JFS: Food Chemistry and Toxicology

Extraction of Poppy Seed

Oil Using Supercritical CO2
B. BOZAN AND F. TEMELLI

ABSTRACT: Extraction of poppy seed oil with supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) was performed and the effect
of extraction conditions on oil solubility and yield as well as oil composition was evaluated. Within the tempera-
Food Chemistry and Toxicology

ture (50 to 70 °C) and pressure (21 to 55 MPa) ranges studied, 55 MPa/70 °C gave the highest oil solubility (24.1
mg oil/g CO2) and oil yield (38.7 g oil/100g seed). Fatty acid composition of the oil obtained with SC-CO2 at 55
MPa/70 °C was similar to that of petroleum ether-extracted oil (p > 0.05) with linoleic acid making up 69.0 to
73.7% of fatty acids. Tocol content of the SC-CO2-extracted oils varied from 22.37 to 33.35 mg/100 g oil, which
was higher than that of petroleum ether-extracted oil (15.28 mg/100 g oil). Poppy seed oil may have potential in
the rapidly growing specialty oil market.
Keywords: extraction, fatty acid, poppy seed oil, supercritical CO2, tocol

Introduction tent and composition of the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-

P OPPY (PAPAVER SOMNIFERUM L.) HAS BEEN GROWN SINCE ANCIENT

times for its oil-rich seeds and the opium, which is exuded from
its incised seed capsules. While alkaloids from poppy capsules and
straw are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry, its seeds are
used extensively in various baked products. Poppy is cultivated as
an annual crop mainly in China, India, and Turkey. Although little
or no data on the production and trade of oilseed poppy are avail-
able, it is estimated that over half a million hectares of poppies are
cultivated for their opium. Average yields of poppy seed are report-
ed as 1200 to 1800 kg/ha under European conditions (Eckey 1954;
Krzymanski and Jonsson 1989).
Poppy is an important industrial crop, which has been grown
since almost ancient times, for pharmaceutical and food applica-
tions in Turkey. Although it was grown extensively in Anatolia with-
out any limitations prior to 1975, poppy has been cultivated only in
limited areas under strictly controlled conditions by the Turkish
Government at a level of about 22000 tons per y. The seeds are used
almost exclusively for their oil (Yazicioglu and Karaali 1983; Nergiz
and Otles 1994).
Oil content of poppy seeds usually ranges from 45 to 50% (Sen-
gupta and Mazumder 1976; Nergiz and Otles 1994). The oil is recov-
ered from the seeds by expelling followed by solvent extraction.
Cold-pressed oil is used for edible purposes without further refin-
ing, as salad and cooking oil, and as a raw material for margarine
manufacture. The oil has also been used in the manufacture of
paints and varnishes, as well as in cosmetics and other industrial
products. Even though the information is quite scarce, the world
production of poppy seed oil has been estimated as 12000 tons for
the period 1981 to 1982 (Eckey 1954; Anonymous 1986; Krzyman-
ski and Jonsson 1989).
From a nutritional point of view, poppy oil has a desirable fatty
acid composition, with 73% linoleic, 10% palmitic, and 13% oleic
acid as the major fatty acids (Sengupta and Mazumder 1976; Nergiz
and Otles 1994). The reported health benefits of oils rich in linoleic
acid, like corn or safflower oils, in lowering serum cholesterol levels
(Gottenbos 1988; Imaizumi and others 2000) is an indication of the
nutritional importance of the use of poppy seed oil. Because of the
nutritional and antioxidant properties of tocols (tocopherols and
tocotrienols), not only the fatty acid content, but also the tocol con-
containing products should be taken into account. In the absence
of appropriate levels of tocopherols as antioxidants, PUFAs form
free radicals and can have significant prooxidant effect, leading to
a substantial depletion of tocols and increased level of oxidation
products (Papas 1998).
Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) has become an important
separation technique in the field of food and nutraceutical appli-
cations. Supercritical fluids have gas-like diffusivities, but liquid-
like densities. These properties vary as a function of pressure and
temperature. With this technology, it is possible to extract heat-
sensitive compounds such as unsaturated fatty acids and to avoid
any toxic solvent, like n-hexane, residues in the product (King and
List 1993; Rizvi 1994). Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) has
been the most frequently used supercritical solvent for oil extrac-
tion, since it is nontoxic, nonflammable, inexpensive, and easily
separated from the extract. SC-CO2 extraction of various oilseeds
such as soybean, safflower, and cottonseed has been reported
(Stahl and others 1980; Friedrich and Pryde 1984). Other research-
ers have studied the solubilities of various vegetable oils including
canola, millet bran, and rice bran in SC-CO2 (Christianson and oth-
ers 1984; Goodrum and Kilgo 1989; Cocero and Calvo 1996; Dun-
ford and Temelli 1997). More recent studies involving SC-CO2 extrac-
tion of lipids focus on specialty oils, such as extraction of oil from
tomato seeds (Roy and others 1996), grape seeds (Gomez and oth-
ers 1996) and evening primrose seeds (Gawzdzik and others 1998).
Even though there are numerous reports on SC-CO2 extraction of
oil from various seeds, the literature is lacking information on the
SC-CO2 extraction of poppy seed.
The objectives of this study were to investigate SC-CO2 extraction
of poppy seed and to examine the effects of processing parameters,
such as temperature and pressure, on oil yield and solubility. The
quality of the oil extracted with SC-CO2 in terms of its fatty acid com-
position and tocol and free fatty acid (FFA) contents was compared
to that of oil obtained by petroleum ether extraction.
Materials and Methods
P OPPY SEEDS (PAPAVER SOMNIFERUM L.) WERE PURCHASED FROM A
local market in Eskisehir, Turkey, and kept below –20 °C until
used. Seeds were ground by a coffee grinder (Philips, Model

