
maximize job creation is a significant policy challenge.” As said by
ManpowerGroup, without jobs, there is no chance to reduce
unemployment since there are no jobs in the first place and to maximize
the profit received, it would be best to be a government-owned company.
Moreover, the profit gathered would go directly to funds and organizations.
(How Policymakers Can Boost Youth Employment by ManpowerGroup,
pg. 6)

Facing the problem of unemployment, G. Gansma explained that

“many economists and politicians share the expectation that the service
sector will be the major source of new jobs, as for the example has been
the case in the US in the eighties. More precisely, if full employment is to
return, it will only be because of a continuing growth of employment in the
service sector.” In this case, G. Gansma stated that only the service
employment can support the employment in a country. This statement is
supported by three reasons which will be explained in detail.

“The first explanation of the relative growth of service employment

is based on the differential growth of sectoral labor productivity, as
discussed by Clark, Fourasie and Baumol. According to this approach, the
growth of labor productivity depends on (technological) innovation and

22
economies of scale and both factors work more intensively in
manufacturing industries and in agriculture than in the services. The very
nature of many services, especially the ‘care services’, being produced
and consumed at the same time (i.e. visit to a doctor), prevent such
services using technical change to increase labor productivity. However,
there are other services that do show a very fast technological change.
For example, transport, communication, banking and insurance industries
are capital-intensive and have already been revolutionized by information
technology. These services are now very similar to manufacturing
industries in many respects. Labor productivity in these branches
increases as fast as in manufacturing. In the other services, labor
productivity increases only very modestly, and much slower than in
manufacturing industry. In these parts of the services, employment share
will rise, even if output share does not.” In a much simpler way, the service
does not expect a large scale of change in the labor productivity. When
viewed in a positive light, the slow pace of technological advance in the
service sector would allow more job employment to be opened and
therefore, could not use robots or other enhancement to give do some
services such as culinary. Culinary tastes could not be copied by robots
and needs a human touch to it and would allow more job employments in
that category to open.

“Changing consumer preferences is a second underlying

mechanism. As is pointed out by Fischer and by Fourastie, increasing
average income is expected to cause a shift in consumption from
agricultural and industrial products toward the consumption of services.
This tendency is corroborated by empirical research into the relation
between level of income and consumption patterns: people with higher
incomes indeed spend a larger share of their income on services. As
average income increases, this is expected to become a general pattern.
The shift in consumption patterns can be explained in terms of needs-
hierarchies. People certainly want to satisfy primary needs for food and

23
shelter. When these needs are satisfied, consumption shifts toward
durables like cars, washing machines and TVs. As average income
increases further, most people possess these durables and we envisage
saturating markets. Because technological innovation goes on, labor
productivity increases more than output levels, leading to decreasing
industrial employment. At the same time, consumption shifts towards
‘higher needs’: services like education, health, recreating and holidays.”
The second reason on why Gansma stated that service sector would offer
the most employments is because of the changing consumer preferences.
In this case, the average income a person received is the factor in the
reasoning. If a person’s average income increases, their needs would be
satisfied first which is the goods needed and shelter. After their needs are
satisfied, they would turn to their wants, which are the services such as
vacation, entertainment, culinary experience, and many other things.
When it increases further, technology would be advanced enough that the
goods produced would unbalance the goods consumed and the good
produced and their preferences would shift again towards their ‘dreams’
such as holidays and education.

“The third mechanism is the externalization of service functions

from non-service firms to specialized service firms. This tendency is an
organizational innovation and part of increasing division of labor, leading
to specialization and economies of scale. The service functions that used
to be a part of manufacturing industries are transferred to the service
sector. At least optically, this will increase service employment. However,
this extension of professional service supply might result in increasing
service quality and growing demand for producer services. Also the actual
economic-technological situation (turbulent markets, rapidly changing
technologies) may lead to increasing demand for producer services. So,
part of the increase in producer service employment might be a real
increase. Finally, according to some authors, a rise in educational level
effects preferences for certain jobs. Better educated people are inclined to

24
choose a service job.” From observing people’s behavior, it can be said
that people tend to follow trends and if the service sector is growing in
numbers, it would make sense that others would follow this path.
However, when a huge number of people move from manufacture to the
service sector, there would be a growing demand for services in the
producing service as stated above although the reasoning still stays the
same, more people would change preferences to service sector. (Taken
from the book ‘On the Mysteries of Unemployment’ by L.G. Jansma,
pg.48-49)

To conclude, unemployment in a country is becoming a major issue

around the world with the statistics increasing in youth unemployment.
Moreover, unemployment would continue to increase unless something is
done. However, if no jobs exist in the first place, people would not have
the chance to have it so that the solution to unemployment is providing
jobs for the unemployed. As G. Gansma stated, there is a solution to this
which is the service sector which are not completely disrupted by
advancement in technologies. There are three reasons for this, first is the
growth of productivity, service sector does not experience massive growth
in the productivity due to technologies. Second reason is the changing of
consumer preferences from basic needs to ‘higher wants’ and the final
reason is the trend of people going from non-service sector to the service
sector with increasing job offer from the service sector.

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2.2. Tourism

Tourism has always been part of the modern world when people has
satisfied their daily needs and wanted something where they can explore and
experience more things. It is observed that foreigners would come to a country
just for the sake of trying a new culinary taste or to explore new cultures and go
on adventures or just to satisfy their curiosity. These are all part of tourism that
can benefit all those who partake in it, the consumer and producer. Tourism is
defined by the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) as comprising ‘the
activities of persons travelling to and staying in places outside their usual
environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and
other purposes.” The UNWTO is the United Nations agency responsible for the
‘promotion of responsible, sustainable and universally accessible tourism.’1
Today, tourism is one of the fastest growing economic sectors in the world, the
key reasons being the socio-economic progress within our society and the inter-
connectedness of the world we live in. Tourism, just like everything else, has its
own advantages and disadvantages.

The tourism industry seems to be the most efficient branch of the

economy in generating jobs and income in less developed, peripheral countries /
regions, where development opportunities are limited. In these regions, the
economic impact of tourism is felt most strongly. People from these regions are
generally farmers or fishermen and the involvement in tourism activity can
substantially increase their household income. Also an increase in the local
tourism industry can provide an incentive for related activities (agricultural
products or souvenirs that could be used for the accommodation and catering).
According to some authors (Archer et. al., 2005:81-82), the introduction of
tourism industry in these regions may have a greater effect on the welfare of the
resident population, compared to a more developed region in the same country.
For such a development of tourism in an emerging country or region the following
are need: basic infrastructure (access roads, drinking water etc.), lodging (hotels,
pensions, etc.) and other facilities and services necessary for tourism (catering,

26
transport, etc.). Archer et. al. (2005:83) believes that some of these utilities are
indivisible in the sense that they are provided the tourism industry, and at the
same time they are used by local people. Thus, in many emerging countries,
motorways and airports built for tourism, now offer easier access to more distant
markets for many local products. (The Impacts of Tourism on Society by Dorin
Paul)

2.2.1. Impacts of Tourism

2.2.1.1. Economic

“Tourism increases employment opportunities. Additional

jobs, ranging from low-wage entry-level to high-paying professional
positions in management and technical fields, generate income and
raise standards of living. Particularly in rural areas, the
diversification created by tourism helps communities that are
possibly dependent on only one industry. As tourism grows,
additional opportunities are created for investment, development,
and infrastructure spending. Tourism often induces improvements
in public utilities such as water, sewer, sidewalks, lighting, parking,
public restrooms, litter control, and landscaping. Such
improvements benefit tourists and residents alike. Likewise, tourism
encourages improvements in transport infrastructure resulting in
upgraded roads, airports, public transportation, and non-traditional
transportation (e.g., trails). Tourism encourages new elements to
join the retail mix, increasing opportunities for shopping and adding
healthy competitiveness. It often increases a community's tax
revenues. Lodging and sales taxes most notably increase but
additional tax revenues include air travel and other transportation
taxes, business taxes, and fuel taxes. New jobs generate more
income tax revenues.” Tourism creates businesses which in turns

27
produce more tax and profit which allows improvement to an area
through infrastructure, public facilities, and many other things in
simple words.

On the other hand, tourism has a negative effect on tourism

as stated ”when considering the economic impacts of tourism, it is
essential to understand that tourism businesses often include a
significant number of low-paying jobs, often at minimum wage or
less. These jobs are often seasonal, causing under-employment or
unemployment during off-seasons. Labor may be imported, rather
than hired locally, especially if particular skills or expertise is
required, or if local labor is unavailable. Some tourism-related
businesses are volatile and high-risk ventures that are
unsustainable. Greater demand for goods, services, land, and
housing may increase prices that in turn will increase the cost of
living. Tourism businesses may claim land that could have higher-
value or other uses. Additionally, non-local owners and
corporations may export profits out of the community. The
community may have to generate funds (possibly through
increased taxes) to maintain roads and transportation systems that
have become more heavily used. Similarly, if additional
infrastructure (water, sewer, power, fuel, medical, etc.) is required,
additional taxes may also be needed to pay for them.” This would
mean that most tourism-related business has small wage for their
employees and sometimes would need special training or
professional people which blocks employment opportunities for
local people. There is also another statement stating that tourism
would cause greater demand for local things such as their goods,
services, or even their land which might cause local people unable
to afford these goods even with their increases income.

