THE MOLE

SI unit of amount of substance

 The Mole
 The mole is the SI unit for amount of substance.
 It is defined as the amount of a substance that contains the same number of
entities as the number of atom in 12 g of carbon-12. This number is called
Avogadro’s number, NA (in honor of the 19th century Italian physicist Amedo
Avogadro), is enormous:

One mole contains 6.022x1023 entities (to

four significant figures)
 The Mole
 1 mole of any element always contains Avogadro’s number of atoms.
 1 mole of a compound contains Avogadro’s number of molecules (molecular
compound) or formula units (ionic compound).

Substance No. and Type of Particles

1 mole Al 6.02 x 1023 Al atoms
1 mole H2O 6.02 x 1023 H2O molecules
2 x NA x H atoms
1 x NA O atoms
1 mole NaCl 6.02 x 1023 NaCl formula units
1 x NA x Na+
1 x NA x Cl-
 The Mole

 We can use Avogadro’s number (NA) as a conversion factor to convert between

the moles of a substance and the no. of particles it contains:

divide by 6.022x1023
mole particle
multiply by 6.022x1023
 Mole of Elements in a Formula

 The subscripts in a chemical formula of a compound indicate the number of

atoms of each type of element.
 The subscripts also indicate the number of moles of each element in 1 mole of
the compound.
H2O

Hydrogen Oxygen

Atoms in 1 molecule 2 atoms H 1 atom O

Moles of atoms in 1 mole 2 mols H 1 mols O

 Worked Example
 Calculate the number of mol of carbon atoms in 1.50 moles aspirin, C9H8O4

 Solution:

Step 1 Given: 1.50 mole C9H8O4 Need: mole of C atoms

Step 2 1 mole C9H8O4 = 9 mole C atoms
Conversion factor
9 mol of C
1.50 mole C9H8O4 x = 13.5 mole of C atoms
1 mol of C9H8O4
MOLAR MASS
The mass of one mole of the specified substance.
 Molar Mass
 The molar mass (M) of a substance is the mass per mole of its entities (atoms,
molecules, or formula units) and has units of gram per mole (gmol-1). The
periodic table is indispensable for calculating molar mass:

Elements
To find out the molar mass, look up the atomic
mass and note whether the element is
monoatomic or molecular.

Compounds

The molar mass is the sum of the molar

masses of the atoms in the formula.
 Molar Mass

Information Contained the Chemical Formula of Glucose, C6H12O6 (M = 180.16 gmol-1)

Carbon (C) Hydrogen (H) Oxygen (O)
Atoms/molecule of 6 atoms 12 atoms 6 atoms
compound
Mole of atoms/mole of 6 mole of atoms 12 mole of atoms 6 mole of atoms
compound
Atoms/mole of compound 6 (6.022x1023) 12 (6.022x1023) atoms 6 (6.022x1023) atoms
atoms
Mass/molecule of 6 (12.01 amu) = 12 (1.008 amu) = 12.10 6 (16.00 amu) = 96.00
compound 72.06 amu amu amu

Mass/mole of compound 72.06 g 12.10 g 96.00 g

 Molar Mass

 We can use molar mass to convert from grams to moles, and from moles to
grams.
 We can use Avogadro’s number to convert from moles to the number of
molecules or atoms.
 Worked Example

 Silver metal is used in the manufacture of tableware, mirror, jewelry and

dental alloys. If the design for a piece of jewelry requires 0.750 mole silver,
how many grams of silver are needed?

 Solution:
Step 1 Given: 0.750 mole of Ag Need: grams of Ag
Step 2 1 mole Ag = 107.9 g atoms
Conversion factor
107.9 g of Ag
0.750 mole Ag x = 80.9 g Ag needed
1 mole of Ag
 Worked Example
Calculating a Mole from a Mass

 The Golden Jubilee diamond is the largest faceted diamond in the world. It
has a mass of 109.13 g. if the stone consists of pure carbon, what amount
of C does the stone contain, given that the molar mass of C is 12.01 gmol-1.
 Solution:

Step 1 Given: 109.13 g Need: mole of C

mass
Step 2 n=
molar mass
Conversion factor
109.13 g
n= − = 9.087 mol
12.01 gmol 1

Therefore, this diamond contains 9.087 moles of carbon.

 Worked Example
Calculating a Mass from Mole

 Calcium phosphate, Ca3(PO4)2, is often used to coat some of the surfaces

of bone or dental implants to permit bone to bond with the implant surface.
If a coating procedure can deposit 0.115 mol of pure Ca3(PO4)2 on an
implant, what is the mass of coating? The molar mass of Ca is 40.08 gmol-
1, P is 30.97 gmol-1 and O is 16.00 gmol-1.

Step 1
 Solution: Given: 109.13 g Need: mole of C
mass
Step 2 n=
molar mass
Conversion factor
109.13 g
n= − = 9.087 mol
12.01 gmol 1

Therefore, this diamond contains 9.087 moles of carbon.

 Worked Example
Calculating a Mass from Mole

 Solution:
Step 1 Given: 0.115 mol of Ca3(PO4)2 Need: mass of coating
Step 2 Molar mass of Ca3(PO4)2:
Conversion factor = (3 x 40.08 gmol-1) + (2 x 30.97 gmol-1) + (8 x 16.00 gmol-1)
= 310.18 gmol-1

Mass of coating = (310.18 gmol-1) x (0.115 mol)

= 35.67 g

Therefore, the coating of Ca3(PO4)2 weighs 35.7 g.