422 JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE—Vol. 68, Nr. 2, 2003 © 2003 Institute of Food Technologists
Further reproduction prohibited without permission
Extraction of poppy seed oil. . .
HD5112, Stamford, Conn., U.S.A.) for 5 s. Moisture content was de-
termined according to the AOCS Method Ca 2c-54 (AOCS 1989). Oil
content was determined by Soxhlet extraction using petroleum
ether (40 to 60 °C) for 5 h, followed by solvent removal under vac-
uum at 40 °C.
SC-CO2 extraction
The laboratory-scale supercritical fluid extraction system (New-
port Scientific Inc., Jessup, Md., U.S.A.) used for this study is shown
in Figure 1. Carbon dioxide (99.95% purity, Praxair, Edmonton,
Alb., Canada) was compressed to the desired pressure by a dia-
phragm compressor. The extraction vessel (300 mL) was heated by
a heating jacket and temperature was controlled by a thermostat (±
1 °C). Pressure was controlled by a back-pressure regulator. A bas-
ket that fits into the extraction vessel was fabricated to facilitate
loading and unloading of the sample. The o-ring placed outside
the basket ensured that the flow of CO2 was through the basket.
Five grams of ground sample were loaded into the 25-mL basket
and placed into the main extraction cell for each extraction. The
extracts were collected in glass tubes attached to the depressuriza-
tion valve, which were held in a refrigerated circulating bath (Lau-
da, Model RMT-6; Brinkman, Rexdale, Ont., Canada) at –20 °C. SC-
CO2 extraction of oil was performed at temperatures of 50 °C and
70 °C, pressures of 21, 35, and 55 MPa and CO2 flow rates of 1 L/min
and 3 L/min (measured at ambient conditions) for 4 h. The extracts
were weighed periodically and the corresponding volume of CO2
that passed through the cell was recorded by a dry gas meter at
ambient conditions. The collected extract fractions were combined
and stored at –20 °C for analysis.
Fatty acid analysis
Fatty acid composition of extracts was determined using a mod-
ified fatty acid methyl ester method (Morrison and Smith 1964). An
aliquot of the oil extract (50 mg) obtained after 4 h of extraction was
weighed into a 50-mL teflon-lined screw-capped tube. A mixture
(10 mL) of 35% (v/v) BF3/MeOH (12% BF3/MeOH, Supelco, Oakville,
Ont., Canada), 45% (v/v) MeOH and 29% (v/v) hexane was added
Figure 1—Schematic diagram of SC-CO2 extraction appa-
ratus. T, Thermocouple; F, Filter; H, Heater; R, rupture disc;
RV, relief valve; NTC, nonindicating temperature control-
ler; ITC, indicating temperature controller; FT, flow total-
izer; C, diaphragm compressor; EV, extraction vessel; FI,
flow indicator; P, pressure gauge; BPR, back-pressure
regulator.
to methylate the samples. Tubes were capped tightly and placed in
a water bath at 90 °C for 45 min. After cooling to room temperature,
10 mL hexane and 5 mL water were added, the contents were
mixed well and allowed to phase separate. The top hexane layer
was transferred into a 1.5-mL vial and the final concentration of
total lipids was adjusted to 0.2 to 0.3 mg/mL hexane. The fatty acid
methyl esters (FAMEs) were analyzed by gas chromatography (Vari-
an 3600 GC, Mississauga, Ont., Canada) equipped with an au-
tosampler (Model 8200; Varian) and flame ionization detector; and
data were processed by a computer using Class VP data processor
(Shimadzu Corp., Columbia, Md., U.S.A.). Helium was used as the
carrier gas. The FAMEs were separated on a fused silica capillary
column (50 m × 0.32 mm, BPx-70, SGE Column, Pty Ltd., Victoria,
Food Chemistry and Toxicology
Australia) with a film thickness of 0.25 ␮m. The detector tempera-
ture was set at 230 °C. Initial injector temperature was 70 °C for 3
min, then increased at 150 °C/min to 230 °C and held for 17 min.
Column initial temperature was 50 °C for 0.1 min and increased to
170 °C at the rate of 25 °C/min, held at 170 °C for 1 min, then in-
creased to 180 °C at the rate of 2 °C/min, and then increased to
230 °C at the rate of 10 °C/min and held for 3 min.
Free fatty acid content
Free fatty acid (FFA) content was determined by supercritical
fluid chromatography (SFE/GC Series 600 SFC; Dionex, Missis-
sauga, Ont., Canada). The SFC system was equipped with a fused
silica column (10 m × 50 ␮m I.D.) with 0.25-␮m film (SB-100 meth-
yl-silicone) and a timed-split injector. The flame-ionization detector
was maintained at 350 °C. SC-CO2 was the mobile phase. The col-
umn temperature and pressure programs were similar to those of
Rezaei and Temelli (2000).
The samples were dissolved in petroleum ether: diethyl ether
(1:1) (v/v). Oleic acid was used as the standard to represent FFA and
hexadecane was used as internal standard for quantification of
FFA. The amount of FFA in the oil samples was calculated using the
internal standard calibration curve (r2 = 0.998) based on the sum of
a number of peaks for different free fatty acids.
Tocol analysis
Tocols (tocopherols and tocotrienols) were analyzed by high-
performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The HPLC system
(Varian, Model 9010) was equipped with an auto injector (Model
1050, Hewlett Packard, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada). The detec-
tor used was a Shimadzu-RF 535 fluorescence detector (Shimadzu
Corp., Columbia, Md., U.S.A.) with wavelengths set at 330 nm for
emission and 298 nm for extinction. Tocols were separated on a
normal phase column (Supelcosil-LC-Diol, 25 cm × 4.6 mm I.D., 5
␮m particle size; Supelco) with the mobile phase flow rate at 1 mL/
min. The mobile phase was a mixture of n-hexane:isopropanol
(99.4:0.6) (v/v). The data were integrated and analyzed using the
Shimadzu Class-VP Chromatography Laboratory Automated Soft-
ware system. Standard samples of ␣, ␤, ␥, ␦ isomers of tocopherol
(Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo., U.S.A.) and ␣, ␤, ␥, ␦ isomers of
tocotrienol (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) were dissolved in hexane
and used for identification and quantification of peaks. The
amount of tocols in the extracts was calculated as mg tocols in 100-
g oil sample using external calibration curves, which were obtained
for each tocol standard.
Statistical analysis
Extractions at each condition and the analysis of the extracts
obtained were performed in duplicate and means were reported.
Variance analysis of the results was performed using General Lin-
ear Model procedure of SAS Statistical Software, Version 8 (SAS 1989).
Vol. 68, Nr. 2, 2003—JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE 423
 Extraction of poppy seed oil. . .

