KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN, KOLKATA REGION

Frequently Asked Questions in Geography for class XII in Board

Exam

Prepared by:-

1. Mr. N.D. Samanta, PGT(Geog), K.V., Ishapore No.1

2. Mr. Kapil Deo Sah, PGT(Geog), K.V., DumDum, OF

3. Dr. H.S. Rana, PGT(Geog), K.V., Barrackpore, Army.

4. Mr. Mahender Kumar, PGT(Geog), K.V., Bamangachi

5. Mr. Ram Singh, PGT(Geog), K.V., Salua

6. Mr. Zafar Alam, PGT(Geog), K.V., Command Hospital

CONVENER:-
P.C. MOHAPATRA,
PRINCIPAL,
K.V. BALLYGUNGE
 INDIA PEOPLE AND ECONOMY

BOOK:II

Chapter 1- POPULATION
1. Define the term Growth of population. Describe the third phase of growth of population in India.
(Set I, 2015) 5 marks

Ans: Growth of population is the change in the number of people living in a particular
area between two points of time. Its rate is expressed in percentage.
Third Phase-
 The decades of 1951-1981 are the phase of population explosion.
 Caused by a rapid fall in mortality rate but a high fertility rate of population in the
country.
 The average annual Growth rate was as high as 2.2%.
 Increased international migration contributed to the high growth rate.

1. What is population doubling time? Explain the characteristics of the growth of

population in India in Phase I and II. (Set II, 2015) 5marks.

Population Doubling time is the time taken by any population to double itself at its current
annual growth rate .

Phase I-

The period from 1901-21 I referred as Phase I.

*Population growth remained stagnant.

* Growth Rate was very slow, even according negative growth rate during 1911-1921.

* Birth rate and death rate were high

Phase II

 Decades 1921-1951 are referred as phase II.

 Steady population growth is marked.
 Crude birth rate remained high
 Improvement in health and sanitation brought down the mortality rate.
3.”The decades 1951-1981 are referred as the period of population explosion in India.” Explain the
statement by giving any three reasons. (Set I, 2014) 3 marks

Ans: * Rapid fall in mortality rate due to medical aid.

*Fertility rate remained high with the result of average growth.

*High natural increase in population.

* International migration increased, developmental activities were introduced and economy started
growing up.

4.Define Population Growth. (Set I, 2012) 1marks.

Ans: Change of population in a particular area between two points of time is known as
growth of population.
5.Define the term Positive Growth of Population. (Set I, 2011)
Ans: Positive Growth of Population happens when the birth rate is more than death
rate between two points of time or when people from other countries migrate
permanently to a region.

6.“ The districts having high density of population in India are largest in number.”
Support the statement with five suitable examples. (Set I, 2006)

Ans: * There are 254 districts with density having more than 400 hundred persons per sq km.

* there are 172 districts which have population density between 200 and 400 persons per km.

* There are 167 districts with a very low population density and they have below 200 persons per sq km.

Above statements indicates districts having very high population in India are largest in number.

Chapter 2 – Migration
1. Explain the causes of migration of unskilled migrants from rural to urban areas in
India and their sufferings. (Set III, 2015)

Ans: * Due to poverty

* Demand of labour in cities

* Better job opportunities in Urban Areas

* Availability of regular work and relatively higher wages in urban centers.

Sufferings:-

Absence of family members and children causes anxieties

2. Define the term Migration. Explain any two economic and demographic consequences of migration
in India. (Set III, 2015)

3. Explain the main reasons for the migration of males and females separately in India. (Set II, 2014)

Males largely migrate for work.

Ans: About 65% of females move out for their marriage.

4.Examine any five Push factors that cause Migration of Population in India. (Set I,
2013)

Ans: Push Factors

*People migrate from Rural to urban due to poverty.

*For high population pressure on land

*Lack of basic infrastructural facilities like health care.

*Farming and epidemics

*Wars and local conflicts.

2. Why do people migrate? State the four streams of migration in India. (Set I, 2012)

Ans: People migrate due to push and pull factors.

Streams-

i.Rural to rural

ii. Rural to Urban

iii. Urban to Rural

iv. Urban to Urban

6. What is migration? Explain any four factors responsible for the migration of people in India.

(Set I, 2010)

Define the term Migration of Population. Describe any four types of migration on the basis of direction
of movements in India. (Set I, 2007)

Ans: Movement of the people for the specific purpose from one place to another place.

Economic consequences-

*Remittance from migrants living outside the country

*Punjab, Kerala and TamilNadu received very significant amount from international migrants.

Demographic consequences-

*Re-distribution of population

*rural- urban migration leads growth of cities

* Imbalance in age and sex composition.

3. Leaving their families behind creates mental and physical pressure.

4. Menial jobs on low wages

7. Name the process of migration from the plain areas to pastures on mountains during summers and
again from mountain pastures to plain areas during winter. (Set II, 2010)

Ans: Transhumance

Map Work

1. The State having largest area.

2. State having highest density of population.

3. State having lowest density of population.

 CHAPTER 3: HUMAN DEVELOPMENT:
QUESTION 2: Which state of India has the highest rank in Human Development Index (H.D.I) value) ? 1
(2012, 2014)

ANSWER: Kerala is having the highest HDI among Indian states.1

CHAPTER 4: HUMAN SETTLEMENT.

