Ende16t011 Tutorial RT

CIVA Software
Tutorial
-
Radiographic Testing modeling
Reference : ENDE16T011Rev. 00
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Table of Contents
1. General information .................................................................................................................... 5
1. Tutorial description ............................................................................................................. 7
2. Starting with CIVA .............................................................................................................. 9
2. Studied cases ........................................................................................................................... 19
1. Example of radiographic Inspection of a steel planar block using a gamma source ......... 21
2. Example of radiographic Inspection of an Inconel elbow using an X-ray source ............... 43
3. Example of radiographic Inspection of an aluminum stiffener using an X-ray source........ 59
Ref : ENDE16T011Rev. 00 3/77 CIVA Software

CIVA Software 4/77 Ref : ENDE16T011Rev. 00
Part 1: General information

1: Tutorial description
Introduction
The goal of this tutorial is to help people to familiarize themselves with CIVA modeling software.
Different cases relative to radiographic inspection are proposed.
The description of each one is explained in detail.
This document can help to discover CIVA but it is not exhaustive. It is strongly recommended to
participate in a training course when starting to use the software.
A full user guide is also available to have more details about the different features, how to use them,
and their theoretical background. The user guide is available in a web browser format (Internet access
not required) by striking the F1 key in any menu of the software or by clicking on the “User manual”
in the CIVA desk.
Studied problems
In this document, three cases are proposed:
1. Radiographic Inspection of a steel planar block using a gamma source: You will discover how to
define the component, the source and the detector settings. Different kinds of calculations are
shown including direct calculation and Monte-Carlo calculation.
2. Radiographic Inspection of an Inconel elbow using an X-ray source: You will discover different
options for modeling the source.
3. Radiographic Inspection of an Aluminum stiffener using an X-ray source: In this example, you will
discover different possibilities offered by CIVA to optimize the simulation results.
About input files

A data file will be necessary to define the proposed configuration in example 3. This file is available
on the CIVA 2016 installation disk;
This file is: RT_Tutorial_Ex3_Stiffener_3DCAD.stp.
Please copy the file on your local hard disk:
C:\CIVA_2016\DATA\Modeling\CAD_Files\3DCAD_Pieces (if you installed CIVA 2016 in the C:

disk).

2: Starting with CIVA
Introduction
This section shows how to start with CIVA and the general features of the graphical environment.
This tutorial has been performed with the commercial release CIVA 2016.
CIVA start window description

When you launch CIVA 2016 on your computer, the following window will open.
CIVA main window
This window enables you to activate the different modules available in the platform (UT, GW, ET
and RT-CT applications).
RT Modeling:
You can open the radiographic module by selecting the “RT” icon then by clicking on the “RT Sim-
ulation” tile. This will allows the user to have access to another window (the “Configuration wizard”)
in which the user has different possibilities to open CIVA RT (open a pre - modeled configuration or
a user-configuration or the last saved configuration...).

“Configuration wizard” window: selection of the configuration that will be opened in CIVA
CIVA RT module general description

Organization of the CIVA window
The user interface of the model page is then available and is organized as explained below.
The CIVA window is divided in 3 main zones:
› The CIVA manager, to save or edit files.

› The model view, to view the current model.
› The scan explorer, displaying available image results.
From this new CIVA window, the user can create its RT configuration, launch computations and load
results.

Screenshot of the “Model” window
Data are classified into different panels, available at the bottom of the window. Let us have a quick
look at the functions on the RT modeling window:
› Specimen: Opens a window to modify specimen properties and material.

› Source: Opens a window to modify source properties: X-ray or Gamma-ray sources, spectrum of
radiated photons, etc.
› Detector: Opens a window to modify detector properties: Type of detector, dimensions and shape
of the detector, addition of a filter, etc. (visible in green color in the graphic view).
› Inspection: This window assigns positioning of the source and detector.
› Flaws: To create and manage defects.
› IQI: Opens a window to define an IQI. Most of the standard IQIs are now in CIVA.
› Options: Manages the computation options.
› Run.
Description of one panel
For instance click on the button “Specimen” to access to the “Specimen” panel.
The following panel should appear.

