5 SKG Intro To Cloud

Cloud Computing - Overview
Soumya K. Ghosh
IIT Kharagpur
Cloud Computing
US National Institute of Standards and Technology defines Computing as
“ Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network
access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g networks, servers,
storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with
minimal management effort or service provider interaction. ”
2 Spatial Data Science Lab, IIT Kharagpur

Source: http://www.smallbiztechnology.com/archive/2011/09/wait-what-is-cloud-computing.html/
Essential Characteristics
• On-demand self-service
• A consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities, such as server time
and network storage, as needed automatically without requiring human interaction
with each service provider.
• Broad network access
• Capabilities are available over the network and accessed through standard
mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms
(e.g., mobile phones, tablets, laptops, and workstations).
• Resource pooling
• The provider’s computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers using
a multi-tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically
assigned and reassigned according to consumer demand.

Common Characteristics
 Massive Scale
 Resilient Computing
 Homogeneity
 Geographic Distribution
 Virtualization
 Service Orientation
 Low Cost Software
 Advanced Security

Cloud Characteristics
 Measured Service
 Cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by leveraging a
metering capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service
(e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts). Resource usage
can be
 monitored, controlled, and reported, providing transparency for both the
provider and consumer of the utilized service.
 Rapid elasticity
 Capabilities can be elastically provisioned and released, in some cases
automatically, to scale rapidly outward and inward commensurate with demand.
To the consumer, the capabilities available for provisioning often appear to be
unlimited and can be appropriated in any quantity at any time.

Cloud Services Models
• Software as a Service (SaaS)
 The capability provided to the consumer is to use the provider’s applications running
on a cloud infrastructure. The applications are accessible from various client devices
through either a thin client interface, such as a web browser (e.g., web-based email),
or a program interface. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying
cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, storage, or even
individual application capabilities, with the possible exception of limited user-specific
application configuration settings.
 e.g: Google Spread Sheet
• Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
 The capability provided to provision processing, storage, networks, and other
fundamental computing resources
 Consumer can deploy and run arbitrary software
 e.g: Amazon Web Services and Flexi scale.
 Platform as a Service (PaaS)
 The capability provided to the consumer is to deploy onto the cloud
infrastructure consumer-created or acquired applications created using
programming languages, libraries, services, and tools supported by the
provider. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud
infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, or storage, but
has control over the deployed applications and possibly configuration settings
for the application-hosting environment.
 e.g: Amazon Elastic Cloud Compute


Types of Cloud
• Private cloud
The cloud infrastructure is operated solely for an organization.
e.g Window Server 'Hyper-V'.
• Community cloud
The cloud infrastructure is shared by several organizations and supports
a specific goal.
• Public cloud
The cloud infrastructure is made available to the general public
e.g Google Doc, Spreadsheet,
• Hybrid cloud
The cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or more clouds
(private, community, or public)
e.g Cloud Bursting for load balancing between clouds.
Cloud and Virtualization
 Virtual workspaces:
 An abstraction of an execution environment that can be made
dynamically available to authorized clients by using well-defined
protocols,
 Resource quota (e.g. CPU, memory share),
 Software configuration (e.g. OS).
 Implement on Virtual Machines (VMs):
 Abstraction of a physical host machine,
 Hypervisor intercepts and emulates instructions from VMs, and
allows management of VMs, App App App
 VMWare, Xen, KVM etc. OS OS OS
 Provide infrastructure API: Hypervisor
 Plug-ins to hardware/support structures Hardware

Virtualized Stack
Virtual Machines
 VM technology allows multiple virtual machines to run on a single physical
machine.
App App App App App

Xen
Guest OS Guest OS Guest OS
(Linux) (NetBSD) (Windows)
VMWare
VM VM VM
Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM) / Hypervisor
Hardware
• Performance: Para-virtualization (e.g. Xen) is very close to raw physical performance!

