Molality -is a unit of concentration, defined to be equal to the number of moles of solute divided by the

number of kilograms of solvent. Molality is abbreviated as molal.

-also called molal concentration, is a measure of the concentration of a solute in a solution in

terms of amount of substance in a specified amount of mass of the solvent. This contrasts with the
definition of molarity which is based on a specified volume of solution.

Problem #1: A solution of H2SO4 with a molal concentration of 8.010 m has a density of 1.354 g/mL.
What is the molar concentration of this solution?

Solution:

8.010 m means 8.010 mol / 1 kg of solvent

8.010 mol times 98.0768 g/mol = 785.6 g of solute

785.6 g + 1000 g = 1785.6 g total for solute and solvent in the 8.010 m solution.

1785.6 g divided by 1.354 g/mL = 1318.76 mL

8.01 moles / 1.31876 L = 6.0739 M

6.074 M (to four sig figs)

Problem #2: A sulfuric acid solution containing 571.4 g of H2SO4 per liter of solution has a density of
1.329 g/cm3. Calculate the molality of H2SO4 in this solution.

Solution:

1 L of solution = 1000 mL = 1000 cm3

1.329 g/cm3 times 1000 cm3 = 1329 g (the mass of the entire solution)

1329 g minus 571.4 g = 757.6 g = 0.7576 kg (the mass of water in the solution)

571.4 g / 98.0768 g/mol = 5.826 mol of H2SO4

5.826 mol / 0.7576 kg = 7.690 m

Problem #3: An aqueous solution is prepared by diluting 3.30 mL acetone (d = 0.789 g/mL) with water to
a final volume of 75.0 mL. The density of the solution is 0.993 g/mL. What is the molarity, molality and
mole fraction of acetone in this solution?

Solution:

1) Preliminary calculations:

mass of acetone: (3.30 mL) (0.789 g/mL) = 2.6037 g

moles of acetone: 2.6037 g / 58.0794 g/mol = 0.04483 mol <--- need to look up formula of acetone

mass of solution: (75.0 mL) (0.993 g/mL) = 74.475 g

mass of water in the solution: 74.475 g - 2.6037 g = 71.8713 g

moles of water: 71.8713 g / 18.015 g/mol = 3.9896 mol

2) Molarity:

0.04483 mol / 0.0750 L = 0.598 M

3) Molality:

0.04483 mol / 0.0718713 kg = 0.624 m

4) Mole fraction:

0.04483 mol / (0.04483 mol + 3.9896 mol) = 0.0111

Problem #4: Calculate the molality of 15.00 M HCl with a density of 1.0745 g/cm3

Solution:

1) Let us assume 1000. mL of solution are on hand. In that liter of 15-molar solution, there are:

15.00 mol/L times 1.000 L = 15.00 mole of HCl

15.00 mol times 36.4609 g/mol = 546.9135 g of HCl

2) Use the density to get mass of solution

1000. mL times 1.0745 g/cm3 = 1074.5 g of solution

1074.5 g minus 546.9135 g = 527.5865 g of water = 0.5275865 kg

3) Calculate molality:

15.00 mol / 0.5275865 kg = 28.43 m (to four sig figs)

Note: the mole fractions of water and HCl can also be calculated with the above data. There are 29.286
moles of water and 15.00 moles of HCl. You may work out the mole fractions on your own.

Problem #5: You are given 450.0 g of a 0.7500 molal solution of acetone dissolved in water. How many
grams of acetone are in this amount of solution?

Solution:

0.7500 molal means 0.7500 mole of solute (the acetone) per 1000 g of water

mass of acetone ---> 58.0794 g/mol times 0.7500 mol = 43.56 g

mass of solution ---> 1000 g + 43.56 g = 1043.56 g

43.56 is to 1043.56 as x is to 450

x = 18.78 g

Problem #6: A 0.391 m solution of the solute hexane dissolved in the solvent benzene is available.
Calculate the mass (g) of the solution that must be taken to obtain 247 g of hexane (C6H14).

Solution:

0.391 mol times 86.1766 g/mol = 33.6950 g

33.6950 g + 1000 g = 1033.6950 g

In other words, every 1033.6950 g of 0.391 m solution delivers 33.6950 g of hexane

33.6950 is to 1033.6950 as 247 is to x

x = 7577.46446 g

to three sig figs, 7.58 kg of solution

Problem #7: Calculate the mass of the solute C6H6 and the mass of the solvent tetrahydrofuran that
should be added to prepare 1.63 kg of a solution that is 1.42 m.

Solution:

1.42 m means 1.42 mole of C6H6 in 1 kg of tetrahydrofuran

1.42 mol times 78.1134 g/mol = 110.921 g

110.921 g + 1000 g = 1110.921 g

110.921 is to 1110.921 as x is to 1630

x = 162.75 g

To check, do this:

162.75 g / 78.1134 g/mol = 2.08351 mol

1630 g - 162.75 g = 1467.25 g

2.08351 mol / 1.46725 kg = 1.42 m

Problem #8: What is the molality of NaCl in an aqueous solution in which the mole fraction of NaCl is
0.100?