Multiple comparison of the means was performed by the least sig- Table 1—Poppy seed oil solubility, yield, and recovery ob-
nificant difference (LSD) test at ␣ = 0.05 level. tained with SC-CO2 under different conditions at 1 L/min
CO2 flow rate
Results and Discussion Pressure CO2 Solubility Oil Recovery
Temp. density (mg oil/ amount 1 Oil
M OISTURE CONTENT OF POPPY SEED WAS 5.3% (W/W). OIL CONTENT (MPa) (% of
of poppy seed was found to be 49.5% (w/w, dry matter basis) (%) (°C) (g/mL) g CO2) (g) yield 2 total oil)
as determined by Soxhlet extraction using petroleum ether for 5 h. 21 50 0.79 5.2b 1.15b 24.3b 49.1b
This result is in agreement with previously reported data (Nergiz 35 50 0.90 12.0c 1.31c 27.7c 55.9c
55 50 0.98 20.9d 1.64c 34.5c 69.8c
and Otles 1994; Singh and others 1998).
21 70 0.67 3.9a 0.75a 15.8a 31.9a
35 70 0.83 9.2c 1.61c 33.9c 68.5c
SC-CO2 extraction 55 70 0.93 24.1d 1.84c 38.7c 78.3c
Figure 2 shows SC-CO2 extraction curves for oil removal by SC- 1 Amount of oil extracted after 4 h
2 Oil yield obtained after 4 h (g oil/100 g seed, dry matter basis)
CO2 at 50 °C, 1 L/min CO2 flow rate and at the various pressures a-d Means in a column followed by different letters are significantly different
Food Chemistry and Toxicology