28
2.2.1.2. Environmental

The second impact of tourism is towards the environment.

“Areas with high-value natural resources, like oceans, lakes,
waterfalls, mountains, unique flora and fauna, and great scenic
beauty attract tourists and new residents (in-migrants) who seek
emotional and spiritual connections with nature. Because these
people value nature, selected natural environments are preserved,
protected, and kept from further ecological decline. Lands that
could be developed can generate income by accommodating the
recreational activities of visitors. Tourist income often makes it
possible to preserve and restore historic buildings and monuments.
Improvements in the area’s appearance through cleanup or repairs
and the addition of public art such as murals, water fountains, and
monuments (part of making a community ready for tourism) benefit
visitors and residents alike. Tourism is generally considered a
"clean" industry, one that is based on hotels, restaurants, shops
and attractions, instead of factories.” In a much simpler word,
tourism would preserve environments directly or indirectly. Through
financial support where income received from tourists to fund other
wildlife and allow local people to help preserve the wildlife while
also giving them employment without having to damage the natural
environment. Attractions would also be able to preserve wildlife
directly since they would attract customers while simultaneously
caring for them such as building a zoo or allowing tourists to see
the animals in their habitat.

On the other hand, “tourism can also degrade an

environment. Visitors generate waste and pollution (air, water, solid
waste, noise, and visual). Natural resource attractions can be
jeopardized through improper uses or overuse. Providing tourist
services can alter the landscape's appearance. For instance, visual

29
 pollution may occur from billboard proliferation. As tourism
develops, demand for land increases, especially for prime locations
like beachfronts, special views, and mountains. Without
forethought, natural landscape and open space can be lost. The
destruction or loss of flora and fauna can happen when desirable
plants and animals are collected for sale or the land is trampled.
Tourists or the businesses that cater to them often remove plants,
animals, rocks, fossils, coral, and cultural or historical artifacts from
an area. Uncontrolled visitation or overuse by visitors can degrade
landscapes, historic sites, and monuments. Where water is scarce,
tourists can overwhelm the available supply. Travelers can also
inadvertently introduce nonindigenous species, as can increases in
the trade of animals and plants. A constant stream of visitors and
domestic pets may disrupt wildlife by disturbing their breeding
cycles and altering natural behaviors.” With all the changes going
around for tourism, tourists would give out pollution whether it is
noise, visual, water, or even air pollution; in return, wildlife would
soon be affected by these. Moreover, over-visitation of tourists
would drain resources from the area and affect the whole wildlife.
Noise pollution would disrupt their sleeping habit and flashlight from
cameras would ruin their routines, therefore attractions for the
wildlife might need to be scheduled properly without damaging or
disrupting the flora and fauna.

2.2.1.3. Social and Cultural

Other than the economic and environmental impacts of

tourism – which are the obvious one – tourism has also effects on
social and cultures of the society. ”The social and cultural
ramifications of tourism warrant careful consideration, as impacts
can either become assets or detriments to communities. Influxes of

30
tourists bring diverse values to the community and influence
behaviors and family life. Individuals and the collective community
might try to please tourists or adopt tourist behaviors. Interactions
between residents and tourists can impact creative expression by
providing new opportunities (positive) or by stifling individuality with
new restrictions (negative). Increased tourism can push a
community to adopt a different moral conduct such as improved
understanding between sexes (positive) or increased illicit drug use
(negative). Safety and health facilities and staffing tend to increase
at the same time safety problems such as crime and accidents
increase. Traditional ceremonies may be renewed and revived by
tourist interest or lost in alternative activities. Community
organizations can be invigorated by facing the opportunities of
tourism or overwhelmed by its associated problems. Calamities
such as natural disasters, energy shortages, terrorism, political
upheaval, disease outbreak, a chemical spill, or even widespread
negative publicity could shut down tourism abruptly but sometimes
can attract curious visitors.” The examples shown above are just
some effects of tourism towards society and although tourism can
improve the quality of things, it could also worsen the conditions. In
every part of the scene, there would always be positive and
negative impacts that can be seen but problems can almost always
be cultivated into something good or solved.

In specific, “tourism can improve the quality of life in an area

by increasing the number of attractions, recreational opportunities,
and services. Tourism offers local residents opportunities to meet
interesting people, make friendships, learn about the world, and
expose themselves to new perspectives. Experiencing different
cultural practices enriches experiences, broadens horizons, and
increases insight and appreciation for different approaches to living.
Often, dwindling interest in host cultures is revived by reawakening

31
cultural heritage as part of tourism development, which increases
demand for historical and cultural exhibits. This interest by tourists
in local culture and history provides opportunities to support
preservation of historical artifacts and architecture. By learning
more about others, their differences become less threatening and
more interesting. At the same time, tourism often promotes higher
levels of psychological satisfaction from opportunities created by
tourism development and through interactions with travelers.” In
simpler words, the world of tourism allows tourists to interact with
local people about their culture and history which attracts them and
allow the locals to benefit them. This attraction for a new culture or
history would support the locals to preserve their artifacts and
traditions. Locals could also benefit from the fact that tourists would
bring their culture with them and learn new things without having to
go far to study about it, the fact that these new cultures could also
be a breakthrough for an area to solve problems.

Tourism can come to a community with a dark social and

cultural side, too. Illegal activities tend to increase in the relaxed
atmosphere of tourist areas. Increased underage drinking can
become a problem especially in beach communities, areas with
festivals involving alcohol, and ski villages. It is easier to be
anonymous where strangers are taken for granted; bustling tourist
traffic can increase the presence of smugglers and buyers of
smuggled products. Lifestyle changes such as alterations in local
travel patterns to avoid tourist congestion and the avoidance of
downtown shopping can damage a community socially and
culturally. Hotels, restaurants, and shops can push tourism
development into residential areas, forcing changes in the physical
structure of a community. Development of tourist facilities in prime
locations may cause locals to be or feel excluded from those
resources. As local ethnic culture alters to fit the needs of tourism,

32
 language and cultural practices may change. In places where
longer-term visitors tend to congregate, social cliques, such as
condo tourists or RVers, may be at odds with local interests and
work to influence local issues. The "demonstration effect" of tourists
(residents adopting tourist behaviors) and the addition of tourist
facilities may alter customs, such as dating habits, especially those
of a more structured or traditional culture. The potential of meeting
and marrying non-local mates may create family stress.” Through
new spots made for tourists, cultures and traditions may alter
through the influence of tourists. It would be easier for crimes to
happen due to the hustle and bustle of tourism. New cultures could
also rise such as the Western culture where their lifestyle is freer.
The increase in population density could also cause much problem
like overpopulation. This brings us to the next impact.

2.2.1.4. Crowding and Congestion

The fourth impact of tourism is the crowds and the trouble

with it which is congestion. “People congregate in attractive places.
Tourism often develops around specific locations and concentrates
there, providing growth yet avoiding sprawl. Historic buildings and
grounds, which might otherwise slowly deteriorate, have great
appeal for tourism development and can often be renovated to suit
the industry.” Growth of these developments can cause problems
such as overcrowding as written above. In this case, crowds would
create more problems for local people and their lifestyle routine
would change in order to fit new changes.

“As people congregate, congestion and crowding produces

stress, annoyance, anger, and other negative attitudes. Hordes of
visitors may impede local businesses, prevent residents from

33
 accomplishing normal activities, and compete for space. Tourism
construction, especially hotels, may be inappropriate in scale and
style with respect to other structures and the landscape. In some
areas, recreational second homes and condominium developments
create major crowding and congestion problems.” This problem
interconnects with land problems as land and space may decrease
drastically due to the increase in demand for houses, attractions,
shops, and other things. Due to these problems, daily routines
would be disrupted and fight could ensue between tourists and
locals. Constructions could also produce pollution and interrupt
citizens and with the amount of problems, it will be hard to ensure
order within the area. Tourism could also induce negative feelings
which would make residents’ support towards tourism decrease
and therefore, tourism might be rejected in this case.

2.2.1.5. Services

While crowds would bring more demand in space,

constructions would take place in order to have the best facilities for
tourists. “Tourism creates opportunities to develop new amenities
and recreation facilities that would not otherwise be viable in a
community. Tourist expectations can upgrade service by local
shops, restaurants, and other commerce operators. Tourist traffic in
a community creates an opportunity for upgraded fire, police, and
medical protection that also benefits residents.” With the amount of
constructions that took place, there will be much more benefit for
the local people with all the upgrades for tourists that local people
could also get. As stated above, tourism brings in new facilities that
otherwise, might not be built for the sake of fulfilling tourists’
expectations.

