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Contents
ii
1 UMTS Service Model
For different service cases, the UMTS service bear rate shall be designed according to
their special demands on radio resources. Table 1.1-2 lists the radio bear rates of these
typical services.
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UMTS Scale Estimation
Entertainment 64 128
WWW 64 128
FTP 64 128/384
Video streaming 64 384
Service model is very important to the UMTS network design because it is the
reference for capacity estimation and determines whether to take future network
service demands into account during planning. On the other hand, service model is
hard to predict. Service model is closely associated with the behavior habits of different
users using different services and users’ habits of using services are closely associated
with many factors in different areas, such as economy and culture. Therefore, a service
model is inapplicable for the application requirements of different environments.
According to service type distribution, service development policy and user dynamic
distribution as well as consumption behavior features in an area, service distribution
areas are categorized into six classes, downtown area, urban area, suburb area, rural
area, main line of communication/scenic spot and indoor coverage. Table 1.2-1 gives
service distribution features and user density of different areas.
Table 1.2-1 Service Distribution Features and User Density of Different Areas
Service
Site User Density Population Density
Area Distribution
Classification (user/km2) (user/km2)
Feature
Traffic-intensive Central business >12000
>50000
High service rate district*
Downtown area requirement Irregular >8000
Key area of data building-intensiv >30000
service e area
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development Dense building >1000
>10000
complex area
High traffic; medium service rate; >3000
Urban area >1000
common data service demands
Low traffic; low-speed or no data >100
Suburb area <1000
service
Sparse traffic; with the purpose of
Rural area solving coverage <1000 <100
No guarantee for data service QoS
Main line of
Low traffic; scenic spot with seasonal
communication/
features
Scenic spot
Note: *Such regions as Middle Ring of HongKong and Lujiazui Financial & Trade Zone in Shanghai
Considering voice service remains important at the early stage of 3G construction, the
following sections gives detailed recommendation of busy hour traffic for the above six
areas respectively on voice service and video phone service; with respect to PS domain
data service, busy hour traffic for only the former four areas are provided.
Call duration
Primary parameters of the voice service model are Busy Hour Call Attempt (BHCA)
and call duration. With these two parameters, you can calculate the busy hour traffic.
Tables 1.2-2 and 1.2-3 respectively offer the recommended values of voice service and
video phone service in different areas.
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UMTS Scale Estimation
The data service call model widely differs from the voice service call model. Data call
has the following features:
Each session of a user can consist of several packet calls and different data service
types and user types have differentiated features;
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Active Dormant
The data service here is described in ETSI model. Its primary parameters are Busy
Hour Session Attempt (BHSA), calls per session, packets per call and mean packet size.
With these parameters, you can work out the busy hour service throughput and
equivalent Erl. Table 1.2-4 gives the calculation method of data service throughput.
Parameter Symbol
BHSA of data service a
Application proportion b
Calls per session c
Packets per call d
Mean packet size (Byte) e
Service bear rate f
Service throughput (kbits/BH) G = a*b*c*d*e*8/1000
Erl h = g/3600/f
Based on the national CDMA user habit analysis statistics in conjunction with the
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UMTS Scale Estimation
international UMTS data service features, parameters of data service ETSI model in
downtown area are given in Table 1.2-5:
E-com
0.05 2/2 10/26 480 3.84/9.98
merce
Info
0.08 2/2 5/33 480 6.14/40.69
Services
Entertai
0.02 5/5 4/27 480 1.54/10.37
nment
Because all services will finally come down to the bear rate, Table 1.2-6 provides a
recommended data service model at the early stage of 3G construction based on bear
rate. Where, 384 service is applicable only for downtown and urban areas due to its
great impact on network coverage.
Note: The data in this table is intended for Class 4 area, which relatively drops behind
Class 1, 2 and 3 areas so that you can multiply the data by 30, 20 and 10 respectively
for these areas. Overseas developed areas are taken as Class 1 areas.
From analysis, 31 provinces and cities in China mainland can be categorized into four
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Class 3: Heilongjiang, Jilin, Hunan, Inner Mongolia, Hubei, Henan and Hainan;
Class 4: Qinghai, Hebei, Tibet, Shanxi, Anhui, Guangxi, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Yunnan,
Gansu, Ningxia, Xinjiang and Guizhou.