Virtualization in General
 Advantages of virtual machines:
 Run operating systems where the physical hardware is unavailable,
 Easier to create new machines, backup machines, etc.,
 Software testing using “clean” installs of operating systems and software,
 Emulate more machines than are physically available,
 Timeshare lightly loaded systems on one host,
 Debug problems (suspend and resume the problem machine),
 Easy migration of virtual machines (shutdown needed or not).
 Run legacy systems

Cloud-Sourcing
 Why is it important:
 Using high-scale/low-cost providers,
 Any time/place access via web browser,
 Rapid scalability; incremental cost and load sharing,
 Can forget need to focus on local IT.
 Concerns:
 Performance, reliability, and SLAs,
 Control of data, and service parameters,
 Application features and choices,
 Interaction between Cloud providers,
 No standard API – mix of SOAP and REST!
 Privacy, security, compliance, trust…
Cloud Storage
 Several large Web companies are now exploiting the fact that they have
data storage capacity that can be hired out to others.
 Allows data stored remotely to be temporarily cached on desktop
computers, mobile phones or other Internet-linked devices.
 Amazon’s Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) and Simple Storage Solution

(S3) are well known examples

Amazon Simple Storage Service (S3)
 Unlimited Storage.
 Pay for what you use:
 $0.20 per GByte of data transferred,
 $0.15 per GByte-Month for storage used,
 Second Life Update:
 1TBytes, 40,000 downloads in 24 hours - $200,

Utility Computing – EC2 (Elastic Compute Cloud)
 Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2):
 Elastic, allocate 1 to 100+ PCs via Web Services,
 Custom machine specs…,
 Fairly cheap!
 Powered by Xen – a Virtual Machine:
 Different from Vmware and VPC as uses “para-virtualization” where
the guest OS is modified to use special hyper-calls:
 Hardware contributions by Intel (VT-x/Vanderpool) and AMD
(AMD-V).
 Supports “Live Migration” of a virtual machine between hosts.
 Linux, Windows
 Management Console/APIs
Advantages
 Lower computer costs:
 You do not need a high-powered and high-priced computer to run
cloud computing's web-based applications.
 Since applications run in the cloud, not on the desktop PC, your
desktop PC does not need the processing power or hard disk space
demanded by traditional desktop software.
 When you are using web-based applications, your PC can be less
expensive, with a smaller hard disk, less memory, more efficient
processor...
 In fact, your PC in this scenario does not even need a CD or DVD
drive, as no software programs have to be loaded and no document
files need to be saved.

Advantages (more!)
 Improved performance:
 With few large programs hogging your computer's memory, you
will see better performance from your PC.
 Computers in a cloud computing system boot and run faster
because they have fewer programs and processes loaded into
memory.
 Reduced software costs:
 Instead of purchasing expensive software applications, you can get
most of what you need for free.
 most cloud computing applications today, such as the Google
Docs suite.
 better than paying for similar commercial software
 which alone may be justification for switching to cloud
18 Spatialapplications.
Data Science Lab, IIT Kharagpur
Advantages
 Instant software updates:
 Another advantage to cloud computing is that you are no longer
faced with choosing between obsolete software and high upgrade
costs.
 When the application is web-based, updates happen automatically
available the next time you log into the cloud.
 When you access a web-based application, you get the latest version
without needing to pay for or download an upgrade.
 Improved document format compatibility.
 You do not have to worry about the documents you create on your
machine being compatible with other users' applications or OS.
 There are less format incompatibilities when everyone is sharing
documents and applications in the cloud.
Advantages
 Unlimited storage capacity:
 Cloud computing offers virtually limitless storage.
 Your computer's current 1 Tera Bytes hard drive is small compared
to the hundreds of Peta Bytes available in the cloud.
 Increased data reliability:
 Unlike desktop computing, in which if a hard disk crashes and
destroy all your valuable data, a computer crashing in the cloud
should not affect the storage of your data.
 if your personal computer crashes, all your data is still out there
in the cloud, still accessible
 In a world where few individual desktop PC users back up their data
on a regular basis, cloud computing is a data-safe computing
platform. For e.g. Dropbox, Skydrive
Advantages
 Universal information access:
 That is not a problem with cloud computing, because you do not take
your documents with you.
 Instead, they stay in the cloud, and you can access them whenever
you have a computer and an Internet connection
 Documents are instantly available from wherever you are.
 Latest version availability:
 When you edit a document at home, that edited version is what you
see when you access the document at work.
 The cloud always hosts the latest version of your documents as long
as you are connected, you are not in danger of having an outdated
version.
Advantages
 Easier group collaboration:
 Sharing documents leads directly to better collaboration.
 Many users do this as it is an important advantages of cloud
computing multiple users can collaborate easily on documents and
projects
 Device independence.
 You are no longer tethered to a single computer or network.
 Changes to computers, applications and documents follow you
through the cloud.
 Move to a portable device, and your applications and documents are
still available.