34
 However, “traditional services may be forced out or relocated
due to competition with tourist interests. Supply shortages may
occur, temporarily, seasonally, or chronically. Water power, fuel,
and other shortages may be experienced with increased pressure
on the infrastructure.” Though the demands of tourists, residents
might not have enough supply for their own necessities. Water,
food, space and other supplies would be in higher demand and
private individuals favoring tourism would cut off these supplies for
the citizens and instead use them for tourists. Traditional shops or
services might be closed down due to higher demands for space or
other shops that might benefit tourists more.

2.2.1.6. Taxes

With new shops opening, “increased retail activity from

restaurants and tourist shopping will add state and local sales tax
revenue. Lodging tax revenue to the city (or state) should increase
since travelers account for virtually all lodging tax receipts.
Increased tax burdens to expand infrastructure and public services
will be passed on to property owners through increased property
taxes.” The increasing shops and services would also increase tax
towards governments that can be used to help local people with
more developments and facilities. Moreover, the increased tax
would probably encourage governments to increase property tax
towards companies which will increase income for the area
drastically that can be used for both the benefits of tourists and
residents. These incomes could also be used to support those
unemployed and built more medical and educational buildings for
those who needed it and governments could use these incomes for
subsidies for the poor or unemployed or even those disabled.

35
2.2.1.7. Community Attitude

Facilities and development made for tourism would also

result in a different attitude of society. This different perspective
between tourists and residents could influence a lot of decision
making for the area. “Visitor interest and satisfaction in the
community is a source of local pride. Seeing visitor interest makes
local residents more appreciative of local resources that are often
taken for granted. As tourism develops, local residents will enjoy
more facilities and a greater range of choices. Tourism activities
and events tend to make living in a place more interesting and
exciting.” With new communities living there, residents tend to
appreciate more about what they had and their cultures. Attractions
and events would make an area more interesting and satisfy the
curiosity of people. New cultures could also bring more choice in
culinary as example. Since tourists might be interested in living
there after a while, they might offer new attractions that could
interest other residents and give a more range of choices for them.
The new habit of tourists could also influence the locals and allow
them to learn more about the outside world, especially those who
live in isolated or rural areas.

“However, heightened tension and community divisiveness

can occur over tourism development, pitting tourism supporters
against non-supporters. Also, tension between residents and
tourists can occur. People will often feel stressed over the new,
increasingly hectic community and personal pace of life. They may
claim the result is no better than before or perhaps even worse.
Where culture is part of the tourist attractions, over-amplification of
cultural traits and creation of ‘new’ cultural traits to satisfy tourist
tastes may create a phony culture. Residents may experience a
sense of exclusion and alienation over planning and development

36
 concerns. They may feel a loss of control over the community's
future as ‘outsiders’ take over establishments and new
development. Over-dependence on non-local developers and an
influx of outside businesses creates a sense that the community is
being manipulated and exploited by outsiders for the sole benefit of
those developers or business people. Hotels built in monolithic
cubes or restaurants with standardized franchise designs might
clash with local standards and disrupt the aesthetic appearance of
the community, damage unique community character, and spread
‘sameness.’” The amount of infrastructure and development in an
area would bother residents with the extra pollution and the new
cultures brought by tourists might not be accepted due to the
sudden change in the pace of life or due to the difference in
atmosphere. The hostility between tourists and locals might cause
a certain amount of chaos in a community that can cause harm to
both sides, especially when residents might feel threatened or
exploited just for the sake of getting a profit. When this happens, it
can cause more hostility between the local people and the
government of the area and could increase the crime rates of said
area. (Taken from: The Impacts of Tourism by Glenn Kreag)

2.2.2. Sources of Impacts

“Knowing the nature of tourism impacts won’t automatically lead to

solutions. It is equally important to identify the sources of these impacts
(see table below) and how they influence interactions between tourists
and residents, the host community, and the environment. Researchers
generally divide these impact sources into two groups: tourist factors and
destination factors. Tourist factors are those which tourists bring to the
destination and include such elements as demographic characteristics,
social differences, and numbers of visitors. Destination factors are those

37
that are part of the destination itself, such as travel linkage and circulation,
local acceptance of tourism, and local vitality and leadership.” Through
knowing the sources of impacts, we can know how to solve problems
made be tourism through its impacts as explained above.

2.2.2.1. Tourist Factors

2.2.2.1.1. Number and Type of Visitors

Numbers: “small numbers of tourists are often

relatively unobtrusive and may be a curiosity or an
interesting diversion for community residents. As
visitor numbers increase and they become
commonplace, locals may ignore them. When the
number of visitors reaches a point that residents feel
a sense of displacement, obstruction, loss of
community, or safety threat, resentment and
resistance may result.” Small number of tourists
would not be a big problem for local residents,
however, when the number increases, residents might
not be able to feel safe, especially with the
overcrowded space.

Demographics: “family status, age, education,

profession, etc., influence the actions and activities of
tourists and their local visibility.” Different ages of
groups or different location of living would affect how
they react in over a range of activities and the events
they would partake in.

Transportation: “private vehicle or rental car, bus,

train, air, or passenger ship dictates tourists'
movements, influences whether choices are pre-

38
 selected, and affects the ease of reaching attractions
and services.” Using different vehicles in reaching
their destination, it would affect the traffic congestion
and would disrupt the residents.

2.2.2.1.2. Length of Stay

“Short (2-5 day) stays in a community maximize per-

day economic impact for regional driving destinations,
i.e., tourist spending is maximized, but the pace can
be hectic.” Short stays would mean not enough time
to go to a lot of attractions while simultaneously
having a fast pace due to the short time to get through
all the souvenirs shop so that there might be chaos
between the local residents and tourists.

“Tourists who stay longer have wider range of needs

and may spread the direct economic impact more
broadly in the community. Seasonal visitors (1-6
months) may take more interest in non-tourism
community matters.” The longer tourists stay in an
area, the economic impact would be larger due to the
need of necessities for living such as shelter or food.
Tourists who stayed for more than a month would
give more impacts and would even influence the
cultures and traditions.

2.2.2.1.3. Mass Arrivals and Departures

“How and when people arrive (passenger ship,

opening of festival) and depart influences traffic

39
 congestion and the availability of attractions and
services to tourists.” Tourists arriving would need
transportation and other accommodations that can
impact the economy or disrupt the calmness of an
area and overwhelm the residents.

“Smaller lodgings and restaurants can’t accommodate

large groups.” Large number of tourists could not be
served in an isolated or rural area; therefore, both
tourists and local people would be troubled due to the
less accommodation offered although large number of
tourists would allow a larger impact in the economy.

“Transportation options and availability may limit the

choice of attractions and services.” If an attraction or
events happened to be far from the main city or area,
it would be hard to reach that far without
transportation. Moreover, less transportation could not
accommodate a certain number of tourists so that
some of said attractions or events could go bankrupt
due to the small number of tourists.

2.2.2.1.4. Links to Community Residents

“Reduced economic impact when staying with friends

or relatives.” Relations with local residents would
mean less impact whether in economy when their
friends or families could provide them with what they
had in the first place rather than buying new
necessities that could influence the economy of an
area. Furthermore, shelter for said person would also

40
 be provided along with transportation and tour guide
since residents would understand their own culture.

“Better understanding of community values.” Family

or friendship relations could allow them to be more
understanding and ask questions or satisfy their
curiosity which can help them understand the
difference in cultures.

“High potential for repeat visitation.” If one loves their

stay in a certain area, it is a high chance that they
would visit again. Another case would be if they
invited more and more people to that area for
vacation especially with the great review from the last
visitation.

2.2.2.1.5. Ethnic/Racial Characteristics

“When the tourist population differs greatly in ethnic or

racial origin or economic status from the local
population, more consideration of resident concerns is
needed to reduce the potential for resentment, social
conflict, and crime. Careful planning and ongoing
education can reduce points of conflict.” A family
might have some traditions in interacting with those
who are different in ethnic or race and this could
cause conflict between both sides since someone
might get offended and cause trouble. However, there
are also cases where the difference in ethnicity would
bring harmonies with their different cultures and learn
more about one another that could strengthen their
relationship in the future.

41
2.2.2.1.6. Economic Characteristics

“Influences spending choices.” Different people have

different choices in their activities, likes or dislikes and
many other things. This affects in the things they
bought or the amount of money they spend in certain
places that interest them and the service they used
would also vary.

2.2.2.1.7. Activities Selected

“Educational, cultural, and historical tourism often has

lower social and environmental impact.” Usually,
these types of activities or attractions such as
museum would not affect the environments, society,
or disrupt the local residents due to the lack of activity
in the events as most attractions involving these types
of tourism would only involve looking at traditions,
histories in that area, and other educating artifacts.

“Recreational activities may have a greater impact on

the environment.” This type of activities usually need
a lot of land for the rides and would involve
deforestation and lack of land for agricultures
purposes. The land might also be barren and could
not be used again if the area was to be deserted and
used again for agricultures. Wildlife living in that land
might also be driven away causing loss of habitat.