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2 UMTS Capacity Estimation
1 Hybrid service intensity analysis. The UMTS system can provide multiple
services. The hybrid service intensity analysis makes the system capacity
consumed by various services equivalent to that consumed by a single service.
2 Uplink capacity estimation. Estimate the BS number that meets the service
demand based on the hybrid service intensity analysis.
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UMTS Scale Estimation
the cell capacity in a pure voice network. An idea of hybrid service capacity estimation
is to make equivalent among various services to make the system capacity consumed
by various services equivalent to that consumed by a single service. The Equivalent
Erlang, Post Erlang-B and Campbell methods in the hybrid service estimation are
introduced respectively as follows.
service A: each connection occupies one channel and the total is 12 erl;
If 1 erl service B is equivalent to 3 erl service A, the total traffic in the network will be
12+6*3=30 erl (service A). After querying Table erl-B, we know that altogether 39
channels are needed under 2% blocking rate.
If 3 erl service A is equivalent to 1 erl service B, the total traffic in the network will be
12/3+6=10 erl (service B). After querying Table erl-B, we know that altogether 17
service B channels (equivalent to 17*3=51 service A channels) are needed under 2%
blocking rate.
Upon the above analysis, we know that calculation result through the Equivalent
Erlang method is related to the equivalent mode adopted. The result through the former
equivalent mode is too small (39 channels) which is too optimistic, while the result
through the latter mode is too large (51 channels), which is too pessimistic, as shown in
the following figure:
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Low speed
service
equivalent
The fundamental principle of the Post Erlang-B method is to calculate the channel
number required by each service capacity respectively and add channels in an
equivalent manner to obtain the channel number required by the hybrid service capacity.
We will give an example to explain it as below.
service A: each connection occupies one channel and the total is 12 erl;
After querying Table erl-B, we know that altogether 19 channels are needed to meet
service A traffic (12 erl) under 2% blocking rate.
After querying Table erl-B, we know that altogether 12 service B channels (equivalent
to 12*3=36 service A channels) are needed to meet service B traffic (6 erl) under 2%
blocking rate.
Calculate the network capacity in a special case based on the Post Erlang-B method:
service A: each connection occupies one channel and the total is 12 erl;
After querying Table erl-B, we know that altogether 19 channels are needed to meet
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UMTS Scale Estimation
After querying Table erl-B, we know that altogether 12 channels are needed to meet the
service B traffic (6 erl) under 2% blocking rate.
Because services A and B are the same kind, the total traffic is 12+6=18 erl. According
to the currently known method of capacity calculation in single service, after querying
Table erl-B, we know that 26 channels are needed to meet the traffic demand under 2%
blocking rate. This result is correct obviously.
Upon above analysis, we can see that the calculation result through the Post Erlang
method is too pessimistic (31>26). The reason is that the BS channels are shared
among services, however, the Post Erlang method factitiously separates the channels
used by the services, and thus, the BS channel resource utilization ratio is reduced, as
shown in the following figure:
1 ERL service A
1 ERL service B
The
calculation
result is too
pessimistic
1 ERL service A and
1 ERL service B
The fundamental principle of the Campbell method is to make all services equivalent to
a virtual service based on certain rules, calculate the total traffic (erl) of this virtual
service, count the virtual channel number needed by this traffic, and convert the
number into the actual channel number that meets the network capacity.
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v
erl a 2
i i
c i
erl a i i
i
OfferedTra ffic
c
(Ci ai )
Capacity
c
Where, c indicates capacity factor.
Ci
indicates the channel number needed by service i.
Capacity indicates the virtual channel number needed by the virtual traffic.
service A: each connection occupies one channel and the total is 12 erl;
erl a
i
i i 12 1 6 3 30
The hybrid service mean is
v erl a
i
2
i i 12 1 6 3 2 66
The hybrid service variance is
v 66
c 2.2
The capacity factor is 30
30
OfferedTra ffic 13.63
The virtual traffic is c 2.2
After querying Table erl-B, we know that altogether 21 virtual channels are needed to
meet the virtual traffic under 2% blocking rate.