Disadvantages (Challenges?)
 Requires a constant internet connection:
 Cloud computing is impossible if you cannot connect to the
Internet.
 Since you use the Internet to connect to both your applications and
documents, if you do not have an Internet connection you cannot
access anything, even your own documents.
 A dead Internet connection means no work and in areas where
Internet connections are few or inherently unreliable, this could be
a deal-breaker.

 Does not work well with low-speed connections:
 Similarly, a low-speed Internet connection, such as that found with
dial-up services, makes cloud computing painful at best and often
impossible.
 Web-based applications require a lot of bandwidth to download, as
do large documents.
 Features might be limited:
 This situation is bound to change, but today many web-based
applications simply are not as full-featured as their desktop-based
applications.
 For example, you can do a lot more with Microsoft PowerPoint
than with Google Presentation's web-based offering

 Can be slow:
 Even with a fast connection, web-based applications can sometimes
be slower than accessing a similar software program on your
desktop PC.
 Everything about the program, from the interface to the current
document, has to be sent back and forth from your computer to the
computers in the cloud.
 If the cloud servers happen to be backed up at that moment, or if
the Internet is having a slow day, you would not get the
instantaneous access you might expect from desktop applications.

 Stored data might not be secure:
 With cloud computing, all your data is stored on the cloud.
 The questions is How secure is the cloud?
 Can unauthorized users gain access to your confidential data ?
 Stored data can be lost:
 Theoretically, data stored in the cloud is safe, replicated across multiple
machines.
 But on the off chance that your data goes missing, you have no physical
or local backup.
 Put simply, relying on the cloud puts you at risk if the cloud lets you
down.

 HPC Systems:
 Not clear that you can run compute-intensive HPC applications that
use MPI/OpenMP!
 Scheduling is important with this type of application
 as you want all the VM to be co-located to minimize communication
latency!
 General Concerns:
 Each cloud systems uses different protocols and different APIs
 may not be possible to run applications between cloud based systems
 Amazon has created its own DB system (not SQL 92), and workflow
system (many popular workflow systems out there)
 so your normal applications will have to be adapted to execute on
these platforms.
Evolution of Cloud Computing
Business drivers for adopting cloud computing

Reasons
 The main reason for interest in cloud computing is due to the fact that
public clouds can significantly reduce IT costs.
 From and end user perspective cloud computing gives the illusion of
potentially infinite capacity with ability to scale rapidly and pay only for
the consumed resource.
 In contrast, provisioning for peak capacity is a necessity within private
data centers, leading to a low average utilization of 5-20 percent.

IaaS Economics
In house server Cloud server
Purchase Cost $9600 0
(x86,3QuadCore,12GB
RAM, 300GB HD)
Cost/hr (over 3 years) $0.36 $0.68
Cost ratio: Cloud/In house 1.88
Efficiency 40% 80%

Cost/Effective hr $0.90 $0.85
Power and cooling $0.36 0
Management Cost $0.10 $0.01
Total cost/effective hr $1.36 $0.86
Cost ratio: In house/Cloud 1.58

Source: Enterprise Cloud Computing by Gautam Shroff
Benefits for the end user while using
Public cloud
 High utilization
 High scalability
 No separate hardware procurement
 No separate power cost
 No separate IT infrastructure administration/maintenance required
 Public clouds offer user friendly SLA by offering high availability
(~99%) and also provide compensation in case of SLA miss.
 Users can rent the cloud to develop and test prototypes before making
major investments in technology

Benefits for the end user while using
public cloud
 In order to enhance portability from one public cloud to another,

several organizations such as Cloud Computing Interoperability Forum
and Open Cloud Consortium are coming up with standards for
portability.
 For e.g. Amazon EC2 and Eucalyptus share the same API interface.
 Software startups benefit tremendously by renting computing and
storage infrastructure on the cloud instead of buying them as they are
uncertain about their own future.