“Entertainment activities may conflict with the social

values of local residents.” Families living in that area
might have different values than tourists who had
different cultures resulting in different likes and

42
 dislikes. Furthermore, the activities for tourists might
offend the local residents due to the lack of respect of
their cultures. When this happens, both the offenders
and offended would have trouble living with one
another and this could influence other tourists or local
people to hate the other due to misunderstanding in
different cultures and traditions, especially if a family
is a tradition-oriented family.

2.2.2.1.8. Ability to Speak Local Language/Accents

“Perceived as making more meaningful connections

with local people and culture.” Speaking in local
language would mean being able to connect with the
local residents and understand one another. Without
being able to understand what people are saying, it
would be harder to promote peace among people.
Therefore, being able to communicate with one
another would make living together much more
bearable if one could understand the other.

2.2.2.1.9. “Demonstration Effect” of Tourists

“Local residents copying behaviors of tourists can add

new dimensions to local culture but sometimes the
behavior is not appropriate to local values.” Tourists
from countries all over the world would have different
cultures and this would be brought into an area even
for a short amount of time. If these cultures are not
accepted by local people, it could have a major effect
but otherwise, it could also help local residents
understand more and learn more diversity from

43
 different countries. With it comes new experience
from both sides and they could learn something from
one another and even enforces relationships between
countries.

“Locals copying negative behavior of vacationers

(excessive drinking, inappropriate dress, casual sex,
etc.) create social problems.” Although there are
some cultures that can benefit the residents, it is not
impossible that they also brought unaccepted
behaviors that can influence locals and not for the
better. When this happens, it would be wise not to
follow their examples and solve the problem
immediately otherwise, someone might start a fight for
the sake of feeling like deserving some respects for
their cultures.

2.2.2.2. Destination Factors

2.2.2.2.1. Local Economic State

“Troubled economies may benefit from tourism.

However, government officials should plan so that
new tourism developments are sustainable.” Although
it is expected that incomes gathered from tourism
would be used to build new developments for the
community but this plan would be useless if there are
no attractions that can be developed for tourism and
tourists would not come to a place if there is nothing
interesting or if the condition of the place is terrible.

44
 “Towns with strong economies can look for tourism
that complements other community goals such as
preservation of historic buildings, creation of
recreational amenities, and expansion of food/lodging
options.” Although some areas would need the
income the most, there are some places where they
would like to preserve what the place is known for
such as their wildlife, rainforests, histories, or even
artifacts. These attractions could attract tourists with
just a little more development to improve the
conditions and allow visitors to be let in. The incomes
can then be used for more important matters after
there are no more troubles occurring on the site,
although some income would still be used for new
developments or repairs.

2.2.2.2.2. Diversification of the Economy

“Economic diversity helps reduce the influence of

negative impacts to the host community. If tourism
has a poor year, other economic activities may offset
the impact and vice versa.” If in another case, there
are areas where the whole community depends on
that one tourism spot and that spot goes bankrupt or
needs renovation for quite a while, the economy of
that area would drop down instantly with no profit from
any other places that could help them. However, if
there are other spots within that area, the incomes
reduce the impacts on the society significantly.

45
2.2.2.2.3. Degree of Local Involvement in Tourism and Attitudes
of Tourism Leaders

“Local involvement helps align tourism with the

attitudes of the rest of the community. Local
ownership and management of tourism businesses
keep profits from leaving the community. In most
cases, if tourism businesses are cooperative in
responding to residents' concerns, the industry will
have strong local support.” It is expected that if there
is little to none support of the local, there will be no
tourism since there would be conflicts everywhere
and tourists would want to feel welcome too instead of
coming to a place where everywhere they go, people
would start talking behind their backs. Another
expected thing is that if local owns the tourist spot,
they would feel inclined to improve the community
from the profit coming in rather than used for
government purposes. In other cases, if businessman
wanted to have the local support, one would want to
build a tourist spot that is both in line with the tourists’
wants and the residents’ needs. This would ensure
that the residents are happy and not causing trouble
for newcomers that could eventually cause a problem
within a society.

2.2.2.2.4. Spatial Characteristics of Tourism Development

“Separation of active tourist areas from residential

areas reduces conflict.” Tourist areas usually cause
lots of pollution that can disrupt the community in an

46
area. Therefore, separating these spots from the
residential areas would reduce these problems that
can decrease the local residents’ support.
Furthermore, researches have shown that different
cultured people have different perspective that can
cause conflict due to the different mindset of people.
As it is, tourist leaders should be made aware of this
problem so that there would be no conflict in the first
place.

“Shared commercial areas. A mix of resident-oriented

and tourist-oriented businesses adds to the vibrancy
of the retail area. Domination of tourist-oriented
businesses pushes locals elsewhere and may create
resentment.” There are two sides to this; the first one
would be a mix between residents and tourists’
businesses where both businesses have enough
variety to interest the tourists or even the local to buy
their wants and needs. However, if tourist businesses
happened to be more successful and took away the
residents’ customers, it would create conflict between
both sides. When this happen, tourism spots in that
area would lose local support and force the tourists
out. Both sides would then lose all the benefits they
get from one another, therefore, a balance mix of
businesses would be best to support local tourism.

“Tourist strips can clog streets and may restrict

resident access to public resources, especially
beaches and shorelines.” Overcrowding is one of the
major problems in an area especially to local
residents. Going to places would be hard with people

47
 everywhere and public transportation filled so that
there are no more spaces. It could also prevent
residents to have access to services such as public
bathroom. The place which would have this as their
main problem would be beaches since it is one of the
most popular spots for tourists to just relax and have
fun under the sun.

“Gated or exclusionary tourist developments can

create a class structure and local resentment.” This
would mean that developments made to tourist
industry that separates local and tourists and made a
caste between these two groups. When this happens,
locals could interpret it in a negative way as tourists
would have special grants as the “better” society
caste while locals could only get services and
resources in a less quality than what tourists get. This
could create conflict between tourists and local
residents and some locals could do some damage to
both the tourism properties and the locals.

2.2.2.2.5. Viability of the Host Culture

“A strong and active local culture combats tourism's

tendency to change a community.” If a community
holds tightly to their culture and traditions, tourism
would not change the way a community lives in their
daily life. Otherwise, some traditions could disappear
in appearance to tourists’ new cultures and this could
be view in two different ways. A person could see this
as a new way in accepting differences in culture,

48
religion, race, ethnicity, etc. Another way would be
one would think negatively, not accepting the
differences that each people have in different regions
and therefore, would make troubles for tourists. If
these types of people gain more and more followers
for their cause, tourism would be pushed out of an
area due to their protests especially since tourists
could find other places where they would be treated
equally rather than being treated badly when they had
done nothing wrong.

“Active programs to educate tourists in local cultural

practices (especially public taboos) help reduce
conflicts.” Education has always been one of the most
effective ways to reduce conflict due to differences.
Giving education as part of tourism would mean that
tourists could learn more about that area and what
affect it while simultaneously, locals could also learn
more about tourists’ life in other countries and the
difference in how they live. Knowing backgrounds of
other people would reduce judgement so that conflict
and resentment could be managed.

“Pride in culture influences tourists to honor local

customs and adhere to cultural restrictions.” As stated
above, a community who has a tight hold in their
cultures could prevent it from being influenced or loss
of culture. In this case, every tourist that came are
expected to follow their cultures and live like they
would and this could also in benefit to tourism since
people would want to try new cultures as part of a
holiday. This would benefit both sides as tourists

49
 could learn new ways a person lives their life while
local residents could get some help from them and
increase economic development in that area. Another
benefit would be the decrease of conflict between
tourists and residents.

2.2.2.2.6. History of Stability in the Community

“Strong local economies give leaders more options in

influencing tourism development to fit the community.”
Developments made in the tourism industry depend
on the economy in the area. The higher the economy
is in an area, the greater number of tourists that would
come due to the facilities provided and therefore, a
community could also decide on the best tourism that
could benefit the community the most.

“Strong community leaders and active planning can

place tourism more appropriately within the
community's geography and can support suitable
tourism projects while resisting inappropriate ones.”
While economy can affect the tourism, planning can
also affect it in a greater range. A good planning
would include tourist spots that benefit both parties
while still getting income for new developments to be
made to exceed expectations.

2.2.2.2.7. Pace of Tourism Development

“Slower development provides time for residents and

leaders to reassess tourism growth and make

50
 changes that better serve the community. Rapid
development can strain a community’s infrastructure
and lead to serious resident dissatisfaction. Negative
environmental impacts are also more likely.” The
better pace for tourism to develop would be to go slow
since residents can observe the changes made to a
community and how to solve it while simultaneously
not overwhelming themselves with resources for
developments. A fast pace would mean exhausting
resources for the community and both residents and
tourists would be unsatisfied due to the lack of
facilities for tourists and the waste of income used for
failed tourist spots. Development made for local
communities could also be stopped to support the
new tourism.