QUESTION3: Give any two examples of Ancient towns of India.1/2+1/2=1 (2008, 2014 )

ANSWER:Patliputra and Varanasi.

QUESTION 4: Explain any three characteristics of clustered rural settlement of India. 1x3=3 (2013,
2015)

ANSWER:Clustered rural settlements

Characteristics of clustered rural settlements of India –

(i) The Clustered rural settlement is a compact or closely built up area of

houses.

(ii) In this type of village the general living area is distinct and separated

from the surrounding farms, barns and pastures.

(iii) The closely built-up area and its intervening streets present some

recognizable pattern of geometric shape such as rectangular, radial, linear etc.

(iv) Such settlements are generally found in fertile alluvial plains and in the

north eastern states.

(v) Sometimes, people live in compact village for security or defence

reasons .

(vi) In Rajasthan scarcity of water has necessitated compact settlement

for maximum utilization of available water resources.

(vii) Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be explained)

 Chapter: 5 Land Resources and Agriculture

Questions Repeated Twice

Q. “Degradation of cultivable land is one of the most serious problems that arises out of irrigation and
agricultural development in India.” Support this statement with three points.
(3) (2011)

Q. How is the degradation of cultivable land one of the serious problems in India? Explain in any three
points. (2010)

Ans: Because of intensive irrigation and agricultural development in India, cultivable land is being
degraded.

a. Intensive irrigation and uses of chemical fertilizers lead to depletion of soil fertility. The situation is
particularly alarming in irrigated areas.

b. A large tract of agricultural land has lost its fertility due to alkalisation and salinisation of soils.
Alkalinity and salinity have already affected about 8 million ha land in India.

c. Water logging is a serious problem caused due to intensive irrigation. 7 million ha land in the country
has lost its fertility due to water logging.

d. Excessive use of chemicals such as insecticides and pesticides has led to their concentration in toxic
amounts in the soil profile.

One Time Questions

Q. Distinguish between protective irrigation and productive irrigation. (3) (2015)

Ans: On the basis of objective of irrigation, it is grouped into: protective or productive. The difference
are:

Protective Irrigation Productive Irrigation

-The objective of protective irrigation - Productive irrigation is meant to provide

sufficient soil moisture in the cropping season to
is to protect the crops from adverse effects of
achieve high productivity.
soil moisture deficiency.
- Without irrigation crops cannot be produced.
- irrigation acts as a supplementary source of
 water over and above the rainfall.

-The strategy of this kind of irrigation is
to provide soil moisture to maximum possible
area.
- In such irrigation the water input per unit area
of cultivated land is higher than protective
irrigation.

Q. Explain the importance of food grains in the Indian agricultural economy. Describe any three
characteristics of rice cultivation. (2+3=5) (2015)

Ans: The importance of food grains in Indian agricultural economy:

a. These crops occupy about two-third of total cropped area in the country.

b. Food grains are dominant crops in all parts of the country whether they have subsistence or
commercial agricultural economy.

c. Food grains feed a large population of the country

d. These are used as raw materials in the agro-based industries.

Three characteristics of rice cultivation in India are:

a. Rice has about 3,000 varieties which are grown in different agro-climatic regions of India.

b. Different varieties of rice are successfully grown from sea level to about 2,000 m altitude and from
humid areas in eastern India to dry but irrigated areas of Punjab, Haryana, western U.P. and northern
Rajasthan.

c. In southern states and West Bengal the climatic conditions allow the cultivation of two or three crops
of rice in an agricultural year.

d. In West Bengal farmers grow three crops of rice called ‘aus’, ‘aman’ and ‘boro’. But in

Himalayas and northwestern parts of the country, it is grown as a kharif crop during southwest monsoon
season.

e. About one-fourth of the total cropped area in the country is under rice cultivation.
Q. Explain the term ‘cropping intensity’. Describe the three cropping seasons in India. (2+3=5)
(2014)

Ans: Intensity of cropping means the number of crops raised on a field during an agricultural year. It
indicates the efficiency of land use. Intensity of cropping is calculated as follows:

Gross Cropped Area (GCA)

----------------------------------- x 100
Net Sown Area (NSA)

The three cropping seasons of India are: kharif, rabi and zaid.
Kharif: The kharif season begins with the onset of the south West Monsoon. This season ends in
September. During this season tropical crops such as rice, cotton, jute, jowar, bajra and tur are grown.

Rabi: The rabi season begins with the onset of winter in October-November and ends in March-April.
The low temperature conditions during this season facilitate the cultivation of temperate and
subtropical crops such as wheat, gram and mustard.

Zaid: Zaid is a short duration summer cropping season beginning after harvesting of rabi crops. The
cultivation of watermelons, cucumbers, vegetables and fodder crops during this season is done on
irrigated lands.