Two tabs namely “Geometry” and “Material” are available; the user can define the different properties
of the component by filling out the datasheets.
Specimen panel: “Geometry” tab.

Specimen panel: “Material” tab.
Graphic Tools and Viewing Options
Icons on the top right corner of the window let you display toolboxes, as well as modify the number
of views.
Icons available on the top right corner of the “Model” window

“Model” window: 3 views selected
Graphic Tools: About zooming
Click and hold the left mouse button to help move the image around the screen, click and hold the
right button for zooming, and press the scroll button to rotate the object around a center for a different
view.
This can also be done using the icons on the top of the “Model” window.
Icons available on the top of the “Model” window
Graphic Tools: About dimensions & transparency
By right clicking on objects like specimen, source, scene etc. you get a pop-up menu which provides
access to several graphical tools, among them:
“Opacity”: To modify the transparency.

Modification of the transparency of the component by right-clicking in the “Model” window
“Measure”: To display the coordinate system and the dimensions.
Display of the coordinate and dimensions of the component by right-clicking in the “Model” window
Help: Press F1
In any menu of the software, the help is available via the F1 key.
Interactive GUI
CIVA includes an interactive feature that provides complete control over the positioning of the differ-
ent objects of the configuration such as the source, detector, flaws, etc. Let’s see a few examples
of the usefulness of this feature.

Source Manipulation
To manipulate the source, we need to double click on the source or to right-click on it, and then its
orientation or position can be changed.
Change the position of the source by double-clicking on it
Change the orientation of source by right-clicking on

it and selecting “Source / Manipulator / Orientation”
Flaw Manipulation
To manipulate flaws, we need to right-click on them, and then their orientations or positions can be
changed.
Let’s change the position:

Change the position of a flaw by double-clicking on it
Now let’s change the orientation:
Change the orientation of flaws by right-clicking on

it and selecting “Flaw / Manipulator / Orientation”

Part 2: Studied cases

1: Example of radiographic Inspection of a steel planar block us-
ing a gamma source
Contents
This example will allow you to perform 3 calculations:
› RT simulation of the direct radiation with a simple crack.

› RT simulation of the direct radiation including IQI.
› RT simulation of the combination of scattered radiation and direct radiation.
RT simulation of the direct radiation with a simple crack

Specimen Panel: Geometry tab
Define the geometry of the specimen as following:
“Geometry” tab in the “Specimen” panel
Specimen Panel: Material tab

nd
In the same panel, switch to the 2 tab “Material”:

“Material” tab in the “Specimen” panel
After clicking the Homogenized tab, you can display the cross-section data by visualizing the curves
representing the attenuation coefficients variation versus energy range. The numerical values of the
coefficients are also available:

Cross section curves in the “Material” tab in the “Specimen” panel
Note:
The meaning of each coefficient is displayed when you click on the corresponding curve:
› Blue curve: Coherent Scattering or “Rayleigh interaction” coefficient.

› Pink curve: Incoherent scattering or “Compton interaction” coefficient.
› Green curve: Photo-electric absorption coefficient.
› Yellow curve: Pair production coefficient.
› Red Curve: Total attenuation coefficient.
Source panel: General tab
A gamma source of Cobalt will be defined (selected from the available database).
The emission cone is restricted to an angle of 45° and the effective size of the radioactive spot is
set at 3 mm x 3 mm.

Geometry and type of source in the “General” tab in the “Source” panel
Source panel: Parameters tab
This source has an activity of 1000 GBq.
Parameters of the source in the “Parameters” tab in the “Source” panel
Detector panel: Characteristics tab
A silver-bromide film KODAK M100 will be defined, selected from the film library of “NF EN ISO
11699-1 models”.

These films are modeled following NF EN ISO 11699-1 standards (previously EN 584-1 [1]).
The model assumes that the film is made of AgBr with a thickness of 0.042 mm.
Geometry and parameters of the detector in the “Characteristics” tab in the “Detector” panel
Detector panel: Filter tab
This detector has no filter.
Filter parameters in the “Filter” tab in the “Specimen” panel

Inspection panel
This panel allows the user to define the positions of the source and the detector in the test piece
coordinate systems.
These positions are given below. It corresponds to a source to film distance of 301 mm.
Position of the source in the “Positioning” panel

Position of the detector in the “Positioning” panel
You can also use the interactivity feature that will allow you to set the source and detector position
directly with the mouse. To enable this feature, you can double-click on the source or detector.
Change of the position of the source by double clicking on it.