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UMTS Scale Estimation
According to formula (), under 2% blocking rate, the channel number needed by each
service is shown as follows:
Service A:
C1 (21 2.2) 1 47
Service B:
C1 (21 2.2) 3 49
From the above analysis, compared with results of the Equivalent Erlang and Post
Erlang-B methods, the result of the Campbell method is more credible, so it is a more
reasonable estimation method for hybrid service capacity at present. According to the
Campbell method, under the same requirement of the service level GOS, diversified
channel resources are needed by different services, or, under the same channel
resources, different services obtain diversified service levels. From this point of view,
the Campbell method is more reasonable. However, the Campbell method makes all
services uniformly equivalent as the circuit domain services and uses the Erlang-B
model for analysis and calculation. In fact, the features of the packet domain services
are completely different from those of the circuit domain services, and in addition, the
Erlang-B establishment conditions are not satisfied, so this equivalent method has
defects itself. A further research is needed for better hybrid service establishment
model and capacity analysis method.
In the Campbell method, the service equivalent intensity a can be calculated based on
channel number consumed by each kind of service or based on the interference
introduced from the air interface by each kind of service, shown as follows:
Eb
bit rate for service for service
N0
Relative amplitude
Eb
bit rate for amplitude 1 for amplitude 1
N0
If the reference service is the voice service, with its activity at the physical layer
considered, the above formula can be modified to:
Eb
bit rate for service for service
N0
Relative amplitude
Eb
bit rate for voice for voice v for voice
N0
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2.3 Uplink Capacity Estimation
In the UMTS system, all users adopt the same carrier and each signal becomes a noise
(interference) for others upon coding. Therefore, each signal is contained in the
bandwidth interference background generated by other user. To access a call, the
mobile station power must be large enough to overcome other mobile stations in the
bandwidth, that is, the receive signal in the BS must reach Eb/No (energy per user bit
to noise spectral density) required by the service demodulation.
W Pj
( Eb / No) j
v j R j I total Pj
Itotal indicates total broadband receive power with the thermal noise power included of
the BS.
From the above formula, we know that the receive power at the BS receive end should
meet the following formula so that the user signal can meet the demodulation
requirement:
1
Pj I total
W
1
( Eb / No) j R j v j
1
Lj
W
1
( Eb / No) j R j v j
Lj indicates the ratio of user signal power to the total BS receive power, so a single
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UMTS Scale Estimation
Pj L j I tatal
user signal power Pj is represented to .
The total receive power of all N users from one cell is:
N N
P L I
j 1
j
j 1
j tatal
Generally, the total receive power at the BS receive end consists of in-cell user
interference power, out-cell user interference power and BS thermal noise, that is:
Because the out-cell mobile station interference power is not controlled by the local
cell BS, the interference is hard to determine. Generally, define the ratio of the
interference from other cell to that of the local cell as the neighbor cell’s interference
factor i:
i indicates the ratio of other cell interference to the local cell interference at the BS
receive end of the local cell. Generally, the neighbor cell interference factor of the
macro cell that adopts omni antenna is 0.55 and that of the macro cell that adopts
three-sector antenna is 0.65.
Define the noise lifting as the ratio of total broadband receive power to the noise power
of the BS, that is,
I total I tatal 1
NR
PN I tatal Pin P other N
1 (1 i ) L
j 1
j
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N N
1
UL (1 i) L j (1 i )
j 1 1
W
j 1 F
( Eb / No) j R j v j
o
UL r
indicates the ratio of the user signal power at the BS receive end to the total
m
receive power of the broadband.
u
Then, the noise lifting can be represented to l
1 a
NR
1 UL NR(dB) 10 LOG10 (1 UL )
or
(
This equation reflects the thermal noise lifting caused by user interference at the BS
1
receive end. 3 dB noise lifting corresponds to 50% load factors and 6 dB noise lifting
)
corresponds to 75% load factors. Generally, the network planning supposes that the
uplink load factor is 50%, in a single service, the channel number provided by each cell
can be calculated through formula (1), and then, the total BS number required by the
uplink capacity demand can be counted further. For the capacity estimation for hybrid
service, the Campbell algorithm should be combined to make the system resources
consumed by various services equivalent to those consumed by a single service. Then,
the channel number provided by each cell can be calculated through formula (1), and
the BS number required by the hybrid service capacity demand can be counted further.
The next section details the capacity estimation flow of the hybrid service.