2.2.2.2.8. Fragility of the Environment Used by Tourists

“Many of the most sought-after environments for

tourism are also the most fragile. Extra effort to plan
appropriate access and use of fragile environments
helps insure their long-term viability and continued
attractiveness for tourism.” A large amount of land is
needed for tourism and this can cause deforestation
in certain part of the area. To help preserve this, plans
for the environments should be included, otherwise
after a few years; the environment would be
destroyed unless properly taken care of. If the tourism
spot is the environment, more care should be given
since research has shown that some tourists does not
abide by the rules given and could destroy some parts

51
 of the environment by throwing trash that could block
the path of water or disrupt wildlife living inside the
rainforests. Destroying the environment is one of the
reasons but tourists will not come to a place anymore
if the scenery is not attractive anymore or does not
meet their expectations so that the preservation of
environment should be planned carefully to avoid all
these problems.

2.2.2.2.9. Public Transportation Options

“Availability of local public transportation (bus, trolley,

cab, shuttle, train) and alternative transportation
corridors (bicycle, pedestrian) can reduce auto
congestion.” A community should also consider the
transportation they can provide to minimize the
chance of traffic congestion. Transportations provided
means tourists can catch one of these automobiles
and reach their destination quicker while not
increasing congestion in an area by walking there and
crowding the places, especially if that area does not
have order. If an area has rules and order, it would
decrease the chance of tourists breaking traffic rules
and causing a ruckus rather they would follow other
people’s habit and follow the traffic rules. Other than
automobiles, tourists could also use non-pollution
method of transportation such as scooter or a bicycle.
While also decreasing the pollution in a country, it
allows tourists to see the bustling life of the area and
explore uncharted territories not posted or shown in

52
 the Internet. They could also learn more about the
cultures and culinary tastes of that area.

“Poor access can make facilities inaccessible for

motor coach or public transit.” To continue the
explanation above, transportations provided is
important but without good infrastructures, it is
useless since it would hinder other transportations
more than helping the congestion. Bad infrastructure
could also increase crowdedness and access to rural
or isolated area is hard especially when the tourist
spots is in that area, most tourists would not waste
their time going to that one place rather they would
want to go to more places where they can experience
more things. Depending on their length of stay,
tourists who stayed for a little time would not go to
places that are far and isolated while tourists who
stayed for a longer time might want to explore new
places other than the area that they had been staying
in and therefore, infrastructure should be improved for
both the benefit of local residents and tourists.

To sum up, both the tourist and destination factors affect the
tourism development and how people can affect it. After knowing all
this, it would be much easier to eradicate problems arising from
tourism. The source of the problems can be known and by putting
out the “fire” that started the whole mess, tourism could be the
solution to reduce significantly the rate of unemployment around
the world while still having fun and learning new experiencing.
(Taken from: The Impacts of Tourism by Glenn Kreag)

53
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1. Interview with Ms. Nuni, Head of HRD Department

3.1.1. Introduction

The interview for research about unemployment and tourism was

done in PT. KUMALA LOGISTICS in Pekojan, West Jakarta with the head
of HRD (Human Resource Development) of PT. KUMALA LOGISITCS
and PT. LINTAS KUMALA ABADI on Thursday, 15 th of March, who
handles shipment in land and in sea using containers and ships. The head
of HRD was chosen for the person’s deeper understanding on
employment since said person handles all matters concerning the
employment of the companies. Furthermore, as head of HRD, the person
would be able to explain in detail about the employments and
unemployment as a problem globally.

3.1.2. Questions and Answers

Q2: In your opinion, what are the consequences of having a high

rate of unemployment in a country?

Answer: The first answer would be a low income per capital in a

country and the second would be a high rate of dependency
in a country.

Q3: If a country has a low rate of unemployment, what

advantages do you think the citizens would have compared
to a country with a high rate of unemployment?

Answer: A low rate of unemployment would mean that the country

tends to be more prosperous because of the high income

54
 per capital and a low rate of dependency. A high rate of
unemployment would cause a high rate of dependency. The
advantages are since the rate of unemployment is low, the
social security such as health, education, and work
insurance would be better since more people in the
workforce would increase the income per capital from the
country and also increase the income through the tax sector
so that the country has a higher income gathered to be able
to build infrastructures in said country. The disadvantage of
having a low rate of employment would automatically be less
since the country would be more profitable with more
workforces. The advantage for the country would be less
profitable because of the high rate of unemployment of the
country. An unemployed person can be said to be a burden
because of the increase in rate of dependency while the
income per capital is low due to the low rate of workforce so
that the service given to the citizens for social security is not
maximized.

Q6: Do you think tourism can reduce unemployment in a country

and why?

Answer: Yes, automatically tourism would provide employment for

citizens as tourism sector is one of the sector that could
open new job employments. With the development of
tourism in a country and the increase in the amount of
tourists, it could also cause development of job employments
in the informal sector and decrease the rate of
unemployment. As example, people could sell food, be a
parking attendant, could also become a tour guide or
unskilled laborers could provide a porter service.

55
Q8: If tourism can reduce unemployment, what kind of tourism
would a country built and why?

Analysis: Based on the geographical location then the type of tourism

built in Indonesia would be cultures and beauty of nature
because we are looking at the geographical location since
various ethnic groups in Indonesia cause a variety of
cultures so that it is one of the attractions for tourists, such
as the cultures in Yogya, Candi or in Bali, the beaches or
Ngaben, a cremating ceremony or in Minangkabau, Jam
Gadang. We also have government tourism that develops
tourism in Indonesia so we usually have promotion such as a
cheap flight to this place just like when we wanted to go to
other countries, they would tell us the destination is good.

Q10: What other alternate solutions do you think can reduce the
rate of unemployment significantly?

Analysis: Skills so that citizens would be able to open up new jobs by

themselves. I had already talked about villages and districts
that is already opened for training skills of skills for
communities and citizens. How to make flowers, cakes,
welding, and others. It creates jobs starting from small
medium enterprises. For example, by making flowers little
by little and have people order them or their cakes. They
could sell to their neighbors from left or right if they have
some kind of ceremony or their rice boxes. So it starts from
small medium enterprises.

56
3.2. Questionnaire

3.2.1. Introduction

50 questionnaires were handed out in PT. KUMALA LOGISTICS on

the same day as the interview, Thursday, 15 th of March on Pekojan, West
Jakarta. The targeted people were employed workers who would
understand how employment works and can provide reasons for their
answers. To simplify the process, the questionnaires were given out in a
day within the same company.

3.2.2. Survey Questions

Q1: Do you think unemployment is a major problem for countries

around the world?

Analysis: This is the introductory question which tells people what the
questionnaire is all about and asks the most important
question, whether unemployment is a problem for people or
not. If they answer no, then all the questions after this would
be useless since there is no problem in the first place.
Therefore, this question should be answered carefully.

Q2: What rank would you give unemployment as the world’s

major problem?

Analysis: The second question tells us about how important

unemployment is when viewed from the global perspective.
If a person answers that it rank number one, it would mean
that this problem is not just a problem anymore, rather it
should be treated immediately and carefully to avoid stirring
up more trouble while if the person answers second or third
rank, they would mean that there are way worse problem

57
 than unemployment and this problem is not really a high
priority than the other problem.

Q3: Do you think that tourism can reduce the rate of

unemployment significantly?

Analysis: This next question involves tourism as part of a solution to

unemployment. But this question asks the person answering
about their perspective in using tourism as the solution and
although no reason is involved, it can be expected that
tourism can cause problems that does not seem worthwhile
in reducing unemployment.

Q4: What do you think tourism includes?

Analysis: Tourism can be a lot of things, a place for conservation, or

cultural places where tourists can come see their traditions
and cultures or entertainment parks where mostly teenagers
and kids like to go to have fun such as Disneyland.
Depending on this answer, their answers would be similar
although their perspective would differ with different
responses.

Q5: Do you think tourism spots should be funded by governments

or private individuals?

Analysis: This question is also asked for the interview question

because funding is important, without funding there would be
no tourism and no income back for the area. But between
government and private individuals, there must be a reason
why the funding should be from between two of them.

58
Q6: What type of tourism do you think would be the best to
reduce unemployment while simultaneously being popular
among people?

Analysis: Tourism without being popular means nothing since all the
income would come from the tourists. If the answer for the
question above; “Do you think that tourism can reduce the
rate of unemployment significantly?” is yes then this
question would be important since no popularity means
bankruptcy and a larger decrease in amount of money used.

Q7: Would you say that tourism gives an advantage to the

country?

Analysis: This question implies that will the income gathered from that
tourism spot would be able to support and develop more
improvements for the country and therefore, give an
advantage to that country rather than being a weight for said
country.

Q8: In your opinion, do you think the economy of a country can

rise due to the high rate of employment?

Analysis: Through this question, we can understand that employment

relates to the economy of a country. This relationship goes
hand in hand and can control the welfare of the citizens living
in that country. Whatever a person answers, he/she would
need to give a reason on why that can happen since the
statement can be arguable, especially when some countries
with a low rate of employment can still be an MEDC (More
Economically Developed Country) country.