studied. At such low flow rates, the slope of the initial linear portion
corresponds to the solubility of poppy seed oil in SC-CO2. Then
there is a transition region in which the rate of oil removal diminish-
es, followed by an asymptotic approach as the final amount of the
oil is removed from the seed. The solubility of poppy seed oil in SC-
CO2 was determined from the initial linear portion for each condi-
tion at 1 L/min of flow rate.
The solubility of poppy oil, as expected, increased (p < 0.05) with
pressure at both temperatures investigated, due to an increase in
CO2 density (Table 1). The results showed that the solubility varied
from 5.2 to 20.9 mg/g CO2 at 50 °C and 3.9 to 24.1 mg/g CO2 at 70 °C,
within the pressure range of 21 to 55 MPa.
Although the solubility increased slightly with temperature at
higher pressures (35 MPa and 55 MPa), this increase was not statis-
tically significant (p > 0.05). However, at the pressure of 21 MPa
solubility decreased significantly (p < 0.05) with temperature. Such
cross-over behavior of solubility isotherms has been reported pre-
viously (Fattori and others 1988; Temelli and others 1995). This is
due to the fact that an increase in temperature at constant pressure
leads to a drop in CO2 density as well as an increase in the vapor
pressure of solutes. The drop in CO2 density is substantial at pres-
sures near the critical point, resulting in a drop in solubility. How-
ever, at higher pressures the drop in CO2 density due to a similar
temperature increase is small, which is overcome by the vapor pres-
sure increase and the net effect is a solubility increase.
( p < 0.05).
Similar solubility behavior has been reported for other vegeta-
ble and seed oils. The solubility of poppy seed oil, 12.0 mg/g CO2 at
50 °C/35 MPa, was similar to that of other vegetable oils with a sim-
ilar fatty acid composition (rich in linoleic and oleic acids) reported
previously. For example, corn and soybean oil solubilities were both
reported as 12 mg/g CO2 at 35 MPa and 50 °C (Friedrich and List
1982; Christianson and others 1984). On the other hand, Christian-
son and others (1982) determined the solubility of maize (corn) oil
in SC-CO2 at 50 °C/55 MPa as 27 mg/g CO2.
The amount of oil extracted, oil yield, and recovery from poppy
seed after 4 h under different conditions are shown in Table 1. The
maximum yield (g oil extracted/100 g seed) of oil obtained from
poppy seed by SC-CO2 was 38.7% (dry matter basis), which was
78.3% of the total available oil (determined by Soxhlet extraction),
at 70 °C/55 MPa and a flow rate of 1 L/min for 4 h extraction time.
Oil yield increased with pressure from 24.3% to 34.5% and 15.8% to
38.7% at 50 °C and 70 °C, respectively. The oil recovery can be fur-
ther enhanced by increasing the extraction time and the solvent-
to-feed ratio.
The effect of CO2 flow rate on the poppy oil extraction was inves-
tigated at 50 °C and 35 MPa. As expected, the higher flow rate (3 L/
min) yielded a higher amount of oil for the same amount of CO2
consumed. A significant increase was observed in the extraction
time by approximately 5-fold and 10-fold to achieve 50% and 70%
oil recovery, respectively, with a decrease in the CO2 flow rate from
3 L/min to 1 L/min. Extraction time for 50% oil recovery (requiring
240 g CO2) was 120 min at CO2 flow rate of 1 L/min, but was reduced
to 25 min at 3 L/min flow rate (Table 2).