Q. Explain any three features of ‘dryland farming’ in India. (3) (2013)

Ans: Three features of dryland farming in India are:

a. The dryland farming is largely confined to the regions having annual rainfall less than 75
cm.

b. In these regions farmers grow hardy and drought resistant crops such as ragi, bajra, moong,
gram and guar (fodder crops).

c. Farmers practise various measures of soil moisture conservation and rain water
harvesting.

Q. ‘Land resource is more crucial to the livelihood of the people depending on agriculture.’ Support
this statement with any three suitable arguments. (3) (2012)
Ans: Three arguments in support of the statement are:

a. Agriculture is a purely land based activity. Contribution of land in agricultural output is more
compared to its contribution in the outputs in the other sectors. Thus, lack of access to land is directly
correlated with incidence of poverty in rural areas.

b. Quality of land has a direct bearing on the productivity of agriculture, which is not true for other
activities.

c. In rural areas land ownership has a social value and serves as a security for credit, natural hazards or
life contingencies, and also adds to the social status

Q. Explain the three types of changes that have affected landuse in India. (3) (2010)

Ans: Three types of changes that an economy undergoes, which affect land-use are:

(a) Firstly, the size of the economy grows over time as a result of increasing population, change in
income levels, available technology and associated factors. As a result, the pressure on land will increase
with time and marginal lands would come under use.

(b) Secondly, the secondary and the tertiary sectors usually grow much faster than the primary sector,
specifically the agricultural sector. This process would result in a gradual shift of land from agricultural
uses to non-agricultural uses. Such changes are sharp around large urban areas. The agricultural land is
being used for building purposes.

(iii) Thirdly, though the contribution of the agricultural activities reduces over time, the pressure on land
for agricultural activities does not decline because (a) the number of people that the agricultural sector
has to feed is increasing day by day and (b) the share of population dependent on agriculture usually
declines much more slowly compared to the decline in the sector’s share in GDP.

Q. Explain any three features of common property resources in India. (3) (2008)

Ans: Three features of common property resources (CPRs) in India are:

a. Common property resources (CPRs) are owned by the state meant for the use of the
community.
 b. CPRs provide fodder for the livestock and fuel for the households along with other minor
forest products like fruits, nuts, fibre, medicinal plants, etc.

c. In rural areas, such land is of particular relevance for the livelihood of the landless and
marginal farmers and other weaker sections since many of them depend on income from
their livestock.

d. CPRs also are important for women as most of the fodder and fuel collection is done by
them in rural areas. They have to devote long hours in collecting fuel and fodder from a
degraded area of CPR.

Chapter: 6 Water Resources

One Time Questions

Q. Explain the term ’watershed management’. (1) (2014)

Ans: Watershed management refers to efficient management and conservation of surface and
groundwater resources. It involves prevention of runoff and storage and recharge of groundwater
through various methods like percolation tanks, recharge wells, etc.

Q. Examine any three causes for the deterioration of ‘quality of water’ in India. (3) (2013)

Ans: Quality of water means purity of water. The quality of water deteriorates due pollution due to
foreign substances or pollutants. This happens due to the following reasons:

a. Water gets polluted by foreign matters such as microorganisms, chemicals, industrial and other
wastes. Such matters deteriorate the quality of water and render it unfit for human use.

b. When toxic substances enter lakes, steams, rivers, ocean and other water bodies, they get dissolved
or lie suspended in water. This results in pollution of water whereby quality of water deteriorates
affecting aquatic systems.
c. Sometimes, the pollutants also seep down and pollute groundwater. This causes the underground
unfit for human uses.

Q. Describe any three key features of India’s ‘National water Policy’ 2002. (3) (2012)

Ans: Key features of the National Water Policy 2002 are:

• Irrigation and multi-purpose projects should invariably include drinking water component, wherever
there is no alternative source of drinking water.

• Providing drinking water to all human beings and animals should be the first priority.

• Measures should be taken to limit and regulate the exploitation of groundwater.

• Both surface and groundwater should be regularly monitored for quality. A phased programme should
be undertaken for improving water quality.

• The efficiency of utilisation in all the diverse uses of water should be improved.

• Awareness of water as a scarce resource should be fostered.

• Conservation consciousness should be promoted through education, regulation, incentives and

disincentives. (Any three)

Q. Study the diagram given below and answer the questions that follow. (3) (2011)

a. Why is the share of surface water very limited to the industrial sector?
 Ans: Less development of industries. However, in future, with development, the share of
industrial sector in the country is likely to increase.

b. Which sector accounts for most of the surface water withdrawals and why? Give one
reason.

Ans: Agricultural sector accounts for most of the surface water withdrawals. Because,
agricultural sector requires more water for irrigation.

Q. Explain any three major problems related to water in India. (3) (2009)

Ans: Problems related to water in India are:

1. Decrease in per capita availability of water due to increase in population.

2. Availability of usable water is decreasing because of pollution. Water resources are getting polluted
with industrial, agricultural and domestic effluents.