Change of the position of the detector by double clicking on it
Flaws panel: Geometry tab
For this first calculation, a single planar crack will be defined.
Its geometry is defined below.
Geometry of the flaw defined in the “Geometry” tab in the “Flaw” panel
Flaws panel: Material tab
This flaw is defined as air (whose properties can be directly defined from the materials database).
Flaws panel: Positioning tab
The position of the flaw can be entered in the third tab of the flaw panel “Positioning”.

Positioning of the flaw defined in the “Positioning” tab in the “Flaw” panel
You can also use the interactivity feature that will allow you to set the flaw position directly with the
mouse. To enable this feature, you can double-click on the flaw or use the right-click button and
select the “manipulator”. The location in the Positioning tab is automatically updated when you use
the manipulator.

Change of the position of the flaw by double clicking on it
Options panel: Source, Detector and Computing tab
As shown below, keep the default settings for the “source” and “detector” options of the computation
parameters panel (meaning that this calculation will ignore geometric unsharpness due to the source
and will ignore as well the granularity of the film):
Source’s options in the “Options” panel
Key-in a value of 0.1 for the fog.

Detector’s options in the “Options” panel
Finally, define an exposure time of 1000 seconds and run an analytic calculation.
This calculation mode means that only the direct radiation will be computed, using the Beer Lambert
law.
Computing options of the computation in the “Options” panel

Note:
The beer-Lambert law uses the total attenuation coefficients given by the cross-section data and
computes the straight line attenuation value from the source to each pixel point on the film, using
the following formula:
-µ×x
I=I0×exp
I0: Incident photon flux.
µ: total attenuation coefficient for a given material and a given energy level.
x: photon course in the matter.
Computation and results
Save the configuration and run it.
From the analyzis window, the results window should appear like this:
Result of the computation of the direct radiation with a simple crack
In this case, the mean optical density is around 3.1 on the flaw and 2.9 on the zone around this flaw.
Note:
The Scan Explorer allows you to easily navigate through available images.
To display an image, for example curves showing optical density variations along X and Y axis, just
click on “Optical density X (or Y)” and drop it onto the default page.
The green light next to the image name indicates it is already open in the display. The images can be
adjusted according to user’s comfort by dragging them around the page and fitting with other images.

Scan explorer window
Many other operations can be done:
You can rotate the images using the icon from the toolbar available at the top of the window or
drag and drop the optical density image on the 3D view.
You can also have two cursors in order to measure directly the difference of optical density between
2 points (available using the icon from the toolbar available at the top of the window).
Result of the computation of the direct radiation with

a simple crack after re-arranging the analyze page
In order to keep these settings for the next analysis, you can right click on the top bar of the analysis
window and select “Define as default layout”:

Selection of “Define as default layout” on the top bar of the
analysis window to keep the arrangement of the analyze page
RT simulation of the direct radiation with a crack and IQI

You will now realize a second calculation by adding an IQI (Image Quality Indicator) to this simulation.
In this case, a wire IQI will be defined.
IQI
In the IQI tab, select the following geometry: IQI-EN-Wire type then “IQI NF EN ISO 19232-1 W1”
type.
It includes 7 wires of different diameters (from 0.8 mm to 3.2 mm).
Geometry of IQI defined in the “Geometry” tab in the “IQI” panel
As the specimen is in Ferritic steel, the user will define the IQI in iron.
The wire IQI is positioned along the Y axis, at X = 65 mm and Y = 100 mm on the surface of the block.