Benefits of private cloud
 Cost of 1 server with 12 cores and 12 GB RAM is far lower than the
cost of 12 servers having 1 core and 1 GB RAM.
 Confidentiality of data is preserved
 Virtual machines are cheaper than actual machines
 Virtual machines are faster to provision than actual machines

Economics of PaaS vs IaaS
 Consider a web application that needs to be available 24X7, but where
the transaction volume is unpredictable and can vary rapidly
 Using an IaaS cloud, a minimal number of servers would need to be
provisioned at all times to ensure availability
 In contrast, merely deploying the application on PaaS cloud costs
nothing. Depending upon the usage, costs are incurred.
 The PaaS cloud scales automatically to successfully handle increased
requests to the web application.

Source: Enterprise Cloud Computing by Gautam Shroff
PaaS Benefits
 No need for the user to handle scaling and load balancing of requests among
virtual machines
 PaaS clouds also provide web based Integrated Development Environment for
development and deployment of application on the PaaS cloud.
 Easier to migrate code from development environment to the actual
production environment.
 Hence developers can directly write applications on the cloud and don’t have
to buy separate licenses of IDE.

SaaS benefits
 Users subscribe to web services and web applications instead of
buying and licensing software instances.
 For e.g. Google Docs can be used for free, instead of buying
document reading softwares such as Microsoft Word.
 Enterprises can use web based SaaS Content Relationship
Management applications, instead of buying servers and installing
CRM softwares and associated databases on them.

Benefits, as perceived by the IT industry

Factors driving investment in cloud
Source: http://www.cloudtweaks.com/2012/01/infographic-whats-driving-investment-in-cloud-computing/

Top cloud applications that are driving
cloud adaptation
 Mail and Messaging
 Archiving
 Backup
 Storage
 Security
 Virtual Servers
 CRM (Customer Relationship Management)
 Collaboration across enterprises
 Hosted PBX (Private Branch Exchange)
 Video Conferencing
Spatial Data Science Lab, IIT Kharagpur

Source: http://www.itnewsafrica.com/2012/09/ten-drivers-of-cloud-computing-for-south-african-businesses/
39
Cloud?
 Datacenter
 Hardware
 Software
 Used by vendors to
provider computing
resources and services
 Cloud computing:
 Cloud + Provided
Services
Source: “Introduction to Cloud Computing”, Majid F. Sakr,

Carnegie Mellon, Qatar

Tremendous Buzz
“Not only is it faster and more “Cloud computing achieves
flexible, it is cheaper. […] the “ Economic downturn, the appeal
a quicker return on of that cost advantage will be
emergence of cloud models investment“
radically alters the cost benefit greatly magnified"
decision“ (Lindsay Armstrong of (IDC, 2008)
salesforce.com, Dec 2008)
(FT Mar 6, 2009)
“Revolution, the biggest upheaval since the invention of the PC in “No less influential than e-
the 1970s […] IT departments will have little left to do once the business”
bulk of business computing shifts […] into the cloud” (Gartner, 2008)
(Nicholas Carr, 2008)
The economics are compelling, with business

applications made three to five times cheaper
and consumer applications five to 10 times Domestic cloud computing
cheaper estimated to grow at 53%
(Merrill Lynch, May, 2008) (moneycontrol.com, June, 2011)

The “Cloud” Hype
Cluster Computing
Cloud Computing Source: “An Introduction to SaaS
Grid Computing and Cloud Computing”, Ross
Cooney [ppt]
How Cloud came into the Scene ?
Source : J. Voas and J. Jhang. “Cloud Computing: New Wine

or Just a New Bottle?” , IEEE Computer Society, 2009
Contd…
 Different phases of computing paradigm:
 Mainframe
 Terminals (thin clients) connecting powerful Mainframe
 Shared
 Stand-alone Personal Computers (PC)
 High-end PCs – powerful enough to satisfy daily work
 Network
 Multiple PCs connected through local networks to share
resources
 Internet
 Local networks connecting to other local networks
 Utilize remote application and resources
Contd…
 Grid computing
 Electronic grid – utilizes shared computing power and
storage resources
 Cloud computing
 Culmination of numerous attempts at large scale computing
 Seamless access to resources on the Internet in a scalable and
simple way.