3. Uneven distribution of water resources.

4. Wastage of water: Water gets waste

5. Increasing demand of water in various sectors. Different sectors of economy like agriculture, industry
and domestic sector requires water which is increasing day by day.

Q. Why is conservation and management of water resources essential in India? Explain any three
reasons. (3) (2008)

Ans: Reasons for conservation and management of water resources are:

a. There is a declining availability of fresh water. Per capita availability of water is

declining day by day.

b. Increasing demand of water: There is a great demand of water due to increase of

population. Demand of water is increasing in different sectors like agriculture, industries

and for domestic uses.

c. Water is getting polluted. Pollution of water is responsible for declining the quality of water.
This causes the un-usability of this precious life giving resource.
Q. “The ground water potential is high in some regions of India’. Support this statement with three
suitable examples. (3) (2007)

Ans: Ground water potential depends of the amount of rainfall, nature of the terrain and nature
of soil. These vary from region to region.

a. In India about 42% of the ground water potential is confined to the northern plains
because alluvial soil with high permeability, more rainfall, plain surface, gentle slope and
perennial rivers with floods.

b. Western parts of India including the Thar desert has low potential of ground water. This
region receives low rainfall.

c. Peninsular India has low potential because of ground water because of rocky land. This
does not permits easy seepage of water.

---000---

7. MINERAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES

1. Distinguish between thermal electricity and hydro-electricity by stating three points. (2006, 2015)
1marks and 3marks

Ans. Thermal electricity-

i. Electricity which is produced by fossil fuel as coal, petroleum and natural gas.

ii. The source of generation of thermal power is available in sizeable amount.

iii. The thermal electricity plant has an adverse impact on the environment.

Hydro-electricity—

i. Electricity which is produced by water.

ii. The source of generation of hydro-electricity are renewable and abundant in size.

iii. The hydro-electricity plant is environment friendly.

2. Describe any three commercial production regions of petroleum in India. (2006, 15) 1marks and
3marks

Ans. The three commercial regions producing petroleum in India are-

a. North-Eastern Region- The well known oil field of this region is Digboi, Naharkatiya, Moran, Rudra
Sagar, Galeki and Hugrijan.

b. Gujarat Region – Ankaleswar, Kalol, Nawagam, Kosamba, Kathana Barkol, Mehsana, Sanand and Lunej
are the main oil producing areas.

c. Mumbai High—Located in Arabian sea 176km north west of Mumbai an off- shore oil field. It produces
more than two thirds of total oil production in country.

3. Mineral distribution in India is mainly confined in the three major belts peninsular plateaus. Support
this statement with suitable examples of minerals from each belt. (2006, 12) 3marks

Ans. The three major mineral belts of peninsular plateaus are-

a. The north eastern plateau---It includes Chota Nagpur plateau, Orissa plateau and eastern
Andhra plateau. Iron-ore, manganese, mica, bauxite, limestone, and dolomite are major mineral
resources found in this region.

b. South western plateau—this belt extends over Karnataka plateau and adjoining Tamil Nadu
plateau and rich in metallic resources. Iron-ore, manganese and bauxite have rich reserve,
though lacking in power reserve.

c. North- western region—this region extends from the gulf of Khambhat in Gujarat to Aravali
range in Rajasthan. Copper, zinc, lead, limestone and mica are the major minerals resources
found in this region.

4. Give two advantages of wind energy. Mention four states of India having favourable conditions for
the development of wind energy. (2008, 13) 1marks and 3marks

Ans. Two advantages---

i. Wind energy is absolutely pollution free, inexhaustible sources of energy.

ii. The kinetic energy of wind, through turbines is converted into electric energy.

Four states of India having favourable condition of wind energy-

i. Rajasthan ii. Gujarat iii. Maharashtra and iv. Karnataka &Tamil-Nadu.

5. Name five sources of non-conventional energy in India and also state one potential area of each
source of non –conventional energy. (2008, 13) 5marks

Ans. Light from sun, tidal waves, winds, biogas and geothermal energy are non- conventional sources of
energy. The non- conventional sources are cheap and can be tapped easily. They are pollution free as
they do not have smoke or ash when used. They have no environmental hazards.

a. Solar Energy-India is a tropical country so sunlight is abundantly available in all the parts of country
except north-eastern India. Solar energy is used for cooking, water heating and space heating. Solar
cooker water pumps, road lights, telephone etc. are being operated by solar energy.

b. Wind Energy—Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Orissa are using wind energy. Effort is being made
to develop wind generators, wind mills, battery charging system.

c. Geothermal Energy—Development activities related to a cold storage unit and 5kw power plant both
based on geothermal energy at Manikaram (HP) are in full progress.

d. Biogas—it is most important renewable sources of energy in rural areas. As by- product a biogas
plant produces enriched the fertilizer. It is used as cooking fuel and also used for lighting and power
generation.

e. Tidal Energy—Oceanic tide can be used to generate electricity food gate dams are built across inlets.
During high tide water flows into the inlets and gate trapped, when the gate is closed. Gulf of Kachchh
provides ideal condition for utilizing tidal energy.

8. MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

1. Name the three leading cotton textile producing states of India and also state the most important
centre of this industry in each of these states. (2004, 06) 3marks

Ans. Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra and Western Uttar Pradesh are the three main cotton textile producing
states in India.

The three main centers of cotton industry in above states are—

 Tamil Nadu : Madurai, Coimbatore

 Maharashtra : Mumbai

 Uttar Pradesh : Kanpur

2. Explain any three factors which have contributed to industrial development of hugly industrial region.
(2007, 08, 13) 3marks and 5marks

ANS. Historical geographical and economic factors have greatly influenced the industrial development
of the Hugly industrial region.

i. Historical factors—The Hugly industrial development taken place with opening of the revering port
Kolkata in the later part of the seventeenth century by the east India company.

ii. Economic factors- Hugly industrial region is connected by the railway, roadways as well as inland
waterways with the interior part of the country. The availability of cheap labour force from the thickly
populated regions of Bihar, Jharkhand, Eastern Uttar Pradesh and Orissa also favour the industrial
growth in this region.

iii. Geographical factors—the bulk coal deposits from the Domodar valley of Jharkhand, Orissa and
other mineral resources like iron-ore, manganese, bauxite an mica accelerates the development of this
region. The jute producing states of Bihar, West Bengal and Assam provide raw material to the jute
industry.

3. State any six major liberalization measures announced by the government of India under the new
industrial policy. (2007, 08) 3marks and 5marks

Ans. The major liberalization measures announced of India under the new industrial policy are as
follows-

a. The abolition of industrial licensing

b. Free entry to foreign technology

c. Foreign direct investment policy

d. Access to capital market

e. Open trade

f. Abolition of phased manufacturing programmed

4. Describe briefly why are the iron and steel industry located in the peninsular India ? (2012, 13, 14) 5
marks.

Ans – the following factors are responsible for the localization of iron and steel industries on the
peninsular India:

 Availability of raw materials .

 the peninsular India has reach in minerals . high grade iron ore reserves in southern Goa
Chikmangular, Bellary , Kudremukh of Karnataka and manganese , dolomite , limestone are supplied
from Andhra Pradesh and Tamilnadu.

 Power . power supply is fulfilled by Sherawati and Nagarjuna project ‘and coal in the form of
thermal power is supplied by Karnataka and Tamil-Nadu.

 Water . for the cooling purpose ample water is supplied Bhadrawati, Kaveri , Tungabhadra and
Krishna river.

 Transport . the peninsular region has an excellent network of roadway and railway which promote
quick and easy movement of raw material to industries and finish goods to the market

 Port : Vishakhapatnam , tuticorin, Chennai Mangalore, Cochin are the port located near the iron
and steel plant of Mysore and Salem. These sea ports are the help full for the export of finish goods and
import of advisement technology .

 Labour . these states are densely populated and provide skilled and unskilled labour force for the
industries.

5. On the basis of ownership classify industry of the world into three groups . explain the main features
of these groups . (2008 ,10) 3 marks

Ans – on the basis of ownership industries are classify into :

(1) public sector,

(2) private sector

(3) joint sector

The features of each sector are as follows –

 Public sector industries – industries which are owned and manage by the state .the state establish
and runs this units . SAIL , DRDO , ONGC , etc. come under public sector industries .

 Private sector industries : industries owned and manage by an individual or a corporate body
belong to the private sector . individuals invest their capital to establish these industries and manage
them as private enterprise .

 Joint sector industries – an industries owned and managed jointly by the state and private initiatives
falls in the joint sector .

6. Why do you think that the iron and steel industry is basic to the industrial development of any
company? (2012, 13, 14) 3marks

Ans. Iron and steel industry is basic to the industrial development of any country.
 a. It is considered to be the basic industry of the modern word as it gives rise to the other
industries.

b. The iron and steel industry opened the doors to rapid industrial growth of any country.

c. All the other allied industries look upon heavily on the iron and steel industry for the basic
infrastructure.

7. Explain three main factors responsible for dispersal of cotton textile industry in India. (2004, 06, 08)
3marks

Ans. Three main factors are as-

a. Development of transport- the development and penetration of the rail transport into peninsular
region was responsible for the dispersal of cotton textile industry from the initial Maharashtra and
Gujarat to Madurai Coimbatore and Bangalore etc.

b. Power resources-The development of hydel power favour the decentralization of cotton textile
industry. Cheep and efficient availabilities of power gave an advantage to the entrepreneur to establish
textile industry.

c. Increasing cost of labors, non availability of finance also led the dispersal of textile industries to the
centers where cheap labors and financial facilities were available e.g. Agra, Kanpur and Ujjain etc.

8. State five features each of Gujarat industrial region and chhotanagpur industrial region. (2008 and
relation 2004, 06, 12, 13, 14) 5marks

Ans. The five features of the following industrial region are:

Gujarat Industrial Region—

i. The nucleus of this region lies between Ahmadabad and Vadodara, though this region extends unto
Valsad and Surat in the South.