Visualization of the 3D view for the computation with the IQI
Save the configuration and run the computation.
The results are displayed below.
The 7 wires with different diameters are visible as well as the crack.
Result of the computation of the direct radiation with a simple crack and IQI

Image of optical density for the computation of the direct radiation with a simple crack and IQI
Calculation of the combination of direct radiation and scattered radiation

In order to take into account the scattered radiation, it is necessary to run another calculation method,
the so-called Monte-Carlo one, based on a statistical approach.
The calculation is done photon per photon and is based on the interpretation of cross-section data
defined in the materials part, as probability of photons-matter interactions.
By running this method for a lot of photons you can realistically reproduce the influence of the scat-
tering.
In CIVA, you can combine the analytical method used (Beer-Lambert law) with this Monte-Carlo
method to obtain a final image including both the direct and the scattered radiation.
Monte-Carlo calculation
Options panel: Computing tab
To define Monte-Carlo calculation settings, you have to input the number of photons to consider.
An estimator of the number of photons to simulate is available to help the user to define the number of
photons to simulate. Tick the “Enable Monte-Carlo” option and click on “Estimation” in the “Comput-
06
ing” tab / “Options” panel to activate it. This should give you values between 100 and 150E photons.

Options of the calculation for the simulation including the Monte-
Carlo computation in the “Computing” tab in the “Options” panel
“Use accelerated mode” option allows the user to accelerate the computation by doing the approxi-
mation that all the photons are stopped when they arrive on the detector. Thanks to this method the
convergence of the result is faster than with the non-accelerated method (except if an object located
behind the detector emits back-scattered radiation).
Save the configuration and run the computation.
The results are displayed below.

Result of the computation of the combination of direct
and scattered radiations with a simple crack and IQI
On the left is displayed the optical density on the film and on the right is displayed profile lines of
optical density along the X and Y axis.
This calculation has been done with the same exposure time of 1000 s. With the addition of the
scattering, you can see that the film is saturated and flaw and IQI are not visible.
In order to obtain a better image, it is necessary to decrease the exposure time.
An interesting feature available in CIVA 2016 lets you re-use a Monte-Carlo calculation for additional
ones with other input parameters (for instance the exposure time).
Then, the combination of the initial Monte-Carlo result is recombined with another analytical one
accounting for the new parameters, which quickly provides new results.
Import of Monte-Carlo calculation
Options panel: Computing tab
In order to do that, enter the following information in the “Computing” tab (Options panel) in order to
define a new exposure time of 100 seconds and to indicate the path of the previous *.Civa calculation
including the Monte - Carlo on your hard drive (adapt the path to your case):

Options of the calculation for the simulation including the change of the exposure time and the
import of the Monte-Carlo computation available in the “Computing” tab in the “Options panel.
Run the calculation, then save it and display the results.

Result of the computation of the combination of direct and scattered
radiations with a simple crack and IQI after modifying the exposure
time and loading the previously calculated Monte-Carlo calculation
You should see that the flaw is now visible even if the influence of the scattering makes the detection
difficult in this quite thick test block.
In order to quantify the influence of the scattered radiation, you can display the image of the so-called
“Build-Up” quantity. It corresponds to “1+scattered/direct”.
You can use a colored scale in order to have a better view of it, as shown below:
Image of Build-up

Possibility to change the color map by selecting “CIVA
Color map” in the “Cursors” tab of the tools menu
In this case, the build-up values are spread between 5 and 6 which is quite high.
Finally, another way to highlight scattering phenomena is to use the “photon paths” tool by clicking
on "Activate" then modifying the number of photons traced from the toolbox (bottom of the “model”
window).
This is a “qualitative” tool which provides an idea of the proportion of photons that reaches the film
compared to those that are absorbed or deviated.

Visualize the photon path (above) by selecting the “Activate” and modifying the
number of photons traced from the toolbox available at the bottom of the window.
References:
[1] A. Schumm, U. Zscherpel, „Using the EN584-1 film characterization in radiographic modeling”, In-
ternational Symposium on Digital Industrial Radiology and Computed Tomography, Lyon, june 2007.

2: Example of radiographic Inspection of an Inconel elbow using
an X-ray source
Contents
On this second example, the radiographic inspection of an elbow made of Inconel using an X-ray
source will be defined.
3 calculations will be performed:
› RT simulation of the direct radiation in an elbow.