59
Q9: Suggest a reason why unemployment is a big problem for
countries around the world.

Analysis: When a person answers this, they had understood that

unemployment is a major problem for countries around the
world. However, the cause for this problem should also be
knows, hence, the question. If the problem is known, the
problem then can be solved through the root of the problem.

Q10: Suggest why tourism can increase the economy of a country.

Analysis: The questions above are preparation for this last question. If
tourism can reduce unemployment and the employment in a
country relates with the economy, which would mean that
their answers would have to also relate with this question. If
the answers for both questions are yes, they would have to
explain how that could be, especially when the answers are
all separated. The answerer would have to explain the
relationships between tourism, unemployment, and the
economy of a country.

60
 DATA ANALYSIS

3.1. Interview with Ms Nuni, Head of HRD Department

The interview was done in PT. KUMALA LOGISTICS with Ms. Nuni, the
head of HRD department who handles all the company’s human resources. As it
is, she has a deeper insight on unemployment and how it works. Therefore, the
questions below were asked to gain a deeper understanding and the answers
below are her exact opinions of the questions. There are 10 questions
concerning unemployment and tourism as solution to the problem and will be
analyzed in relation to other sources from chapter 2.

Q1: What do you think about unemployment happening around the

world?

Answer: Unemployment happens due to the number of jobs offered is

less than the amount of labor and right now, many of the labors
does not have a job yet since they have a lower competitiveness
compared to the competitors so that besides enough education,
they also need to have enough briefing to train soft skills so that the
labor is capable of competing.

Analysis: As discussed in chapter 2, unemployment has been a

growing problem due to the significant increase in population which
means that the amount of people in need of a job is more than the
amount of jobs offered. This causes the rate of unemployment all
around the world to increase. Another reason would be the quality
of the workforce. If the quality does not qualify a certain standard,
more often than not, little to no company would hire them and this
again, increases the rate of unemployment. To decrease the
chance of them not getting a job, the interviewee had suggest giving

61
 them enough education and other skills, such as social skills which
would help people to learn how to interact with other people. As it is,
skills and education are needed to be able to compete in the labor
market where it is a guarantee that there will be a higher standard.

Q2: In your opinion, what are the consequences of having a high rate of
unemployment in a country?

Answer: The first answer would be a low income per capital in a

country and the second would be a high rate of dependency in a
country.

Analysis: A high rate of unemployment would mean that there are

many jobless people and this could cause “low income per capital”.
That would mean that income from each capital would decrease
and with less income, improvement and development for
infrastructures would be hard. Since improvements are needed to
have a better place, the welfare of the country would also worsen.
The other consequences would be the increase in rate of
dependency. The rate of dependency is the amount of people who
depends on other people or the government for a living, such as
elderly, kids, or homeless people. They would need to depend on
others to be able to survive. If the rate of dependency was to
increase, the government would have no choice but to provide
some resources for them due to the inability to provide for
themselves. In this case, government would need to give some
income for them to start their career, such as job opportunities or
shelter or even cash to allow them to only worry about their career
and not their present conditions. A high rate of unemployment
would decrease the income gathered from the tax sector so that
there is less income while simultaneously giving out said income to

62
 the citizens due to their needs so that it would be going on a loop.
This loop would imply that there would be no income gathered as all
the money gathered would be given away so that important cases
that need to be taken up would need to be neglected.

Q3: If a country has a low rate of unemployment, what advantages do

you think the citizens would have compared to a country with a high
rate of unemployment?

Answer: A low rate of unemployment would mean that the country

tends to be more prosperous because of the high income per
capital and a low rate of dependency. A high rate of unemployment
would cause a high rate of dependency. The advantages are since
the rate of unemployment is low, the social security such as health,
education, and work insurance would be better since more people
in the workforce would increase the income per capital from the
country and also increase the income through the tax sector so that
the country has a higher income gathered to be able to build
infrastructures in said country. The disadvantage of having a low
rate of employment would automatically be less since the country
would be more profitable with more workforces. The advantage for
the country would be less profitable because of the high rate of
unemployment of the country. An unemployed person can be said
to be a burden because of the increase in rate of dependency while
the income per capital is low due to the low rate of workforce so that
the service given to the citizens for social security is not maximized.

Analysis: As stated above, a high rate of unemployment would cause a

low income per capital and high rate of dependency. This would
mean the advantages would be the exact opposite. A country with a
low rate of unemployment would develop their infrastructures more

63
 and therefore, the welfare of the country would also increase. As
the welfare increases, the loop of providing and buying goods within
the country would also occur naturally. More and more income
would then be gathered for the country. As the income gathered
increases, other factors would come in such as social security.
Social security does not only mean for the security of the country
but also for the people, such as education or health problems.
Education would be provided easily and this could help the citizens
with more chance of competing in the labor market and get hired or
even make their own business. When most of the citizens are
educated, it is likely that the country would get the advantages. A
country would be more orderly and new businesses would help with
the economy of the country. Health could also improve, illness and
diseases would decrease and development in science sector could
help with providing new medicines that are more effective and other
methods found could help hospitals with new ways to treat a
disease. Education and the health sector are just some of the
examples; a low rate of unemployment would increase the welfare
of the country and so, the citizens.

Q4: In your opinion, what can one do to reduce unemployment?

Answer: The first is training for skills improvement and the quality of
education. It is hoped that citizens would be able to get a job easier
and be able to compete due to the higher level of education and
improvement of skills used to improve the quality and
competitiveness of human resources because right now, not only
education matters to get a job but also the skills to be able to
compete in the labor market. So both education and skills are
needed. Education is not only found in schools. We need to go to
school from primary to high school. It is an obligation and

64
 governments can also provide training in villages and districts which
is already done. How to make a cake, flowers, computers, or
welding.

Analysis: To get the advantage from a country of welfare, one must

reduce the rate of unemployment in a country. This is done through
education and skills training but to explain deeper, education is an
obligation of everyone. It is an obligation to go to school from
primary to high school as stated by the interviewee. Without going
to school, it would be hard to learn how to read and write, which is
essential in being hired. While education is important in learning,
talent and skills are also needed. If a child chooses a particular
subject as the major course in college without any talent on that
subject, it could be detrimental to their future since it would be hard
to understand and go through with it and vice versa. If a child has a
talent on doing a certain activity but has no way of gaining a deeper
understanding in it, it would be a shame since the child has no way
of cultivating and developing that talent which could help the child in
the future. Therefore, both skills and education are needed,
especially in this new generation where not only education is
searched but also other skills, such as socializing, especially since it
is one of the most important skills needed.

Q5: What benefits would tourism give to a country?

Answer: Impacts of tourism indirectly could be through opening jobs

and decreasing the number of unemployment and also increasing
the income for the country. Opening jobs does not mean only in the
formal sector but also in the informal sector such as when opening
a tourism spot, those who can cook can open a culinary shop or be
a tour guide or even braiding for those in Bali.

65
Analysis: As part of the solution to unemployment, tourism would
definitely be expected to have advantages on the problem. Tourism
would open up jobs through the spot and not just inside the tourist
spot, but around it too. Tourists are always attracted to local things
and food made by local people as souvenirs and culinary made by
local residents would ensure that they can experience what locals
had every day and they would understand new cultures. Besides
opening jobs, tourism could also provide incomes gathered for that
area and development of infrastructures could be made. When
infrastructures are improving, more and more tourists would then
come which would then increase the income. The citizens’ welfare
would then improve for the better.

Q6: Do you think tourism can reduce unemployment in a country and

why?

Answer: Yes, automatically tourism would provide employment for

citizens as tourism sector is one of the sector that could open new
job employments. With the development of tourism in a country and
the increase in the amount of tourists, it could also cause
development of job employments in the informal sector and
decrease the rate of unemployment. As example, people could sell
food, be a parking attendant, could also become a tour guide or
unskilled laborers could provide a porter service.

Analysis: This question is similar to the previous question but in this

part of the question, the answer is more towards reducing
unemployment and not the benefits in general. As stated above,
tourism could provide job employments for a lot of people who does
not have much skills which would be more beneficial since people
who does not have any skills could have a better chance at getting

66
 a job with more tourism rather than other types of jobs where there
would be intensive training first. Another job employment could be
from outside the tourist spot such as opening up shops with local
cuisine or cultures souvenirs or even renting transportations and not
just that, with more tourists coming to that particular area, the cycle
of buying and selling would be continuous and more and more good
or services could be provided not only for the tourists but also for
the citizens who could enjoy new facilities provided for tourists.

Q7: In your opinion, do you think tourism spots should be funded by

governments or private individuals?

Answer: In this case, we cannot say who we wanted to fund us

because it depends on the management. If the management is
handled professionally then the tourism would develop well in the
sense that if the management was done professionally, the human
resource is important and if it is good then surely, the tourism would
also develop well.

