Organic Chemistry

Structure, classification and naming of organic

compounds. IUPAC nomenclature

Lecturer:
Doctor of Chemistry,
prof. A.A. Popov
 атом atom [ˈætəm] ионный ionic [aɪˈɔnɪk]
молекула molecule [ˈmɔlɪkju:l] изотоп isotope [ˈaɪsəutəup]
электрон electron [ɪˈlektrɔn] жидкость liquid [ˈlɪkwɪd]
ядро nucleus [ˈnju:klɪəs] моль mole [məul]
ядра nuclei [ˈnju:klɪaɪ] молекулярный molecular [məuˈlekjulə]
протон proton [ˈprəutɔn] нейтральный neutral [ˈnju:trəl]
нейтрон neutron [ˈnju:trɔn] окисление oxidation [ˌɔksɪˈdeɪʃən]
валентность valency [ˈveɪlənsɪ] периодический periodic [ˌpɪərɪˈɔdɪk]
кислота acid [ˈæsɪd] многоатомный polyatomic [ˌpɔlɪəˈtɔmɪk]
основание base [beɪs] реакция reaction [ri:ˈækʃən]
щелочь alkali [ˈælkəlaɪ] реакционная reactivity [ˌri:ækˈtɪvɪtɪ]
соль salt [sɔ:lt] способность
поваренная соль common salt [ˈkɔmən sɔ:lt] восстанавливать reduce [rɪˈdju:s]
анион anion [ænaiən] восстановитель reducing agent [rɪˈdju:siŋ
катион cation [ˈkætaɪən] ˈeɪdʒənt]
двухатомный diatomic [ˌdaɪəˈtɔmɪk] твердое solid [ˈsɔlɪd]
формула formula [ˈfɔ:mjulə] вещество,
формулы formulae [ˈfɔ:mjuli:] твердый
газообразный gaseous [ˈɡæsjəs] вещество substance [ˈsʌbstəns]
кремний silicon [ˈsɪlɪkən] водород hydrogen [ˈhaɪdrɪdʒən]
фосфор phosphorus [ˈfɔsfərəs] гелий helium [ˈhi:ljəm]
сера sulphur [ˈsʌlfə] литий lithium [ˈlɪθɪəm]
хлор chlorine [ˈklɔ:ri:n] бор boron [ˈbɔ:rɔn]
аргон argon [ˈɑ:ɡɔn] углерод carbon [ˈkɑ:bən]
калий potassium [pəˈtæsjəm]
азот nitrogen [ˈnaɪtrədʒən]
кальций calcium [ˈkælsɪəm]
кислород oxygen [ˈɔksɪdʒən]
галлий gallium [ˈɡælɪəm]
фтор fluorine [ˈfluəri:n]
мышьяк arsenic [ˈɑ:snɪk]
бром bromine [ˈbrəumi:n] неон neon [ˈni:ən]
йод iodine [ˈaɪəudi:n] натрий sodium [ˈsəudjəm]
медь copper [ˈkɒpə] магний magnesium [mæɡˈni:zjəm]
медный cupric [ˈkjuːprɪk] алюминий aluminium [ˌæljuˈmɪnjəm]
 Theory of the chemical structure of
organic compounds (Butlerov A.M.)
 1. All atoms in the molecule of organic compound are bound with each other in
determined sequences in accordance with their valence.
 2. Properties of substance depend on the chemical structure. Chemical
structure - is a certain order in the alternating of atoms in the molecule, in the
interaction and mutual influence of atoms a to each other - as nearby, so and
through other atoms.
 3. Study of substances properties allows defining their chemical structure,
but the chemical structure of substances defines their physical and chemical
properties.
 4. Carbon atoms are capable to be connected between itself, forming carbon
with different type chains.
 5. Each organic compound has one determined structured formula, which
builds, basing on the position about four-valence carbon and on the ability of its
atoms to form chains and cycles.
 Structural formulas
 The way the atoms are bonded together in a
compound is shown by its structural formula.
 Single straight line connecting the atomic symbols
is used to represent a single (two-electron) bond,
two such lines to represent a double (four-
electron) bond, and three lines a triple (six-
electron) bond
 Examples of structural formulas for some organic
compounds

Structural formula of vanillin (4-

Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde)
Structural formulas. Homologous series
of alkanes
Structural formulas. Homologues
series of alkenes

['ɛθi:n]

['bju:ti:n]
['pɛnti:n]

[‘heksi:n]
IUPAC Nomenclature

4- isopropyl-3-ethyl octane
«Identification of the parent functional group, if
any, with the highest order of precedence»
Naming of organic compound in
accordance to IUPAC principles

2,7,8 trimethyldecane
Isomerism of organic compounds
Isomerism of organic compounds
have different structural formulae because their atoms are
linked together in different ways
•arrangement of Carbon skeleton

•position of Functional group

Isomerism of organic compounds
different Functional groups
 Stereoisomerism
Stereoisomers have the same structure and bond order but their
atoms and groups of atoms are arranged differently in space.
 Optical isomerism
Involves an atom, usually carbon, bonded to four
different atoms or groups of atoms. They exist in
pairs, in which one isomer is the mirror image of the
other