Figure 2—Effect of CO2 pressure on the amount of oil ex-
tracted from poppy seeds using supercritical CO2 at 50 °C
and 1 L/min CO2 flow rate
Extract composition
Table 3 presents the fatty acid composition of SC-CO2- and pe-
troleum ether-extracted oils. Poppy seed oil obtained by SC-CO2
under different conditions and Soxhlet extraction contained
mainly palmitic (8.9 to 9.3%), stearic (2.1 to 2.2%), oleic (13.1 to
16.9%), linoleic (69.0 to 73.7%), and linolenic (0.7 to 1.2%) acids.
These results were in agreement with previous reports (Sengupta
and Mazumder 1976; Nergiz and Otles 1994; Singh and others
1998).
There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the fatty acid
composition of the oils obtained at 50 °C/35 MPa and 50 °C/55 MPa,
as well as those obtained at 70 °C/35 MPa, 55 MPa, and Soxhlet ex-
traction. However, there was a significant difference (p < 0.05) for all
fatty acids, except C18:0, between the oils obtained at 50 °C and
those obtained with SC-CO2 at 70 °C and solvent extraction. Oleic
acid content decreased with temperature, whereas linoleic acid
content increased. Fatty acid compositions of the oils obtained by

424 JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE—Vol. 68, Nr. 2, 2003

Extraction of poppy seed oil. . .

SC-CO2 and solvent extraction vary in the literature. More palmitic, Table 2—Effect of CO2 flow rate on the recovery of poppy
oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids were reported in hexane-derived seed oil (% of available oil) at 50 oC/35 MPa
oil than in CO2-extracted rice bran oil, whereas the SC-CO2-extracted CO2 50% oil recovery 70% oil recovery
oil contained a higher proportion of long-chain fatty acids C20 to C34 flow Average CO 2 Average Average CO 2 Average
(Garcia and others 1996). Temelli and others (1995) reported that rate consumption time consumption time
eicosapentaenoic (EPA, C20:5) and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA, (L/min) (g) (min) (g) (min)
C22:6) in SC-CO2-extracted Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) 1 240 120 800* 420*
oil increased with extraction pressure at all temperatures, and EPA 3 200 25 290 40
content of the oil obtained with SC-CO2 was higher than that of *Calculated based on extrapolation of the extraction curve
hexane-extracted oil, while DHA content was similar in both oils.
Cheung and others (1998) found that PUFA content of SC-CO2-
extracted seaweed oil increased with pressure and solvent density;
and it was higher in the oil obtained with SC-CO2 at all extraction