Analysis: Through this question, we found out that funding is not as

important as the management of the tourist spot. It is stated that if
the management is good, then surely the tourism would also
develop. Furthermore, if a person could manage that tourism well, it
is no surprise that unemployment could be reduced due to the
growing development of tourism which would need more workers
than usual. Although the funds gathered would prove that the
person would have some shares of the income, the tax needed to
be given to a country would still be there even if the funds are from
private individuals so that even if the income gathered are mostly
for private individuals, the country would still reap from the benefits
of having tourism in that particular area. However, the same context

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 still applies to this condition. Even if private individuals are funding
for the tourism but have poor management, it is quite obvious that
the tourism would not have a chance to grow and develop into what
it can be and taxes gathered would also decrease with the income
coming in decreasing as well. Therefore, tourism and the benefits of
it could be reaped well if the management is also well.

Q8: If tourism can reduce unemployment, what kind of tourism would a

country built and why?

Answer: Based on the geographical location then the type of tourism

built in Indonesia would be cultures and nature beauty because we
are looking at the geographical location since various ethnic groups
in Indonesia cause a variety of cultures so that it is one of the
attractions for tourists, such as the cultures in Yogya, Candi or in
Bali, the beaches or Ngaben, a cremating ceremony or in
Minangkabau, Jam Gadang. We also have government tourism
office that develops tourism in Indonesia so we usually have
promotion such as a cheap flight to this place just like when we
wanted to go to other countries, they would tell us the destination is
good.

Analysis: The interviewee’s answer to this particular question is the

geographical location of the country. As example, the interviewee
had used Indonesia as example. As seen by the location of the
country, it is observed that Indonesia has a variety of different
ethnic groups which causes in a variety of different cultures which
would interest tourists to come to the country. Another attraction
would be nature. Mother Nature is one of the most famous
attractions for countries all around the world so it is not surprise that
tourists would come to Indonesia to see the beauty of nature. As

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 another example, Indonesia has many tourist spots that are popular
among tourists such as Bali due to their beaches and traditions.
Other examples are also given and depending on the geographical
location of the country, the type of tourism a country would built
would not be the same for every country which makes it unique and
would attract more tourists to come visit.

Q9: What are the disadvantages of increasing tourism spots in a

country?

Answer: The disadvantage would be recognition, especially many

countries that accredit our cultures, such as Malaysia who claimed
our songs to be theirs and also Batik. There is also the increase in
trash due to the lack of awareness of tourists. The next is the
misuse of tourists’ spots for illegal use. There is now drug
distribution and places of prostitution. The manager should have
understood that the human resource should be developed and
maintained with increased welfare. Automatically, if the welfare
increases, people would not sell illegal things or steal since their
wages are enough so why the need to do crimes.

Analysis: This question implies that tourism is a bad idea for a solution
against unemployment however, through this question it is sure that
through this enlightenment, these disadvantages could be solved
and therefore, would not be an issue anymore. The first
disadvantage would be recognition which would mean that other
people would take credit for what is not rightfully theirs. Although
this could be a big problem, social media could be the
breakthrough. Nowadays, people are using social media for all
kinds of things. A country could decide to show people what tourism
they had in the country through social media and most of the people

69
 would know firsthand that said country has a new trend or tourism.
Other disadvantages would be the misuse of the tourism spot.
However, this could be handled if the management is well in the first
place so that this circumstance would not happen. The increase in
trash would also increase but this problem would be easily solved
through the use of recycling and having more awareness promoted
to the tourists by using different types of bins for the trash.

Q10: What other alternate solutions do you think can reduce the rate of
unemployment significantly?

Answer: Skills so that citizens would be able to open up new jobs by

themselves. I had already talked about villages and districts that are
already opened for training skills for communities and citizens. How
to make flowers, cakes, welding, and others. It creates jobs starting
from small medium enterprises. For example, by making flowers
little by little and have people order them or their cakes. They could
sell to their neighbors from left or right if they have some kind of
ceremony or their rice boxes. So it starts from small medium
enterprises.

Analysis: For this question, it is asked that alternative solutions could

be given by the interviewee. The question is asked to understand
and to improve the solution as it is. Through the answer which is
skills and talents used to open their own businesses, tourism would
also benefit from this condition. If people were to open their own
businesses especially near this tourism due to the amount of
tourists going there, not only do the tourism benefit from this, but
also the local residents. They could open their businesses there and
with the amount of tourists going to that area, it is no doubt that their
stores would be a hit among tourists. So that not tourism that can

70
 reduce unemployment but also the fact that tourism affects the
surrounding environments for the better. Through all this, tourism
would be a great solution is decreasing the amount of
unemployment significantly.

4.2. Questionnaire

As written above in chapter 3, the questionnaire was done in PT. KUMALA

LOGISTICS and although it was hoped that the questionnaire was done in
English, there are some complications due to the fact that most of them could not
speak or write in English therefore, their answers would be translated to the most
similar answer. In this case, 50 questionnaires were given but some questions
were not answered and this would also be included in the analysis section as it
could have some relations with the questions given.

Q1: Do you think unemployment is a major problem for countries

around the world?

60

49
50

40

30

20

10

1
0
Yes No

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Analysis: 49 out of 50 people had answered yes to unemployment as
a major problem in countries all around the world. This has shown
that most of them knew that unemployment would cause
consequences that should be avoided. Since only 1 person out 50
has answered no, this means that unemployment has become a
problem that people has understood and know that something
should be done before anything goes wrong. Moreover, this is an
introduction for the next questions, especially since these answers
would be related to questions below.

Q2: What rank would you give unemployment as the world’s major
problem?

35
31
30

25

20

15 13

10
6
5

0
1st 2nd 3rd

Analysis: The statistics shown above has shown that more than half
the people has answered that unemployment is the worst problem
in the world which also tells us that this problem should be in first
priority as problems like this has known to affect other factors such
as the quality of the life of citizens. Another affect would be the

72
 consequences of this problem that can cause after effects that no
citizens would want. About a quarter of the people had answered
2nd rank for unemployment. These people knew that there is much
urgent problem than unemployment such as war between countries,
poverty or other problems. This would also be the same thought in
those who chose 3rd rank for the problem of unemployment. They
probably thought that unemployment is not an urgent problem since
the effects had not been known yet. Another reason would be due
to the environment such as in Africa where health and basic
necessities are needed urgently as most people died young due to
the harsh environments. America would be the next example as
their rate of unemployment is quite low than other countries which
would mean that other problems needs to be handled with more
priority.

Q3: Do you think that tourism can reduce the rate of unemployment
significantly?

45 42
40

35

30

25

20

15

10 8

0
Yes No

73
Analysis: This question is very important due to the nature of the
question. It asked people whether this solution would be able to
reduce unemployment significantly anywhere around the world.
Most of the people which are 84% of them answered that tourism
could reduce unemployment which means that most of them
understood that tourism could provide job employments within and
around the tourist spot while 16% of them had answered no to
tourism as the solution to unemployment. This could be due to the
wages received is lower than what they would need to survive but
as the interviewee had suggest, if the management is done properly
this problem would not have occurred therefore, a different reason
is needed. Another suggestion for the answer to this question would
be that people thought that tourism could not have a large effect to
unemployment especially since tourism needs a lot of preparation in
the first place.

Q4: What do you think tourism includes?

35
31
30

25

20

15
10
10 8

5
1
0
Entertainment Conservation Cultural Spots Others
Parks Parks

74
Analysis: The interviewee had suggest that geographical location
would be the best answer for this question and since most of the
answer to this question is cultural spots, this can relate to the
interviewee’s answer since we are living in Indonesia, it is no
surprise that most of the answer would be cultural spot due to the
nature of the country. Indonesia is rich in culture and nature which
would mean that tourism for this country would be best to take part
in both cultures and nature as it would attract tourists. Conservation
parks and entertainment parks has also been quite a suggestion.
Due to the need of conservation, it would be a reason why 20% of
the people answered this. Entertainment parks had also been quite
a lot of suggestion as people probably thinks that like Disneyland,
which produces a lot of income for both the country and private
individuals, entertainment parks would also provide a lot of income
for the government for infrastructures.

Q5: Do you think tourism spots should be funded by governments or

private individuals?

45
39
40

35

30

25

20

15
11
10

0
Government Private Individuals

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Analysis: More than half of the people answered that government
would be the best choice for funding due to the reasons that would
be explained below as 78% of the people answers this while only
22% people answered that private individuals should be the one
funding for the tourism.

Give reason.

Government as choice

18
16
16
14
12 11
10
8
8
6
4 3
2 1
0
Income for Government Invite more Others No answer
country Responsibility tourists

Analysis: 23 people had answered this question while 16 people had

given no answer. Most of the reason for this is due to the fact that
tourism is part of the country and therefore, should be the
responsibility of the country. The next reason would be if
governments are funding it, then the income would also go to the
country which then can be used to improve the country.
Government-funding tourism would also invite more tourists to
come as tourists would know that less corruption would happen and
since 16 people gave no answer, it is thought that they do not
understand the question or the fact that they thought that both
answers is correct as said by the interviewee but governments are a
much better choice than private individuals.