Ii. The development of this industrial region is mainly due to the cotton textile industry since 1860.

iii. After the decline of cotton textile from the Mumbai region the region has double proximity of raw
material and market.

iv. The discovery of oilfields led to the development of a variety of petrochemical industries in
Ankleshwar, Vadodara and Jamnagar.

v. Petroleum refinery at Koyali provided raw materials to a host of petrochemical industries.

Chotanagpur Industrial Region-

This industrial regions extends over Jharkhand, northern Orissa, and western West-Bengal.
vi. This region owes its development to the discovery of coal in the Damodar valley and metallic non-
metallic minerals in Jharkhand and northern Orissa.

vii. Jamshedpur, Burnpur-Kulti, Durgapur, Bokaro and Raurkela are the prominent integrated iron and
steel industry region.

viii. Power requirement is fulfilled by thermal and hydro electric plants constructed on Damodar river.

ix. The densely surrounding region of Bihar, West Bengal, and Orissa provide unskilled and skilled labour
force on large scale.

9. Study the map given below and answer the questions that follow: (2005, and related 07) 3marks
i. Name the industrial region marked as 2.
Ans. Industrial region 2 is Hugli Region.

ii. Name the industrial region marked as 4.

Ans. Industrial region 4 is Gujarat Region.

iii. Write down the important industries in the industrial region 4.

Ans. Major industries of region 4 are textiles, petrochemicals, basic chemicals, textile machinery and
engineering goods.

CHAPTER-9 PLANNING AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN INDIAN CONTEXT

QUESTIONS THAT HAVE BEEN REPEATED AT ONE OR TWO TIMES

FIVE MARKS

Q. 1. Explain any five measures necessary for the promotion of sustainable

development in Indira Gandhi Canal command area. 2008(DB III), 2009(OD I)
Ans. The following measures are needed for the sustainable development in Indira Gandhi
Canal command area:

1. Strict implementation of water management policy.

2. The cropping pattern shall not include water intensive crops.
3. The CAD programmes should be implemented to reduce the conveyance loss of
water.
4. The areas affected by water logging and soil salinity shall be reclaimed.
5. The eco-development through afforestation, shelter belts plantation and pasture
development is necessary.
6. The social sustainability cannot be achieved only if the land owners having poor
economic background are provided the adequate financial assistance.
7. The agricultural and allied activities have to develop along with other sectors of
economy.
 CHAPTER-10 TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICAT ION

QUESTIONS THAT HAVE BEEN REPEATED AT ONE OR TWO TIMES

ONE MARK

Q. 1. What is the main aim behind establishing border road organization in

India? 2008(DB I)
OR
State the main functions of border road organization. 2013(OD I)
Ans. BRO was established for accelerating economic development and strengthening defense
through improvement of strategically important roads.

THREE MARKS

Q. 1. Explain any three reasons for the uneven distribution of roads in India.
2006(DB I)
OR
‘The distribution of roads in India is not uniform’. Examine the statement
giving three reasons. 2014(OD I)
Ans. Following reasons/factors are responsible for uneven distribution of roads in India:

(i) Nature of terrain- Mountains, plateaus and plains. Construction of roads is easy
and cheaper in the level plain areas. While it is difficult and costly in hilly and
plateaus areas.
(ii) Density of population- Low, medium and high. Density of population affects the
demand of roads transport.
(iii) The levels of economic development- Developed areas have high demand of
roads and also have money for construction and maintenance.

Q. 2. What are the three categories of Indian Railways on the basis of width of
the track? Write main features/any one feature of each category.
2008(OD I), 2010(DB I)
Ans. Three categories of Indian Railways on the basis of width of the track are:

A. Broad Gauge:
1. The distance between rails in broad gauge is 1.676 metre.
2. It accounts for 74.14% of the total length of rail rout in the country.
B. Metre Gauge:
1. The distance between rails is one metre.
2. It accounts for 21.02% of the total rout length in the country.
C. Narrow Gauge:
1. The distance between the rails in this case is 0.762 or 0.610 metre.
2. It accounts for 4.94% of the total rout length.
3. It is generally confined to hilly areas.

FIVE MARKS

Q. 1. Define the term ‘road density’. Explain with examples the two main
determinants of road density in India. 2011(DB I)
OR
Explain with five suitable examples, how the level of economic
development and nature of terrain affect the density of roads in India.
2013 (DB I)
Ans. Road density: Length of roads in per 100 sq. kms.

Determinants of road density are level of economic development and nature of terrain.

1. Construction of roads is easy and cheaper in plain areas.

2. It is difficult and costly in hilly and plateaus areas.
3. Jammu and Kashmir has only 10.48 km. road density while Uttar Pradesh
532.27.
4. The road density is high in most of Northern states and major southern states.
5. It is low in the Himalayan region, northeastern region, Madhya Pradesh and
Rajasthan.
 6. Not only the density but also the quality of roads is relatively better in plains
as compared to roads in high altitude areas, rainy and forested regions.