Food Chemistry and Toxicology

Table 3—Fatty acid composition (GC area percent of total
conditions compared to that of hexane-extracted oil. On the other fatty acids) of poppy seed oils obtained with SC-CO2 ex-
hand, Devittori and others (2000) reported no significant differ- traction at 1 L/min CO2 flow rate and Soxhlet extraction.
ence in the fatty acid profiles of SC-CO2- and hexane-extracted oils Extraction Fatty acid (% of total fatty acids)
of millet bran.
method C16:0 C18:0 C18:1 C18:2 C18:3
Free fatty acid content is well known to affect oil quality. An in-
crease in the FFA content of the oil should be avoided since FFA SC-CO2, 50 °C/35 MPa 8.9a 2.2a 15.9a 69.6a 1.1a
leads to heavy neutral oil losses during refining. The removal of free SC-CO2, 50 °C/55 MPa 9.0a 2.2a 16.9a 69.0a 1.2a
SC-CO2, 70 °C/35 MPa 9.3b 2.2a 13.7b 72.9b 0.7b
fatty acids from crude oils also represents the most delicate and SC-CO2, 70 °C/55 MPa 9.3b 2.2a 13.9b 73.0b 0.7b
difficult step in the refining process since it is at this stage that the Soxhlet 9.3b 2.1a 13.1b 73.7b 0.8b
highest losses of neutral oil may occur and that the final quality of a,b Means in a column followed by different superscripts are significantly
the refined product may be jeopardized (Bernardini 1983). Table 4 different ( p < 0.05).
shows the FFA and tocol contents of the oils obtained by SC-CO2
and petroleum ether extraction. The level of FFA in the SC-CO2-
extracted oils was 19.3 to 25.9 g/kg. Eggers (1996) reported that,
generally, there is less FFA in the CO2 extract compared to solvent- Table 4—Free fatty acid and tocol1 contents of poppy seed
oils obtained by SC-CO 2 (1 L/min flow rate) and Soxhlet
extracted oils; however, the FFA content in the SC-CO2-extracted oils
extraction.
varied depending on the oilseed. Christianson and others (1984)
indicated that FFA content of the SC-CO2-extracted corn oil (3 g/kg) Extraction FFA Tocol amount (mg/100 g oil)
at 50 °C/35 MPa was lower than that in expeller oil (6 g/kg). FFA
method (g/kg oil) a -T a-T3 b -T g-T g-T3 d -T Total

content of the soybean oil obtained by SC-CO2 at 50 °C increased 50 °C/35 MPa 19.3 3.4 — 1.0 18.1 0.6 0.6 23.8
with pressure from 13 to 26 g/kg at 35 MPa and 55 MPa, respectively 50 °C/55 MPa 25.9 5.2 0.7 0.8 25.3 0.8 0.6 33.4
70 °C/35 MPa 23.4 4.9 — 0.7 24.4 0.7 0.7 31.4
(Friedrich and List 1982). A higher level of FFA was reported in the 70 °C/55 MPa 22.8 4.0 0.5 0.9 21.6 0.9 0.6 28.5
CO2-extracted cottonseed oil (1.3 to 1.7%) than in the hexane-de- Soxhlet 18.6 — — — 14.2 0.5 0.6 15.3
rived oil (1.15 %) (List and others 1984). 1 T: Tocopherols; T3: Tocotrienols
Minor components in seed oils, such as tocols (tocopherol and
tocotrienol) along with fatty acid composition, are also receiving
increasing attention due to their nutritional and antioxidant prop-
erties. Poppy seed oil contained ␣-, ␤-, ␥-, and ␦-tocopherol as Conclusions
well as ␥-tocotrienol. Tocol content of the poppy oil extracted with