Solution:

A mole fraction of 0.100 for NaCl means the mole fraction of water is 0.900.

Let us assume a solution is present made up of 0.100 mole of NaCl and 0.900 mole of water.

mass of water present ---> 0.900 mol times 18.015 g/mol = 16.2135 g

molality of solution ---> 0.100 mol / 0.0162135 kg = 6.1677 m

to three sig figs, 6.17 m

Problem #9: Calculate the molality (m) of a 7.55 kg sample of a solution of the solute CH2Cl2 (molar
mass = 84.93 g/mol) dissolved in the solvent acetone (CH3COH3C) if the sample contains 929 g of
methylene chloride
Solution:

mass solvent ---> 7550 g - 929 g = 6621 g = 6.621 kg

moles solute ---> 929 g/ 84.93 g/mol = 10.9384 mol

molality = 10.9384 mol / 6.621 kg = 1.65 m

Problem #10: What is the molality of a 3.75 M H2SO4 solution with a density of 1.230 g/mL?

Solution:

1) Determine mass of 1.00 L of solution:

1000 mL x 1.230 g/mL = 1230 g

2) Determine mass of 3.75 mol of H2SO4:

3.75 mol x 98.0768 g/mol = 367.788 g

3) Determine mass of solvent:

1230 - 367.788 = 862.212 g

4) Determine molality:

3.75 mol / 0.862212 kg = 4.35 molal (to three sig figs)

Molarity- is a concentration unit, defined to be the number of moles of solute divided by the number of
liters of solution.

Problem #1: Sea water contains roughly 28.0 g of NaCl per liter. What is the molarity of sodium chloride
in sea water?

Solution:

MV = grams / molar mass

(x) (1.00 L) = 28.0 g / 58.443 g mol¯1

x = 0.4790993 M
to three significant figures, 0.479 M

Problem #2: What is the molarity of 245.0 g of H2SO4 dissolved in 1.000 L of solution?

Solution:

MV = grams / molar mass

(x) (1.000 L) = 245.0 g / 98.0768 g mol¯1

x = 2.49804235 M

to four sig figs, 2.498 M

If the volume had been specified as 1.00 L (as it often is in problems like this), the answer would have
been 2.50 M, NOT 2.5 M. You want three sig figs in the answer and 2.5 is only two SF.

Problem #3: What is the molarity of 5.30 g of Na2CO3 dissolved in 400.0 mL solution?

Solution:

MV = grams / molar mass

(x) (0.4000 L) = 5.30 g / 105.988 g mol¯1

0.12501415 M

x = 0.125 M (to three sig figs)

Problem #4: What is the molarity of 5.00 g of NaOH in 750.0 mL of solution?

Solution:

MV = grams / molar mass

(x) (0.7500 L) = 5.00 g / 39.9969 g mol¯1

(x) (0.7500 L) = 0.1250097 mol <--- threw in an extra step

x = 0.1666796 M

x = 0.167 M (to three SF)

Problem #5: How many moles of Na2CO3 are there in 10.0 L of 2.00 M solution?
Solution:

M = moles of solute / liters of solution

2.00 M = x / 10.0 L

x = 20.0 mol

Suppose the molarity was listed as 2.0 M (two sig figs). How to display the answer? Like this:

20. mol

Problem #6: How many moles of Na2CO3 are in 10.0 mL of a 2.0 M solution?

Solution:

M = moles of solute / liters of solution

2.0 M = x / 0.0100 L <--- note the conversion of mL to L

x = 0.020 mol

Problem #7: How many moles of NaCl are contained in 100.0 mL of a 0.200 M solution?

Solution:

0.200 M = x / 0.1000 L

x = 0.0200 mol

Problem #8: What weight (in grams) of NaCl would be contained in problem #7?

Solution:

(0.200 mol L¯1) (0.100 L) = x / 58.443 g mol¯1 <--- this is the full set up

x = 1.17 g (to three SF)

You could have done this as well:

58.443 g/mol times 0.0200 mol <--- this is based on knowing the answer from problem #7
Problem #9: What weight (in grams) of H2SO4 would be needed to make 750.0 mL of 2.00 M solution?

Solution:

(2.00 mol L¯1) (0.7500 L) = x / 98.0768 g mol¯1

x = (2.00 mol L¯1) (0.7500 L) (98.0768 g mol¯1)

x = 147.1152 g

to three sig figs, 147 g

Problem #10: What volume (in mL) of 18.0 M H2SO4 is needed to contain 2.45 g H2SO4?

Solution:

(18.0 mol L¯1) (x) = 2.45 g / 98.0768 g mol¯1

(18.0 mol L¯1) (x) = 0.0249804235 mol

x = 0.0013878 L

The above is the answer in liters. Multiplying the answer by 1000 provides the required mL value:

0.0013878 L times (1000 mL / L) = 1.39 mL (given to three sig figs)