Q. 2. ‘‘Indian railways brought people of diverse cultures together.’’ Support

this statement with suitable examples. 2015(DB II) 2015(DB I)
Ans. Indian Railways brought people of diverse cultures together –

(i) Indian Railway was introduced in 1853, when a line was constructed from
Bombay to Thane covering a distance of 34 km.
(ii) Indian Railways network is more than 64,000 kms which is spread in different
states.
(iii) It connects people of different regions through its sixteen (16) zones.
(iv) Mahatma Gandhi said “Indian Railways brought people of diverse cultures
together to contribute to India’s freedom struggle”. Britishers expand railway
in India to exploit its resources but Railways connected people of different
regions and languages. Now, they could meet each other and talk about
struggle activities. News papers and ideas also could spread all over the India
through pan-India rail network.
(v) People from different languages, customs and food habits could connect with
each other using Indian Railways. By this people of different languages and
customs meet and a mix culture is developing and India is developing as a
“Nation” from “Federation of States.

CHAPTER- 11.International Trade.

12.Geographical Perspective on selected Issue and Problems.

Q 1. Name the six major sea ports situated on the western coast of India and also write the
state in which they are situated respectively?
1/2x6=3Marks(2000)

ANSWER- The six major sea ports are:-

1. Kandla in Gujarat.

2. M umbai in Maharashtra.

3. JawaharLal Nehru port in Maharashtra.

4. Marmagao in Goa.

5. Mangalore in Karnataka.

6. Kochi in Kerala.

Q 2. What is the role of sea-ports in the foreign trade of India? Write any three points in this
regard. 3x1=3 Marks(2005)

ANSWER -

1. Sea ports function as focal points for foreign trade of India.

2. They act collection centers of commodities from hinterlands for further shipment to foreign
destination.

3. They act as receiving points of foreign consignments coming to India for distributing them in
the interior parts of the country.

4. Sea ports are the gateways of India as exports and imports are handled through them.

5. Sea ports develop as large urban settlements and attract various types of trade activities.
(Any three)

Q 3. Describe the composition of exports in India. What changes has it undergone over time in
context of commodities?5 Marks(2006)

ANSWER -1st part

Composition of export:

1. Manufactured goods, 78%-Jewelry and gems, readymade garments etc.

2. Agricultural products, 13.5%-Marine products cereals, tea, oil cake,

Cashew nuts, spices, fruits and vegetable.

3. Petroleum products.

4. Ores and minerals.

ANSWER 2nd part

Changes in export composition:

1. Substantial decline in agriculture products and minerals.

2. Increases in marine products.

3. Substantial increase in manufactured products like jute products, leather products.

4. Increase in engineering goods, electronics goods and computer software.

5. Increase in readymade garments and handicrafts.

6. Decline in primary semi-finished iron and steel.

Q 4. Explain any three major changes in the export composition of India’s foreign trade since
1960-61. 3x1=3 Marks(2007

ANSWER - Change in composition of export trade:

1. Agricultural products including beverages and tobacco and mineral ores together 52.7%
in 1960-61 share decline to 16.1% 2000-01.

2. Tea was principal export commodity in 1960-61. It shares was 19.6%, now it declined
to 1%.

3. Export of raw cotton declined from 32.6 thousand tones to 30.2 thousand tones.

4. Mineral sector also lost export market.

5. Export share iron-ore declined from 6.2% to 0.8%. But export quantity of iron-ore increased.

Q 5.Describe in brief the changing nature of export items in the international trade of India.3
marks(2009)

Ans-i). The share of agriculture and allied products has declined.

ii).The shares of petroleum and crude products have increased.

iii). Increase has been registered in floricultural products.

iv). Engineering goods have shown a significant growth in the export list.

Q 6.Which country is the largest trading partner of India?1, 2009

Ans.U.S.A.
Q 7.Which export commodity of India has the highest value? 2010

Ans.Engineering Goods.

Q 8.Name the oldest artificialsea port of India. 1, 2011

Ans- Chennai sea port.

Q 9.Which sea port has been develop to relieve the pressure of Chennai Port. 1,
2012.

Ans.Innore /Tuticoransea port.

Q 10. Name the major sea port located on Hugli river. 1, 2013.

Ans. Kolkata port

CHAPTER-12.Geographical Perspective on selected Issue and

Problems.
Q1. Which is the main source of environmental pollution in India? 1 (2010)

Ans- Human Activities.

Q 2. Which source of pollution is responsible for acid rain? 1 (2011)

Ans – Air Pollution.

Q 3. Which is the main source of water – borne disease in India? Name any one water-borne
disease. 1 (2011)

Ans- Water pollution is the main source of water –borne disease in India.Diarrhea is the main
disease caused by polluted water.

Q 4. Describe three main sources of noise pollution in India. 3, 2013

Ans- The three main sources of noise pollution in India-

1-Various Factories

2-Mechanised Construction

3. Demolition Work

4. Automobiles etc.

Q 5. Examine any three causes for the deterioration of quality of water in India.

3 2013
Ans- CAUSES – 1.Water gets polluted by foreignmatters like chemicals, industrial waste etc.