The uplink noise lifting NR corresponds to the interference margin in the uplink
budget, that is, the coverage is related to the capacity. In planning, the network load
factor should be determined to get the noise lifting corresponding to this load. Then,
the BS radius meeting the uplink capacity requirement can be calculated further
through the link budget.
The previous section describes the load factor of uplink, based on which, this section
describes how to estimate the BS quantity satisfying the composite traffic requirements
for uplink. Figure 2.3-1 shows the flow of estimating uplink capacity.
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UMTS Scale Estimation
Number
of cells
Because various services have different effects on system load, such an effect
can be equivalent to the effect of multiple voice channels on system load. The
calculation formula is as follows:
According to the Campell theory, the virtual composite traffic of the system can
be calculated.
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formula is as follows
N
1
(1 f ) *
W 1 1
j 1 * *
R v j Eb
No
Bases on the quantity N of equivalent voice channels evaluated in step 2 and the
following formula
According to the virtual composite traffic of the system evaluated in step 2 and
virtual traffic of every cell evaluated in step 4, calculate the quantity of required
cells:
On the downlink, BS power is shared by all users in a cell. When no power in total BS
power can be allocated to a new user, air interface capacity reaches its limit. That is to
say, when a BS transmits the total power used for normal running of all users exceeds
19
UMTS Scale Estimation
the rated power of the BS, downlink capacity reaches power limit. Therefore, downlink
capacity is limited by the total transmitting power of the BS.
Similar to the analysis method of uplink capacity, analysis of downlink capacity starts
from the Eb/No value required by signal demodulation. To correctly demodulate useful
signals on the downlink, the mobile station must overcome interference from the
following three aspects: interference caused by nonorthogonality of the channel in a
cell, interference of signals from the outside of the cell and thermal noise from the
mobile station. That is,
I tatal (1 ) P Pother PN
Where, P represents total BS transmitting power.
Pother represents total interference power of signals from the outside of the cell.
By referring to the derivation means of uplink load factor, denote the downlink load
factor
DL as follows:
N ( Eb / No) j
DL j 1
vj
W / Rj
[(1 j ) i j ]
Rj
represents bit rate of the user j.
j
represents channel quadrature factor from the user j.
i j represents the ratio of BS power received by the user j from other cell to that from
this cell.
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j
Because mobile stations are distributed randomly in a cell, and i j are related to
the location of users. For the average value of cell load factors, adopt its similar
average value in the whole cell, that is:
N
( Eb / No) j
DL
j 1
vj
W / Rj
[(1 ) i]
Where, represents the average quadrature factor in a cell. Generally, it is 60% for
the multipath channel and 90% for the non-multipath channel. i represents the
average ratio of the BS power received by the user from other cell to that from this cell.
Generally, it is 55% for the omni antenna macro cell and 65% for the three-sector
antenna macro cell.
L represents the average path loss, which is evaluated by subtracting 6 dBm( from the
maximum path loss. 2
21
UMTS Scale Estimation
In the case of a single service, evaluate the channel quantity provided by every cell
under the maximum allowed transmitting power according to the formula (2) and
further evaluate the total number of BSs satisfying downlink capacity requirements.
In fact, the analysis of uplink and downlink link performances is a hard process.
Because the performance of downlink depends on many basic elements very much, its
analysis cannot be streamlined like the analysis of uplink. The Eb/No value range of
downlink is a parameter changing greatly with moving speed and multipath condition.
In addition, the mobile station receiver does not use antenna diversity. The reason why
the required Eb/No value changes with the mobile station is that at least two paths
cannot be ensured unless it is clearly known that the mobile station is in soft handoff or
softer handoff statuses. Such a change, randomicity of mobile station location and
interference level from the surrounding cell make the analysis of downlink
performance complicated. In designing, a very conservative conclusion can be gotten
in the case the worst condition is considered. Generally, estimate capacity after
analyzing the channel quantity required by uplink capacity, and observe whether the
downlink can support the mobile station to work in the designated coverage area and
its channel quantity reaches the channel quantity generated by the uplink.
Under the precondition of known reverse capacity and scale, you can evaluate
the traffic of various services in every cell under such a scale. Then, according to
the equivalence of voice channels, you can evaluate the quantity of equivalent
voice channels to be provided by every cell. This quantity can be calculated by
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1) Calculate the average traffic of various services in every cell according to the BS
quantity of uplink and total traffic of downlink.