SC-CO2 increased with pressure at 50 °C, whereas it decreased at
70 °C. The total tocol content of the SC-CO2-extracted oils (23.8 to
A MONG THE CONDITIONS STUDIED FOR SC-CO2 EXTRACTION OF POPPY
seed oil 50 °C and 70 °C at 55 MPa gave the highest solubility.
The SC-CO2-extracted oil recovery obtained after 4 h at 70 °C/55
33.4 mg/100 g oil) was almost double that of petroleum ether-ex- MPa was 78.3% of the total available oil. The fatty acid composition
tracted oil (15.3 mg/100 g oil) (Table 4). It is well established that of the oil extracted with SC-CO2 was comparable to that obtained by
the phospholipid and glycolipid contents of the solvent-extracted solvent extraction, however, tocol content was higher in the oils
oils are higher than those of SC-CO2-extracted oils since these obtained with SC-CO2. Therefore, poppy seed oil obtained with SC-
compounds are sparingly soluble in SC-CO2. Therefore, the rela- CO2 may have potential for use as specialty oil in various product
tive concentration of tocols is expected to be lower in the solvent- applications.
extracted oils. However, there is variability in the literature when
the tocopherol content of SC-CO2-extracted oils is compared to References
those extracted with organic solvents. The tocopherol content of Anonymous. 1986. Occurrence and characteristics of oils and fats. In: Frank DG,
John LH, Fred BP, editors. The lipid handbook. London: Chapman and Hall Ltd.
the SC-CO 2-extracted soybean oil was found to be higher than p 55-112 .
that of solvent-extracted oil (List and Friedrich 1985); however, it AOCS. 1989. Official Methods and Recommended Practices of the American Oil
Chemists Society. Champaign, IL: AOCS.
was less in the SC-CO2-extracted cottonseed oil compared to that Bernardini E. 1983. Oilseeds, oils and fats. Vegetable oils and fats processing.
of the hexane-extracted oil (List and others 1984). The difference Vol. 2. Rome: B.E. Oil Publishing House. p 101.
Cheung PCK, Leung AYH, Ang PO Jr. 1998. Comparison of supercritical carbon
between the tocol contents of the SC-CO2- and petroleum ether- dioxide and Soxhlet extraction of lipids from a brown seaweed, Sargassum
extracted oils might have been smaller if the SC-CO2 extractions hemiphyllum (Turn.) C. Ag. J Agric Food Chem 46:4228-32.
were continued for a longer period of time to achieve higher oils Christianson DD, Friedrich JP, Bagley EB, Inglett GE. 1982. Maize germ flours for
food purposes by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. In: Inglett GE, editor.
recoveries (> 70 to 80%), because the phospholipids are extracted Maize: Recent progress in chemistry and technology. New York, N.Y.: Academic
to a greater extent by SC-CO 2 in the later stages of extraction Press. p 231-9.
Christianson DD, Friedrich JP, List GR, Warner K, Bagley EB, Stringfellow AC,
(Friedrich and Pryde 1984). Inglett GE. 1984. Supercritical fluid extraction of dry-milled corn germ with