2. When the toxic subsistence enters lakes, streams, rivers and other water bodies,
they get dissolved.

3. They seep down and pollute ground water.

Q 6. Explain any three effects of air pollution on human life. 3 (2011)

Ans- Effect of air Pollution on human are –

1. It causes various disease related to respiratory

system, nervous and circulatory system.
2. Smoking fog over cities called as urban smog. It is
very harmful.
3. It causes acid rain etc.

Q 7. Explain any three major problems associated with urban waste disposal in India.

3 (2011)

ANS- 1.Enormous growth of urban waste.

2. Solid waste cause health hazard through creation of obnoxious smell and harboring of flies
and rodents which acts as a carrier of disease.

3. This waste cause frequent nuisance as and when they are carelessly handed and spread by
wind or animals etc.

4. In Metro cities solid waste are thrown untreated.

Q 8. How do slums develop in India? Explain any four miserable conditions of the residents of
slum areas.

Ans-Slums,Jhuggi- Jhopari colonies of shanty structures developed by people,who are forced

to migrate from rural to urban areas in search of livelihood but could not afford proper housing
due to high rent and high cost of land.

CONDITIONS-

1. Residents live in dilapidated house and poor hygiene conditions.

2. Houses are with poor ventilation and lack basic amenities.

3. These are crowded having narrow street.

4. Most of the slum population is low paid, high risk prone.

5. They are unable to give proper education to their wards.

6. They are vulnerable to drug abuse etc.

Q 9. How has noise pollution become hazardous in many big cities of India?

Explain with example.3 (2009)

Ans--The Main source of noise pollution are-1-Various Factories

2-Mechanised Construction

3. Demolition Work

4. Automobiles etc.

- There are periodical polluting noise from siren, local speakers used in festivals and
programmes.

- Traffic is the biggest sources of air pollution.

- In sea traffic noise is caused due to loading and unloading of goods etc.

Q 10. Explain any two major sources of air pollution in India? How is the air pollution harmful to
human health? Explain. 3 (2008)

Ans- MAJOR SOURESCE OF AIR POLLUTION ARE-Combustion of coal, petrol and diesel,
mining, solid waste disposal, sewage etc.

Effect of air pollution on human health.

- It causes various disease related to respiratory

system, nervous and circulatory system.
- Smoking fog over cities called as urban smog. It is
very harmful.
- It causes acid rain etc.
-

MAP WORKS- INDIA

2000
1.A Steel plant set up with German collaboration ----Rourkela ,Orissa.
2.The most important tea producing state of India.------------ Assam.
3. Jawaharlal Nehru Sea port --------------------------------------- Mumbai,
Maharashtra.
2001

1.A mega city of Karnataka---------------------------------------Banglore.

2. State having highest SC population to total Population ------- HP.
3.Oldest nuclear power plant--------------------------------Tarapore.

2002
1.A major sea port of Kerala-------------------------------Kochin.
2.An oil Refinery of Assam.---------------------------------Bongaugaon.
3.State where sindhi language is spoken ---------------Rajashtan.

2003
1 major sea port of Andhra Pradesh------------------Vishakhapatnam.
2.Software park of M.P ------------------- Indore.
3.A mega city of Maharashtra ------------------------ Mumbai.

2004
1.A Union Territory having lowest sex ratio----------------- Daman Diu.
2.Northern Terminal of north-south corridor------------------ Sri Nagar.
3.An Oil Refinery of A.P manage by ONGC----------------------- TatiPaka.

2005
1.A Nuclear Power plant of Rajasthan------------------------- RawatBhata.
2.One major sea port in Gujrat --------------------------------Kandla Port.
3.A state where Tamil is mainly spoken------------------------ Tamilnadu.

2006
1. A state where Marathi is mainly spoken -------------- Maharashtra.
2.The oldest oilfield of India------------------------------------- Digboi.
3.A metro city of Haryana --------------------------------------- Faridabad.

2007
1The state having the highest percentage of rural population--------- Arunachal
Pradesh.
2.The state having the highest road density------------------Kerala.
3. The steel plant set up in the public sector in Jharkhand----- Bokaro.

2008
1 The state having the highest density of population--------- Bihar.
2.Asouthern most international Airport--------------Truvantapuram.
 3.A software park of A.P-----------------------------------Hyderabad/Nil.

2009
1. The state having the highest percentage of rural population--------- Arunachal
Pradesh.
2. Singreni coal mine ---------------------------------------------- U.P.
3.Iron and Steel Plant located in Karnataka.-----------------Bhadravati.

2010
1. The state having the lowest density of population------------------ Arunachal
Pradesh.
2. A soft ware park in J.K-------------------------------- Srinagar.
3.A major sea port located in Kerala-----------------------Kochin.

2011
1. The state having the lowest density of population------------------ Arunachal
Pradesh.
2.The Oil Refinery located in W.B.--------------------------Haldia.
3.Themajor sea port located in Goa------------------------Marmagao.

2012
1.The state having highest percentage of urban population-------Goa.
2. The Oil Refinery located in Bihar.-----------------------------Barouni.
3.The southernmost Sea port of India-------------------------Tuticoran.