Where, the BS quantity is the larger value between estimated uplink coverage
and estimated capacity result.
2) According to the Campell theory, calculate the virtual Erlang traffic in every cell.
The calculation method in this step is the same as that of uplink.
3) Look up Table Erl B according to the virtual Erlang traffic in every cell
evaluated in step 2, and calculate the quantity of virtual channels in every cell.
(Ci ai )
Capacity
c
you can evaluate the quantity of equivalent voice channels to be provided by
every cell.
( Eb / No) j
PN * L * vj *
j 1
W / Rj
P N
v
( Eb / No) j
1 j * [(1 j ) j ]
j 1
W / Rj
Where, PN represents the noise power spectrum density on the front of the
mobile station receiver, and it can be calculated by the following formula:
NF represents the noise coefficient of the mobile station receiver with the typical
value of 5 dB to 9 dB.
23
UMTS Scale Estimation
The quantity of equivalent voice channels availably provided by the cell can be
calculated.
3 Compare the above two results. If the quantity to be provided by the cell is less
than that availably provided by the cell, it indicates that downlink power is
enough and the current scale satisfies system capacity requirements. If the
former is larger than the latter, it indicates that downlink capacity is limited. To
make downlink power enough, add some BSs.
24
3 Scale Estimation Example
Uplink:
Downlink:
25
UMTS Scale Estimation
Quantity A of Quantity B of
channels to be channels availably Add BSs
provided by every cell provided by every
on the downlink cell on the downlink
No
A<B
Yse
End
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The maximum allowed space path loss mobile station transmitting power
(dBm) mobile station antenna gain (dB) human body loss (dB) BS feeder
loss (dB) BS receiving antenna gain (dBi) soft handoff gain (dB) building
or car body penetration loss (dB) slow fading margin (dB) power control
margin (dB) interference margin (dB) BS receiving sensitivity (dBm)
k1 152.4
k2 44.6
k5 -13.82
k6 -6.55
Heff 30
K1 and K2 parameters have greater effect on the budget result. While, K3 and K4 have
less effect, so their values are 0.
Obtain the BS coverage radius after adopting the maximum path loss:
From the result in the previous step, we see that the uplink coverage is limited
by the CS64kps service, so the BS radius satisfying successive coverage of
CS64kps is adopted when the number of BSs is calculated.
9
If the coverage area S of the three-sector BS 3R 2 1.95 0.52
8
0.488 Km2
For downlink budget, because all users in the cell share BS power simultaneously, the
cell radius on the downlink is not only related to the number of users in the cell, but
also related to user location and services used by users. The balance between the uplink
and downlink should be calculated iteratively with the planning software. First predict
coverage area for the uplink, and then allocate power for the downlink. If the total
power does not exceed the maximum transmitting power of the BS, links are balanced.
If the total power required by the downlink exceeds the maximum transmitting power
of the BS, coverage area should be reduced and power should be re-allocated to the
downlink until the total power is less than or equal to the maximum transmitting power.
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Eb
bit rate for service for service
N0
Relative amplitude
Eb
bit rate for amplitude 1 for amplitude 1
N0
obtain
voice: 1
1
(1 f ) *
W 1 1
j 1 * *
R v j Eb
No
Where, 50% and f 0.65
According to
(Ci ai )
Capacity
c
get the quantity of virtual channels in the cell (54 1)/3.17 16
After the above calculation, we know that 84 stations are required for uplink
coverage. The evaluated number of stations is less than 84, so it meets both
coverage and capacity requirements.
1) Calculate the average traffic of various services in each cell according to the BS
quantity of uplink and total traffic.
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Voice: 1
3) Check Table Erl B and obtain that the quantity of virtual channels required by
every cell is 7
(Ci ai )
Capacity
c
evaluate the quantity of equivalent voice channels is: 7 10.75 1 76.
31
UMTS Scale Estimation
( Eb / No) j
PN * L * vj *
j 1
W / Rj
P N
v
( Eb / No) j
1 j * [(1 j ) j ]
j 1
W / Rj
PN represents the noise power spectrum density on the front of the mobile station
receiver, and its value is -169 dBm.
Obtain that the quantity of equivalent voice channels actually provided by every
cell is 71.
3 Comparison
If there are 88 BSs, the uplink and downlink coverage capacity requirement can be
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met.
33