Astro Class Notes

Part 2
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Jovian Planets and Space Objects

I. Jovian Planets

A. Characteristics that Jovian Planets have:

1. atmosphere composition:

2. interior:

3. magnetic field:

4. auroras:

5. banding/storms:

6. rings/gaps:

B. Jupiter

C. Saturn

D. Uranus

E. Neptune

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II. Space Objects

A. Asteroids

1. size:

2. composition:

3. location:

B. Kuiper Belt Objects

1. size:

2. composition:

3. location:

4. fairly circular = KBO

5. very elliptical =

a. parts

b. a comets tail always:

C. Meteoroids

1. size:

2. location:

3. composition:

a. types:

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14

Pluto and Missions

I. Pluto

A. Statistics

1. size:

2. orbit:

3. composition:

B. Planet vs Dwarf Planet

II. Missions –

A. why go on missions?

B. Types of spacecraft

1. Fly bys

2. Orbiters

3. Landers

4. Rovers

C. Missions we’ve sent

1. _____________

a. SOHO

b. STEREO

2. _____________

a. Apollo series

b. only place man has landed

http://dsc.discovery.com/videos/mythbusters-moon-hoax/
3. _____________

a. International Space Station (ISS)

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 4. _____________

a. Mariner 10

b. Messenger

5. _____________

a. Soviets:

b. Magellan

6. _____________

a. many landers

b. Spirit and Opportunity and Curiosity rovers

c. many orbiters

7. _____________

a. fly-bys

b. Galileo

8. _____________

a. fly-bys

b. Cassini (Huygens lander)

9I. _____________and _____________

a. Voyager 2 only

10. _____________ and Kuiper Belt

a. New Horizons (2015)

D. Where would you go next?

E. Landing on other planets

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/mars/launchland.html
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/mars/program.html
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15

The Sun

I. The Sun

A. Definition of a star

B. Outer Layers and features

1. Photosphere

2. Chromosphere hot cool

14,000

12,000

10,000
Corona
Corona

3. Corona 8,000

Distance (km)
6,000
spicule
4,000

2,000 Chromosphere
Chromosphere

0 Photosphere
Photosphere
4. Features in several layers

5. Sun Cycles

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 C. Inner Layers
Convection
zone
1 . Core

a. Hydrogen fusion

b. Gamma ray photon formation

Radiative
zone
2. Radiative zone

a. gamma ray is radiated and absorbed

core
b. each time it loses some energy

3. Convective zone

4. visible light emitted from the photosphere

II. Electromagnetic Radiation (light)

A. wavelength of light

B. types of light Short wavelength, high energy

C. Wavelength vs intensity curve

High Energy low

Intensity (# of photons)

Gamma UV Visible IR Radio

0 500 1000 1500 2000 Long wavelength, low energy

Wavelength (nm) 25
16

Light and Spectra

I. Luminosity and Radiation

A. Luminosity, Temperature and Size are related

1. ___________ temperature = more luminous

2. ___________ size = more luminous

B. H-R Diagram relates:

1. Temperature

2. Luminosity

3. Temperature and Luminosity can be used to determine relative size

C. Radiation from a star shown with spectral curves

1. spectral curves plot wavelength vs intensity

2. can determine

a. temperature of star

b. color of star

c. intensity (energy output)

(also luminosity or brightness)

d. relative sizes of stars

e. elements in the star

(see next page Spectra types)

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Summary:

Intensity
Luminosity
VIBGYOR Wavelen
II. Spectra types Temperature

A. Continuous spectrum:

1. forms when:

B. Emission line spectrum

1. forms when:

C. Absorption line spectrum

1. forms when:

D. Absorption lines (spectral lines)

1. pattern of spectral lines tells us:

2. The pattern of lines is caused by:

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17
Bright
Telescopes -10 0.5 1.5
-5
I. Apparent Magnitude = m brightest 5.0
star 0
A. Brightness of a star as it appears from Earth eye +5
limit
+10
dim

II. Telescopes
0
2.0
A. Purpose:

B. Refracting Telescopes:

Objective lens
eyepiece lens

1. advantages:

2. limitations:

http://galileoscope.org/

C. Reflecting Telescopes:

1. advantages:

2. limitations:

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 D. Difficulties for all telescopes:

E. Some solutions:

1.

2.

3.

4.

F. different telescopes for different wavelengths

1. visible

2. infrared (IR)

3. ultraviolet (UV)

4. radio

5. x-ray/gamma ray

Lenses turn images upside down!

Objective lens
eyepiece lens

http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/the-planet-hunters
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18