76
 Private individuals as choice

6
6

2 2
2

1
1

0
Guaranteed Understand more Government not No answer
about cultures involved

Analysis: 5 people had answered this question while 6 people had no

reason for their choice. This would probably be the same reason as
above but they thought that private individuals would be a better
choice as like Universal Studios, there would be a much greater
income gathered due to their professional management. Other
reasons for this choice would be that it is more guaranteed as
stated above due to their professional workers but it could also be
due to that foreign people could understand more about the cultures
in that area and would be able to cultivate it better. The last reason
is government would not be involved. This could be because private
individuals has a much better understanding on how businesses
and naturally, tourism works and would be able to develop the
tourism better than government could as their priority would be to
politics rather than tourism.

77
Q6: What type of tourism do you think would be the best to reduce
unemployment while simultaneously being popular among people?

30
25
25

20 18

15

10
7

5
0
0
Entertainment Conservation Cultural Spots Others
Parks Parks

Analysis: Cultural spots is the answer that most people answered

while entertainment parks is next and conservations is the third
while no one answered others which would mean that cultural spots
would be the most popular place to visit and so on.

Give reason

Entertainment parks as choice

9
8
8
7
6
6
5
4
4
3
2
1
0
Entertainment / Famous No answer
Relaxation

78
Analysis: 10 people had answered this question while 8 people had no
answer given for their choice. This could be because they did know
how to write their idea which would mean that their ideas are
probably the same. Other reasons for this choice would be
entertainment parks provide entertainment and relaxation which
would be understandable as people would want to get their stress
out of their system. It could also be because entertainment parks
are famous as other parks like this are almost always famous.

Conservation parks as choice

6
6

1
1

0
Famous No answer

Analysis: Most people gave no reason for their choice but this could
be because conservation parks as their choice could be hard to be
given an answer to unlike other choice but conservation parks are
their choice because it is quite a famous spot for tourists to go to or
because countries need this conservation due to the fact that
wildlife needs this place otherwise, they would not have other
habitats or place to live as more and more land are taken due to
urbanization that is taking place right now.

79
 Cultural spots as choice

12
10
10 9

4 3 3

0
Enjoyable Educate about Others No answer
cultures

Analysis: Cultural spots are the choice that most of the people chose.
16 people answered this question while 9 of them did not. A reason
for this would be because they did not know how to answer this
question or because they thought that cultures are an important part
of a country but did know how it benefits other people. Other people
gave their reason as enjoyable and educational and this would
attract other tourists as people and schools would want something
that is enjoyable and educational at the same time.

Q7: Would you say that tourism gives an advantage to the country?

60
50
50

40

30

20

10
0
0
Yes No

80
Analysis: All the people answered this question yes as their choice
and the reasons would be discussed below. This question is similar
to question 3 but question 3 is more towards the solution as
unemployment while this question is more general in the benefits
tourism could give to a country.

Give reason

Yes as choice

25
21
20

15

10 9

5 3 3

0
Increased income Reduce Increased Promote culture
unemployment publicity awareness

Analysis: 14 people did not give a reason for their choice in saying yes
but this could be pacify as other people’s answer could their reason
due to their inability to answer. Their reason is tourism could
increase income for the country which means more improvements;
reduce unemployment with the same reason as question 3,
increase publicity which shows that more publicity would mean
more tourists coming and increasing the income and also since the
tourism would develop, unemployment would also decrease.
Tourism would also increase culture awareness of that country
especially since their cultures could not be avoided and provide
education for tourists that come to that area.

81
Q8: In your opinion, do you think the economy of a country can rise due
to the high rate of employment?

50 47
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5 3
0
Yes No

Analysis: Most of the people answered yes for this question while only
3 people said no to the question economy of a country can rise due
to the high rate of employment. Their reasons are recorded below
but this question implies that economy relates to the rate of
employment in a country.

Give reason

Yes as choice

25
20
20
16
15

10 8

5 4

0
Increase income Increase welfare Others No answer
and employment

82
Analysis: Since they answered yes that would mean that they thought
that employment in a country relates with the economy. However,
20 of them did not give a reason why while the other 27 people
gave a reason on their choice. Most of them thought that since rate
of employment is high then the income for the country would also
increase especially since there are more workforce producing
goods and providing service so that income for the country would
also increase and since income also increases, the welfare of the
country would also improve since the income gathered would be
used to improve the country. Employment would also increase since
if the welfare is improving, it is obvious that most of the citizens
would be able to open up their own businesses due to the high
education provided by the country. All this would mean that the
economy of the country would also rise.

No as choice

2.5

2
2

1.5

1
1

0.5

0
No benefits No answer

Analysis: Only 3 people answered no and one of them gave no reason

but the other 2 answers shows that having a high rate of
employment has no benefits for a country, especially in increasing
the economy of a country. Their answers show that there is no
relation between employment and the economy of a country.

83
Q9: Suggest a reason why unemployment is a big problem for countries
around the world.

30

25
25

20

15
15

10 8

5
2

0
Increased crime Economy and Others No answer
and poverty rate welfare problems

Analysis: 48 of the people had a reason on why unemployment is a

major problem for countries which means that they know
unemployment is a problem that should be stopped otherwise, the
consequences cannot be avoided. But the consequences should
also be known to know why unemployment is a big problem. Their
answers are increase in crime and poverty and this can be relate as
unemployment affects a person psychologically so that abuse is not
uncommon and poverty in a country would also rise due to the fact
that the workforce is decreasing and enough goods cannot be
provided. This will cause economy and welfare problems, another
consequence. This problem will cause a much bigger issue for a
country as the question above has shown that employment relates
to the economy of a country so that if unemployment is high, the
economy would decrease and the quality of life for the citizens
would also worsen.

84
Q10: Suggest why tourism can increase the economy of a country.

30

25
25

20

15
12

10

5
5 4 4

0
Increased Increased Increased Others No answer
income tourists welfare

Analysis: Some of the questions above have also shown that

employment and economy relates together but the reason why
tourism can increase the economy should also be known therefore,
the question is important. However, 4 people could not give a
reason why as they probably did not know how to answer it but 46
of them knew the reason why tourism can increase the economy.
Half of them answered that tourism can increase the income for the
country so that improvements can be made to the country, which
can also increase the economy. Another reason would be the
increasing amount of tourists that came to a country. If more tourists
come, they would spend their money on goods and services in that
country so that income gathered would also increase and since
tourism increase income for the country, it would also increase the
welfare of the citizens. A good quality of life for citizens is similar to
the economy of a country. Therefore, more tourists would increase
income in that country which would increase the welfare of the
country and the economy would also improve.

85
 CONCLUSION

To sum up all the chapters, unemployment has become a major issue for
countries all around the world and since this problem has continuously cause more
problems to occur, it must be solved and through consideration and research, tourism is
thought to be the solution for this problem. However, as every side has its advantages
and disadvantages, tourism has both sides to it.

The advantages of tourism would generally be increase in tourists, income of a

country, welfare and finally the economy of a country. Other factors relating to tourism
might also benefit the country but tourism also has its disadvantages. These
disadvantages should be known to understand deeper about the cause and how to
decrease these effect so that the benefit may overcome the negative impacts.

Other than through research from books and internet, there are also some other
method of researching, through interview with an expert and questionnaire given to
people with a high education to ensure the best and accurate results. As it is, through
the researches, it is known that the benefits of tourism has overcome the negative
impacts so that tourism as a solution to unemployment is not a disadvantage especially
if the management is done professionally to ensure the best tourist spot that can be
provided and decrease the rate of unemployment in a country.

All in all, unemployment is on the way to becoming a larger issue than it is right
now if it is not taken care of and through a lot of researches, tourism might be the
solution to decreasing the rate of unemployment in a country and the different types of
tourism in a country might attract more tourists to come and increase the income in a
country for improvements and developments so that the quality of life of the citizens
could also improve and the welfare of the country to get better. When this happens, the
economy of said country could increase more and more.

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 REFERENCES

www.jotscroll.com/forums/3/posts/188/geography-definitions-of-geography-by-
different-scholars-modern.html

Collins Cobuild Learner’s Pocket Dictionary, 2014 pg. 263

Oxford Learner’s Pocket Dictionary, 2008 pg. 184

Longman Active Study Dictionary, 2007 pg. 373

Britannica, Micropaedia, 1768 pg. 190

Teaching Geography by Phil Gersmehl, 2005 pg. 3

Classical and Keynesian Economic Explanations for Unemployment by Michael

Griffiths, pg.2

How Policymakers Can Boost Youth Employment by ManpowerGroup, pg. 3-4, 6

On the Mysteries of Unemployment by L. G. Jansma, 1992 pg.48-49

The Impacts of Tourism on Society by Dorin Paul

The Impacts of Tourism by Glenn Kreag

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