› RT simulation accounting for the film granularity.
› RT simulation accounting for geometrical unsharpness.
RT simulation of the direct radiation in an elbow

Specimen Panel: Geometry tab
Define the geometry of the specimen as following:
“Geometry” tab in the “Specimen” panel

Specimen Panel: Material tab
nd
In the same panel, switch to the 2 tab “Material”:
“Material” tab in the “Specimen” panel
An X-ray source will be defined as shown below.
Geometry and type of source in the “General” tab in the “Source” panel

Source panel: Parameters tab
Define an intensity of 10 mA.
The physical parameters of the X-ray source will be defined by selecting the source in the Birsh and
Marshall catalogue available in the CIVA source database.
Select the “BM140Wal40.xml” file as shown below:
Selection of the spectrum in the data base in the “Parameters” tab in the “Source” panel
The corresponding parameters of the source are visible below and correspond to a 140 kV X-ray
source with a tungsten anode and a filter of aluminum of 4 mm.
The corresponding spectrum of energy for the radiated photons is visible at the bottom of the panel.

Parameters of the spectrum and visualization of the
spectrum in the “Parameters” tab in the “Source” panel
Detector panel: Characteristics tab
A silver-bromide film Agfa D7 will be defined, selected from the film library of “NF EN ISO 11699-1
models”.
It has a curved geometry in order to fit with the pipe dimensions and curvature radius defined below.

Geometry and parameters of the detector in the “Characteristics” tab in the “Detector” panel
Detector panel: Filter tab
A front filter made of lead of 1 mm thickness will be added.
Filter parameters in the “Filter” tab in the “Detector” panel

Inspection panel
This panel allows defining the positions of the source and the detector in the test piece coordinate
systems.
These positions are given below. It corresponds to a source to film distance of 186 mm.
Position of the source in the “Positioning” tab in the “Inspection” panel

Position of the detector in the “Positioning” tab in the “Inspection” panel
The “R” values represent the radial coordinates in the elbow system with an origin at the center of
the pipe.
Flaws panel: Geometry tab
For this first calculation, a single planar crack will be defined.
Its geometry is defined below:
Geometry of the flaw defined in the “Geometry” tab in the “Flaw” panel

Flaws panel: Material tab
This flaw is defined as air.
Flaws panel: Positioning tab
The position of the flaw is defined below:
A ligament of 2 mm is mentioned, that is to say that the distance between the flaw edge and the
outer side of the pipe is 2 mm:
Positioning of the flaw defined in the “Positioning” tab in the “Flaw” panel

Visualization of the configuration for the simulation
with an elbow made of Inconel and an X-ray source
Options panel: Source, Detector and Computing tab
parameters panel (meaning that this calculation will ignore geometric unsharpness due to the source
and will ignore as well the granularity of the film).
Source’s options in the “Options” panel.
Detector’s options in the “Options” panel

Finally, define an exposure time of 6000 seconds and run an analytic calculation.
Computing options of the computation in the “Options” panel
Save the configuration and run the case.
In the analysis window, display the optical density and the curves showing optical density evolutions
versus X and Y cross section.
It can be noticed that the flaw is visible with quite a good contrast (level of OD about 3 for the flaw
and about 2 for the surrounding zone).

Result of the computation of the direct radiation in an elbow
RT simulation accounting for the film granularity

In the next calculation, the granularity will be selected in the “Detector” tab (Options panel). This will
allow taking into account the noise due to the grain of the detector.
Options panel: Detector tab
As shown below, select the grain noise option.
Detector option in the “Options” panel.
Computations and results

In the analysis window, display the optical density image and curves:
The detector granularity results as a noise superimposed to the previous results between the different
pixels of the film.
The flaw detection remains good as the contrast level is far larger than the noise level.
Result of the computation of the direct radiation in an elbow accounting for the film granularity
RT simulation accounting for geometrical unsharpness

In this third calculation, the geometrical blurring due to the size of the source will be highlighted.
First calculation
Options panel: Source tab
In this case, a radius of 3 mm has been defined (in the source panel) in order to represent the effective
size of the anode target of the X-ray tube.
In order to take into account this, you have to enable the relevant option in the source tab of the
computation parameters panel:

Source option in the “Options” panel
Note:
Three options are available:
› Single point: The source focus is assumed to be a perfect point: no geometrical blurring.
› Analytic (selected here): The size of the source is accounted for by an image processing method
convoluting the initial one with a Gaussian curve defining a kind of filter in order to estimate mag-
nification of the scene.
› Geometric: The source is divided into different source points spread in the volume representing
the source. This model is generally more precise but longer to compute.
In the analysis window, display the optical density image and curves.
As it can be seen on the image below, the contrast is not as good as before if the geometrical
unsharpness is taken into account.