Why Cloud Came into the Scene?
Perils of Corporate Computing
 Own information systems 
 However:
 Capital investment 
 Heavy fixed costs 
 Redundant expenditures 
 High energy cost, low CPU utilization 
 Dealing with unreliable hardware 
 High-levels of overcapacity (Technology and Labor) 

Cloud Offers…
 Scalability on demand
 Better resource utilization
 Minimizing IT resource management
 Managing resources (servers, storage devices, network devices,
softwares, applications, IT personnel, etc.) difficult for non-IT
companies
 Outsources to cloud
 Improving business processes
 Focus on business process
 Sharing of data between an organization and its clients

Cloud Offers… Contd…
 Minimizing start-up costs
 Small scale companies and startups can reduce CAPEX (Capital
Expenditure)
 Consumption based billing
 Pay-as-you-use model
 Economy of scale
 Multiplexing of same resource among several tenants
 Green computing
 Reducing carbon footprints

How Cloud Offers them?
Golden Era in Computing
Powerful multi-
core processors
General
Explosion of
purpose
domain
graphic
applications
processors
Proliferation of Superior software

devices methodologies
Virtualization
Wider bandwidth for leveraging the
communication powerful
hardware
Source: Cloud Futures 2011, Redmond, WA
Google: CPU Utilization
Activity profile of a sample of 5,000 Google Servers over a period of 6 months
Source: “Cloud Computing”, Roy Campbell &

50
Yi Lu [ppt]
Google: Energy Overhead

51
Yi Lu [ppt]
Google: Service Disruptions

52
Yi Lu [ppt]
Cloud Economics

Cloud Economics
Contd…
 Let economy of scale prevail

 Outsource all the trouble to someone else
 Service provider will share the overhead costs
among many customers, amortizing the costs
 You only pay for:
 the amortized overhead
 Your real CPU / Storage / Bandwidth usage

Why Cloud Computing Now ?
 Large data stores
 Fiber networks
 Commodity computing
 Multi-core machines
Cloud Computing
+
 Huge data sets
 Utilization/Energy
 Shared people

In Short…..
 Emerging style of computing
 Blends computing and business
 Computing resources:
 Dynamically scalable
 Virtualized
 Provided as service over Internet
 Underlying knowledge, management, expertise,
technology
 “Cloudy” (unknown) to end users

How to Define Cloud Computing?
 It is not just Grid, Utility, or Autonomic computing.
 According to Prof. Ramnath Chellappa, Emory
University, cloud computing is:
“A Computing paradigm where the boundaries of
computing will be determined by economic rationale
rather than technical limits”

Definition
 Several definitions proposed by experts
 NIST’s (National Institute of Standards and Technology)
definition encompasses all attributes:
 “Cloud computing is a model for enabling
convenient, on demand network access to a shared
pool of configurable computing resources (e.g.,
networks, servers, storage, applications, and
services) that can be rapidly provisioned and
released with minimal management effort or
service provider interaction.”