Doppler Effect, Star Distances

I. Doppler Effect
______ shift ______ shift
A. Motion of star relative to Earth

1. from lab work, we know the expected spectral lines if the star is not moving

2. motion of star causes shift of spectral lines

shorter blue red longer

At rest

II. Information about a star: How do we determine each of these characteristics of a star?

A. Temperature

1. peak of curve

2. compare to known curves

B. Color

1. peak of curve

2. most photons emitted

C. Elements in star C
1. locations of spectral lines H
2. compare to known elements He
30
 D. Motion

1. Doppler shift causes shifting spectral lines

E. Apparent magnitude
+4
1. compare brightness with other stars

2. view from Earth +7

+4.5
F. Absolute Magnitude

1. H-R Diagram

G. Spectral Class and Star Groups 10,000

1. H-R Diagram 100

a. Main Sequence star group

1
b. Red Giant star group
.01
c. White Dwarf star group

.000
1
H. Mass 0B G M
1,00
1. First look at binary stars: 0

100

2. Single stars: 10
If Luminosity = 100,
1
then Mass = _________ .1
If Luminosity = 0.1, .01
then Mass = _________ .001

III. Distance using Absolute and Apparent Magnitude

A. apparent magnitude (mEarth)

B. absolute magnitude (M10pc)

C. compare mEarth and M10pc to determine if it is closer or farther than 10 parsecs

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19

Distances to Stars

I. Distances to Stars

A. Stellar Parallax

1. Earth orbits Sun

2. nearby stars appear to shift

3. measure angle of apparent movement over ½ year

a. angle measured in arcseconds

4. angle depends on distance of star

a. closer stars _______________ b. farther stars __________________

5. distance measured in parsecs

Angle of separation

Distance in parsecs =

Useful formula (do not memorize it, but be able to use it)
32
 4”

Distance =

1
/10”

Distance =

Example:

Angular separation =

Distance in parsecs =

Another Example:

Angular separation =

Distance in parsecs =

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21

Lives of Stars, Star Births

I. Star Birth through Red Super Giant

A. Nebula:

1. components

a. original stars:

b. younger stars:

2. three ways to detect nebula:

3. Triggers

a.

b. A nebula

c.

B. Proto-star
B Proto-star
1. Nebula collapses and heats

2. High Mass

3. Low Mass

C main sequence star

C. Main Sequence Star

1. Fusing Hydrogen

2. stable luminosity

3. stable temperature

4. stable size

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 5. Life Time: High mass vs Low mass

D. Main Sequence Main

Sequence
What is fusing:

Why:

Red
Giant
E. Red Giant

What is fusing:

Why:
Horizontal Branch

F. Hz branch and Red Super Giant

What is fusing: Red

Super
Giant

Why:

II. Life Times of Stars

A. large star, short life

B. small star, long life

C. clusters can be dated

1,000 1,000
1,000

100 100
100
Luminosity

Luminosity

Luminosity

1 1
1

35
0.01 0.01
0.01
40,000 20,000 10,000 5,000 2,500 40,000 20,000 10,000 5,000 2,500
Temperature (K) Temperature (K) 40,000 20,000 10,000 5,000 2,500
Temperature (K)
22

Deaths of Stars and Black holes

I. After Red Super Giant Stage

A. Low Mass scenario

1st. 1

2nd. 2

3rd a.

3rd b.
3b

B. High Mass scenario

1st.

2nd.

3rd.

Super Nova!
4th.

Supernova remnants spread out, leaving behind:

5th a.

5th b.

36
Super Nova Remnant
C. Type II SuperNova results

1. Neutron Star

a. pulsar

2. Black hole

a. Newton’s Laws

b. Einstein’s theory of relativity

c. Black holes

d. Finding Black Holes

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/blackhole/program.html

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23

The Milky Way, Types of Galaxies

I. The Milky Way Galaxy

A. Determining it’s shape and our location

1. catalog stars -

2. compare to:

3. Mapped:

4. Observed using:

B. Distances in the Milky Way Galaxy

1. 1 light year =

2. 1 parsec = 3.26 light years

3. Galaxy size:

4. Distances

a. Stellar Parallax:

b. Apparent vs Absolute Magnitude:

II. Galaxies: colors and structure

A. Types of Galaxies

1. _______________

38
 2. ____________________

3. ____________________

B. Star Ages within a galaxy

1,000 1,000

100 100
Luminosity

Luminosity

1 1

0.01 0.01

40,000 20,000 10,000 5,000 2,500 40,000 20,000 10,000 5,000 2,500
Temperature (K) Temperature (K)

Young star groups: Old star groups:

C. Cause of galaxy shapes and colors

1. Spiral galaxies

a. Shape ___________ because:

b. Colors _________________ because:

2. Elliptical galaxies

a. Shape ______________ because:

b. Color ______________ because:

3. Irregular

http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/cosmic_classroom/ask_astronomer/video/
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24

Structure of the Universe and Distant Objects

I. Structure of our Universe

A. From small to big:

1. Inside or outside Solar System?

Mars Sun Asteroids Vega Betelgeuse Orion Nebula Andromeda Galaxy

2. Inside or outside the Milky Way Galaxy?

Mars Sun Asteroids Vega Betelgeuse Orion Nebula Andromeda Galaxy

B. Galaxy clusters

1. The Local Group: Our galaxy cluster

C. The Universe

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 D. Dark Matter

1. Evidence for dark matter

a. Galaxy cluster:

b. Lensing:

c. Orbits of stars: theory

2. Types of dark matter:

II. Finding distances to distant galaxies

A. Measure redshifts of distant galaxies

1. Galaxies within a cluster are gravitationally bound

2. Galaxy clusters move away from each other

3. Farther galaxy clusters move away __________

4. Hubble’s Law 40,000

30,000
Velocity km/sec

20,000

10,000

41
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Distance (millions parsecs)
25 40,000

Big Bang 30,000

I. The Big Bang

Velocity km/sec
20,000

A. Evidence 10,000

1. 0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Distance (millions parsecs)

2.

B. Order of Events

Before anything:

1. First:

2. Second:

3. Third:

4. Fourth:

5. Now:

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26

II. Extraterrestrial Life

A. Factors necessary for Life

B. Where do these factors occur?

C. Search for Extra Terrestrial Intelligence (SETI)

1. searching in radio wavelengths

2. sending out radio wavelengths

3. plaques on spacecraft

http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/the-planet-hunters

http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/seti-new-search-for-et

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