Vol. 68, Nr. 2, 2003—JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE 425

 Extraction of poppy seed oil. . .
carbon dioxide. J Food Sci 49:229-32, 272.
Cocero MJ, Calvo L. 1996. Supercritical fluid extraction of sunflower oil with CO2-
ethanol mixtures. J Am Oil Chem Soc 73(11):1573-8.
Devittori C, Gumy D, Kusy A, Colarow L, Bertoli C, Lambelet P. 2000. Supercritical
fluid extraction of oil from millet bran. J Am Oil Chem Soc 77(6):573-9.
Dunford NT, Temelli F. 1997. Extraction conditions and moisture content of canola
flakes as related to composition of supercritical CO2 extraction. J Food Sci 62(1):
155-9.
Eckey EW. 1954. Vegetable fats and oils. New York, NY: Reinhold Publishing Co. p
448.
Eggers R. 1996. Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of oilseed/lipids in natural
products. In: King JW, List GR, editors. Supercritical fluid technology in oil and
lipid chemistry. Champaign, IL: AOCS Press. p 35.
Fattori JP, Bulley NR, Meisen A. 1988. Carbon dioxide extraction of canola seed:
oil solubility and effect of seed treatment. J Am Oil Chem Soc 65(6):968-74.
Friedrich JP, List GR. 1982. Characterization of soybean oil extracted by super-
critical carbon dioxide and hexane. J Agric Food Chem 30:192-3.
Friedrich JP, Pryde EH. 1984. Supercritical CO2 extraction of lipid-bearing mate-
rials and characterization of the products. J Am Oil Chem Soc 61(2):223-8.
Food Chemistry and Toxicology
Garcia A, de Lucas A, Rincon J, Alvarez A, Gracia I, Garcia MA. 1996. Supercritical
carbon dioxide extraction of fatty and waxy material from rice bran. J Am Oil
Chem Soc 73(9):1127-31.
Gawdzik J, Suprynowicz Z, Mardarowidcz M, Poszyetek J, Lowdkowski R, Pilorz K.
1998. Supercritical fluid extraction of oil from evening primrose (Oenothera
paradoxa H.) seeds. Chem Anal 43:695-702.
Gomez M, Lopez CP, de la Ossa EM. 1996. Recovery of grape seed oil by liquid and
supercritical CO 2 extraction: A comparison with conventional solvent extrac-
tion. Chem Eng J 61:227-31.
Goodrum JW, Kilgo MB. 1989. Rapeseed oil recovery by CO2 solvent: Recovery
kinetics and extraction model. Trans ASAE 32(2):727-31.
Gottenbos JJ. 1988. Nutritional evaluation of n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty
acids. In: Rogers B, editor. Dietary fat requirements in health and develop-
ment. Champaign. IL: AOCS Press. p 107.
Imaizumi K, Adan Y, Shibata K. 2000. Role of dietary lipids in arteriosclerosis in
experimental animals. Biofactors 13(1-4):25-8.
King, JW, List GR. 1993. Supercritical fluid technology in oil and lipid chemistry,
Champaign, IL: AOCS Press. p 435.
Krzymanski J, Jonsson R. 1989. Poppy. In: Robbelon G, Downey RK, Ashri A, ed-
itors. Oil crops of the world. Their breeding and utilization. New York, NY:
McGraw-Hill, Inc. p 389.
List GR, Friedrich JP, Pominski J. 1984. Characterization and processing of cot-
426 JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE—Vol. 68, Nr. 2, 2003
tonseed oil obtained by extraction with SC-CO2. J Am Oil Chem Soc 61(12):1847-
9.
List GR , Friedrich JP. 1985. Processing characteristics and oxidative stability of
soybean oil extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide at 50 °C and 8000 psi.
J Am Oil Chem Soc 62(1):82-4.
Morrison WR, Smith LM. 1964. Preparation of fatty acid methyl esters and dim-
ethylacetals from lipids with boron fluoride methanol. J Lipid Res 5:600-608.
Nergiz C, Otles S. 1994. The proximate composition and some minor constitu-
ents of poppy seeds. J Sci Food Agric 66:117-20.
Papas AM. 1998. Antioxidant status, diet, nutrition and health, Washington DC:
CRC Press. p 650.
Rezaei K, Temelli F. 2000. Lipase catalyzed hydrolysis of canola oil in supercrit-
ical carbon dioxide. J Am Oil Chem Soc 77(8):903-9.
Rizvi SSH. 1994. Supercritical fluid processing of food and biomaterials. Glas-
gow, UK: Chapman & Hall. p 257.
Roy BC, Goto M, Hirose T. 1996. Temperature and pressure effects on supercrit-
ical CO2 extraction of tomato seed oil. Int J Food Sci Tech 31(2):134-41.
SAS. 1989. SAS/STAT User’s Guide, Version 6, 4th Edition, Vol. 2, SAS Institute Inc.,
Cary, NC.
Sengupta A, Mazumder UK. 1976. Triglyceride composition of Papaver somnifer-
um seed oil. J Sci Food Agric 27:214-8.
Singh SP, Shukla S, Khanna KR, Dixit BS, Banerji R. 1998. Variation of major fatty
acids in F8 generation of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum ´ Papaver seti-
gerum) genotypes. J Sci Food Agric 76:168-72.
Stahl E, Schutz E, Mangold HK. 1980. Extraction of seed oils with liquid and super-
critical CO2. J Agric Food Chem 28(6):1153-7.
Temelli F, LeBlanc E, Fu L. 1995. Supercritical CO2 extraction of oil from Atlantic
mackerel (Scomber scombrus) and protein functionality. J Food Sci 60(4):703-
706.
Yazicioglu T, Karaali A. 1983. Turk bitkisel yaglarinin yag asitleri bilesimi, TU-
BITAK, Marmara Bilimsel ve Endustriyel Arastirma Enstitusu Yayinlari, Ge-
bze, Turkey. p 102.
MS 20020022 Submitted 1/10/02, Revised 2/6/02, Accepted 3/7/02, Received
3/8/02
Author Bozan is with the Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engi-
neering and Architecture, Anadolu Univ., Eskisehir, Turkey. Author Temelli
is with Dept. of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Univ. of Alberta,
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5. Direct inquiries to author Temelli (E-
mail: feral.temelli@ualberta.ca).