Essential Characteristics
 On-demand self service
 Use resources as and when needed
 Minimal human interaction between user and CSP
 Ubiquitous Network Access
 Services accessible over Internet using Web applications
 Resource Pooling
 Large and flexible resource pooling to meet the consumers’
need
 Allocating resources efficiently and optimally for execution of
applications

Contd…
 Location Independence
 Resources may be located at geographically dispersed locations
 Rapid Elasticity
 Dynamic scaling up and down of resources
 Measured Services
 Customers charged based on measured usage of the cloud
resources

NIST: Interactions between Actors in
Cloud Computing
Cloud Consumer Cloud Auditor
Cloud Broker Cloud Provider
The communication path between a cloud provider & a cloud consumer

The communication paths for a cloud auditor to collect auditing information
The communication paths for a cloud broker to provide service to a cloud
consumer Source: “Cloud Computing”, Roy Campbell &
Yi Lu [ppt]
Spatial Data Science Lab, IIT Kharagpur 61
Cloud Delivery Models
 Based on Software-Platform-Infrastructure (SPI) model
 Difference with traditional IT model
 Licensing and support costs
 Security overhead
 Resource utilization
 Startup cost
 Different cloud delivery models:
 Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)
 Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS)
 Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS)

Types of cloud service
SaaS
Software as a Service
PaaS
Platform as a Service
IaaS
Infrastructure as a Service

Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)
 No hardware or software to manage
 Service delivered through a browser
 Customers use the service on demand
 Instant Scalability
 Compatibility, license, security patch
management, maintenance
 Provider’s concerns

Examples
 Your current CRM package is not managing the
load or you simply don’t want to host it in-house.
 Use Salesforce.com
 Your email is hosted on an exchange server in

your office and it is very slow. Outsource this
using Hosted Exchange.

SaaS Providers

Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS)
 Platforms are built upon Infrastructure, which is
expensive
 Platform management is not fun!
 Standards, application stacks, testing and
validation toolkits, ready-made distribution
channel for public developers
 Provider’s concern

Examples
 You need to host a large file (5Mb) on your
website and make it available for 35,000 users for
only two months duration.
 Use Cloud Front from Amazon.
 You want to start storage services on your

network for a large number of files and you do
not have the storage capacity.
 Use Amazon S3.

PaaS Providers

Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS)
 Basic infrastructures (e.g. computing,
networking, storage etc.)
 Platform virtualization environment
 Deploy and run arbitrary softwares (including
operating systems and applications)
 Elasticity
 A step further to Virtualization

Examples
 You want to run a batch job but you don’t have
the infrastructure necessary to run it in a timely
manner.
 Use Amazon EC2.
 You want to host a website, but only for a few

days.
 Use Flexiscale.

IaaS Providers

Cloud Software Stack
 Mobile (Android), Thin client (Zonbu), Thick

client (Google Chrome)
Ser vices  Identity, Online Payments, Mapping, Search,
Video Games, Chat
Application  Peer-to-peer (Bittorrent), Web app (twitter),
SaaS (Google Apps, SAP)
Platfor m  Java Google Web Toolkit, Django, Ruby on
Rails, .NET, Python
Storage  S3, Nirvanix, Rackspace Cloud Files, Savvis
Infrastr ucture  Full virtualization (GoGrid), Management
(RightScale), Compute (EC2)

Cloud Deployment Models
 Public
 Private
 Hybrid
 Community
Source: “Introduction to Cloud

Computing”, Majid F. Sakr, Carnegie
Mellon, Qatar [ppt]
Public Cloud
Source:“Introduction to Cloud Computing”, Jiaheng Lu, Renmin University of China [ppt]

Public Cloud
 Open Market for on demand computing and IT resources
 Intended for general public
 Owned by organizations offering cloud services
 Concerns:
 Limited SLA
 Reliability
 Availability
 Security
 Trust and Confidence
 Examples: Amazon Web Services, Google App Engine, Microsoft
Azure, Salesforce.com

Private Cloud
 Operated solely for an organization
 Management may be outsourced to a third-party
 Hosted within the organization’s network perimeter

Hybrid Cloud
 Combination of both public and
private clouds
 Extend the private cloud by
connecting it to external cloud
vendors to make use of available
cloud services.
Source: White Paper: "Hybrid Clouds-The Best of Both

Worlds"

Community Cloud
 Shared infrastructure controlled and supported by multiple
companies belonging to the same community
 Managed by an organization or a third-party and may be deployed
on or off the premise
 E.g.: Geospatial cloud, Banking cloud, Automobile cloud, etc.
Source:
http://www.atomrain.com/it/technol
ogy/dissecting-cloud-iv-community-
clouds