Result of the computation of the direct radiation in
an elbow accounting for geometrical unsharpness
The source of photonic emission is less focused, therefore the maximum optical density level ob-
tained on the flaw decreases to lower values (around 2.2 instead of 3 before).
Second calculation with a thicker source
Key-in a value of 5 mm for the radius of the source focus size
In this case, the flaw becomes hardly visible due to geometrical blurring.

Image of optical density of the computation of the direct
radiation in an elbow accounting for geometrical unsharpness.

3: Example of radiographic Inspection of an aluminum stiffener
using an X-ray source
Contents
In this third example, a more complex geometry of work piece will be defined.
Then several parameters of the control will be changed in order to try to optimize the detection and
the sizing of the researched flaw:
5 calculations will be performed:
› Definition and simulation of the nominal case.

› Modification of the source position.
› Modification of the source intensity.
› Change of the detector used for the control.
› Parametric study on the exposure time.
Definition and simulation of the nominal case

Specimen Panel / Geometry tab
In the geometry tab of the specimen panel, select a 3D CAD type geometry then import the CAD file
“RT_Tutorial_Ex3_Stiffener_3DCAD.stp”, from the files available with this tutorial.
This CAD import operation takes a few seconds.
“Geometry” tab in the “Specimen” panel.

Specimen Panel / Material tab
nd
In the same panel, switch to the 2 tab “Material” and define Aluminum as material.
“Material” tab in the “Specimen” panel.
Specimen Panel / Mesh tab
In the mesh tab; refine a little bit the mesh parameters in order to increase the accuracy with which
CIVA will account for this geometry.
“Mesh” tab in the “Specimen” panel.
Note: By clicking with the right button of the mouse on the specimen in the 3D view and choosing
"Component - Mesh - Visible", you can visualize the meshing of the specimen.
Source panel / General tab
An X-ray source will be defined as shown below.

Geometry and type of source in the “General” tab in the “Source” panel.
Source panel / Parameters tab
Define an intensity of 1 mA.
Regarding the other parameters of the source, it is proposed in this case to compute the spectrum
of the source based on its physical parameters, instead of selecting it from a predefined but limited
catalogue.
In order to do that, a spectrum generator integrated into CIVA will be used. You can open it by
“modeling” in the bottom of the window.
As displayed below, a 200 kV source is defined, with a tungsten anode having an orientation of 15
degrees. The spectrum is defined by an energy range going from 10 to 200 keV with 1 keV step.
The “Tucker” model is used to compute the corresponding spectrum.

Modeling of the spectrum in the data base in the “Parameters” tab in the “Source” panel.
Click on apply to validate the spectrum. You should see the following spectrum.
Parameters of the spectrum and visualization of the

spectrum in the “Parameters” tab in the “Source” panel
Detector panel / Characteristics tab
A silver-bromide film Kodak DR50 will be defined, selected from the film library of “NF EN ISO 11699-1
models”.

The film is planar and defined with a resolution of 1 mm and 256 x 128 pixels as shown below.
Geometry and parameters of the detector in the “Characteristics” tab in the “Detector” panel.
Detector panel / Filter tab
No filter is defined.
Filter parameters in the “Filter” tab in the “Specimen” panel.
Inspection panel
The source and the detector are positioned as defined below.
The detector will be placed under the lower part of the stiffener and orientated with a -45° angle to fit
with the shape of this part, while the source is placed above the flat plate on the top of the stiffener.

Position of the source in the “Positioning” tab in the “Inspection” panel.
Position of the detector in the “Positioning” tab in the “Inspection” panel.