“History” of Cloud Computing

Timeline
 Cloud computing: evolved through number of phases
 Grid & utility computing
 Application Service Provision (ASP)
 Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)
 Delivering computing resources as service through global network:
concept first introduced in 1960s
 1960: John McCarthy opined that “computation may someday be
organized as a public utility”
 1966: Douglas Parkhill’s book, “The Challenge of the Computer
Utility” explained all the modern-day characteristics of cloud
computing
 1969: J.C.R. Licklider developed ARPANET (Advanced Research
Projects Agency Network)
 ARPANET vision: everyone on the globe to be interconnected and
accessing programs and data at any site, from anywhere

Timeline Contd…
 1970: ARPANET transformed itself into Internet
 1990: Internet age started offering significant bandwidth
 1991: CERN released Internet for general use
 1993-94: Browsers such as Mosiac & Netscape launched
 1995: Foundation of eBay & Amazon.com
 1997: “Cloud Computing” term coined
 Ramnath Chellappa defined it as a new “computing paradigm
where the boundaries of computing will be determined by economic
rationale rather than technical limits alone.”
 1999: Salesforce.com launched as a company specializing in
software as a service (SaaS)

Timeline
Contd…
 2000: Dot com bubble bursts
 Amazon played a key role in the development of cloud computing by
modernizing their data centers.
 Initiation of a new product development effort to provide cloud
computing to external customers.
 2002: Development of Amazon Web Services (AWS)
 Provides a suite of cloud-based services including storage,
computation and even human intelligence through the Amazon
Mechanical Turk.
 2006: Amazon launched its Elastic Compute cloud (EC2) and Simple
Storage Service (S3) as a commercial web service that allows small
companies and individuals to rent computers on which to run their
own computer applications.
 2006: GoogleDocs launched

Timeline
Contd…
 2007: Salesforce launches Force.com, a web productivity tool.
Force.com is a cloud computing platform as a service system from
Salesforce.com.
 Industry-wide collaboration between Google, IBM and a number of
universities across the United States
 2008: Eucalyptus became the first open-source, AWS API-
compatible platform for deploying private clouds.
 2008: OpenNebula (sponsored by C12G) became the first open-
source software for deploying private and hybrid clouds.
 C12G Labs is an enterprise software company which provides
OpenNebula-based software and services. C12G (numeronym for Cloud
Computing) was founded in April 2010.
 2009: Web 2.0 hit its stride, and Google and others started to offer
browser-based enterprise applications, though services such
as Google Apps.
Timeline
Contd…
 2007-2010: Launch of Apple’s iPhone, HTC’s first Android
phone, Android-Apps, Samsung’s Smartphone
 Enterprise market saw huge transformation that scripted a
completely different IT market story driven totally by
consumers.
 Cloud services got much needed boost with the launch of i-
services for iPhone and iPad costumers.
 Marks the golden era of cloud computing and services based
upon “as a service” delivery-model.
 2011:Several start-ups were founded that leveraged the cloud
services


5 SKG Intro To Cloud

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Cloud Computing - Overview

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 Provide infrastructure API: Hypervisor

 Plug-ins to hardware/support structures Hardware

App App App App App

Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM) / Hypervisor

• Performance: Para-virtualization (e.g. Xen) is very close to raw physical performance!

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 Amazon’s Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) and Simple Storage Solution

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Business drivers for adopting cloud computing

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Efficiency 40% 80%

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 In order to enhance portability from one public cloud to another,

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Spatial Data Science Lab, IIT Kharagpur

Source: “Introduction to Cloud Computing”, Majid F. Sakr,

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The economics are compelling, with business

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Source : J. Voas and J. Jhang. “Cloud Computing: New Wine

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Proliferation of Superior software

Activity profile of a sample of 5,000 Google Servers over a period of 6 months

Source: “Cloud Computing”, Roy Campbell &

Source: “Cloud Computing”, Roy Campbell &

Source: “Cloud Computing”, Roy Campbell &

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 Let economy of scale prevail

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Cloud Broker Cloud Provider

The communication path between a cloud provider & a cloud consumer

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