Visualization of the configuration for the nominal case.
Flaws panel / Geometry tab
The flaw is defined with a “straight trapezoid” geometry with the following dimensions.
Geometry of the flaw defined in the “Geometry” tab in the “Flaw” panel.
Flaws panel / Material tab
This flaw is defined as air (it represents a crack).

Flaws panel / positioning tab
The position is defined at X = 150 mm and Y = 50 mm with an orientation “perpendicular to the profile
plane” and a tilt angle of -30 degrees.
Finally, a ligament of 6 mm is defined. This ligament is the distance between the extremity of the
notch and the impact point N°4. That corresponds to a distance of 6 mm between the lower edge of
the crack and the bottom edge of the stiffener.
All these parameters are visible in the panel below and visualization representing the flaw in the test
piece is also proposed:
Positioning of the flaw defined in the “Positioning” tab in the “Flaw” panel.

Visualization of the configuration for the nominal case with the flaw (represented in red).
Options panel / Source, Detector and Computing tab
parameters panel.
Source’s options in the “Options” panel.
Detector’s options in the “Options” panel.

A direct radiation computation with an exposure time of 300 seconds is defined in the computation
parameters panel.
Computing option of the computation in the “Options” panel.
In the analysis window, display the optical density and the curves showing optical density evolutions
versus X and Y cross section.
It can be noticed that the flaw is not visible.
The settings have to be optimized in order to improve the detectability of such a flaw at such a position.

Result of the computation for the nominal case.
Modification of the source position

First of all, it is proposed to move the source in a more appropriate position.
The goal is that photons cross less matter to reach the targeted zone. The other objective is to have
a more similar orientation for the source and for the detector.
Inspection panel
In the inspection panel, modify the source position as following.

Position of the source in the “Inspection” panel.
Visualization of the configuration after modification of the positioning of the source.

You can see in the analysis window that the flaw is now visible on the film but it seems that only a
small part of it can be clearly distinguished making its sizing not so easy.
Result of the computation after modification of the positioning of the source.
Modification of the source intensity

The intensity will be increased in order to improve our results.
Since CIVA 11 there is a “post-processing parameter optimization” which allows the user to optimize
the results of a configuration without re-computing all the calculation.
Analyze page
Select the detector response’s image and click on the icon from the toolbar.
A new window appears.
Choose “Optical density” in the “Search value” drop-down list. This parameter will be fixed.
Post-Processing window: Optical value selected as searched value.
Key-in an intensity of 5 mA instead of 1 mA then click on the “Apply” button (on the bottom of the
window). CIVA will generate a new image without doing the full calculation.

When computation is finished, click at “New” button. A new analyze page will be added in the “Civa
manager” window. Display these results.
Result of the Post-Processing computation.
A larger part of the flaw is now visible.
Change of the detector used for the control

In order to see if we can obtain better results or better inspection conditions, another detector will
be tried.
Detector panel / Characteristics tab
In the detector panel, replace the existing one by a “Kodak CX” film.

Geometry and parameters of the detector in the “Characteristics” tab in the “Detector” panel.
The obtained image looks saturated.
It means that we may obtain a better result with a shorter exposure time.
Result of the computation after change of the detector.

Parametric study on the exposure time
In order to obtain a better result and find the optimum exposure time, we will run a parametric study
versus this parameter.
Select the parametric study tile from the desk and select “current configuration”.
Creation of a variation project by selecting the parametric study tile from the desk.
When done, the Civa manager window should give you a new file with a “.var” extension, describing
the parametric study.
It should also add a “Variation” panel in the “Model - Civa Xray” window.
Options panel / Computing tab
Open the “Options” panel, and locate the mouse on the exposure time parameter as illustrated here-
after. You should see a blue rectangle surrounding this parameter.
Blue rectangle surrounding the “Exposure time” parameter in “computing” tab in “Options” panel.
Right click on this parameter and then click on the “VAR: Add to variation” button.

Variation panel / Variable tab
Define a “Linear spacing”, key-in a ”Number of values” of 10, a “Start” value of 10 s and a “Stop”
value of 100 s.
Linear spacing entered in the “Variables” tab in the “Variation” panel.
Variation panel / Extractions tab
In the “Extraction” tab, enter the following information in order to extract, for each calculation, the
mean optical density value in the “flaw zone” on the film.
Extracted data entered in “Extractions” tab in the “Variation” panel.
After computation, the CIVA manager window gives you access to several results.

You can display an analysis curve plotting the variation of mean optical density with respect to ex-
posure time in the zone of interest.
Analysis curve plotting the variation of mean optical density with respect to exposure time.
Actually, to obtain an optical density around 3, exposure times between 30 seconds and 40 seconds
seem the better choice.
You can load any of the configuration files computed in the scenario study with its associated result.
For instance if you load the case with the exposure time of 30 s the following image of optical density
can be displayed:
Image of Optical density obtained for the exposure time of 30 s.

In the optical density image, you can see that a large part of the flaw is visible.
You may use the different capabilities of the CIVA simulation software to change other influential pa-
rameters (type of source, position of the source, exposure time, detector type, etc.) to further improve
the results or to study potential disturbing parameters (scattering, unsharpness, film granularity, etc.).


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CIVA Software

Ref : ENDE16T011Rev. 00 3/77 CIVA Software

Ref : ENDE16T011Rev. 00 5/77 CIVA Software

Different cases relative to radiographic inspection are proposed.

The description of each one is explained in detail.

About input files

This file is: RT_Tutorial_Ex3_Stiffener_3DCAD.stp.

Please copy the file on your local hard disk:

C:\CIVA_2016\DATA\Modeling\CAD_Files\3DCAD_Pieces (if you installed CIVA 2016 in the C:

Ref : ENDE16T011Rev. 00 7/77 CIVA Software

CIVA start window description

CIVA main window

Ref : ENDE16T011Rev. 00 9/77 CIVA Software

CIVA RT module general description

The CIVA window is divided in 3 main zones:

› The CIVA manager, to save or edit files.

CIVA Software 10/77 Ref : ENDE16T011Rev. 00

› Specimen: Opens a window to modify specimen properties and material.

Description of one panel

The following panel should appear.

Ref : ENDE16T011Rev. 00 11/77 CIVA Software

Specimen panel: “Geometry” tab.

CIVA Software 12/77 Ref : ENDE16T011Rev. 00

Graphic Tools and Viewing Options

Icons available on the top right corner of the “Model” window

Ref : ENDE16T011Rev. 00 13/77 CIVA Software

Graphic Tools: About zooming

Icons available on the top of the “Model” window

Graphic Tools: About dimensions & transparency

“Opacity”: To modify the transparency.

CIVA Software 14/77 Ref : ENDE16T011Rev. 00

“Measure”: To display the coordinate system and the dimensions.

Ref : ENDE16T011Rev. 00 15/77 CIVA Software

Change the position of the source by double-clicking on it

Change the orientation of source by right-clicking on

Let’s change the position:

CIVA Software 16/77 Ref : ENDE16T011Rev. 00

Now let’s change the orientation:

Change the orientation of flaws by right-clicking on

Ref : ENDE16T011Rev. 00 17/77 CIVA Software

Ref : ENDE16T011Rev. 00 19/77 CIVA Software

› RT simulation of the direct radiation with a simple crack.

RT simulation of the direct radiation with a simple crack

Define the geometry of the specimen as following:

“Geometry” tab in the “Specimen” panel

Specimen Panel: Material tab

Ref : ENDE16T011Rev. 00 21/77 CIVA Software

CIVA Software 22/77 Ref : ENDE16T011Rev. 00

› Blue curve: Coherent Scattering or “Rayleigh interaction” coefficient.

Source panel: General tab

Ref : ENDE16T011Rev. 00 23/77 CIVA Software

Source panel: Parameters tab

This source has an activity of 1000 GBq.

Parameters of the source in the “Parameters” tab in the “Source” panel

Detector panel: Characteristics tab

CIVA Software 24/77 Ref : ENDE16T011Rev. 00

Detector panel: Filter tab

This detector has no filter.

Filter parameters in the “Filter” tab in the “Specimen” panel

Ref : ENDE16T011Rev. 00 25/77 CIVA Software

Position of the source in the “Positioning” panel

CIVA Software 26/77 Ref : ENDE16T011Rev. 00

Change of the position of the source by double clicking on it.