"MOUNT APO"

The Grandfather of Philippine Mountains

Mount Apo (Cebuano: Bukid Apo; Tagalog: Bundok Apo) is a large solfataric, potentially active
stratovolcano on the island of Mindanao, Philippines. With an elevation of 2,954 meters (9,692 ft)
above sea level, it is the highest mountain in the Philippine Archipelago and is located between
Davao City and Davao del Sur province in Region XI and Cotabato in Region XII. The peak overlooks
Davao City 45 kilometers (28 mi) to the northeast, Digos 25 kilometers (16 mi) to the southeast, and
Kidapawan 20 kilometers (12 mi) to the west.

The first two attempts to reach Mt. Apo’s summit ended in failure: that of Jose Oyanguren (1852)
and Señor Real (1870). The first recorded successful expedition was led by Don Joaquin Rajal in
October 10, 1880. Prior to the climb, Rajal had to secure the permission of the Bagobo chieftain,
Datu Manig. It is said that the Datu demanded that human sacrifice be made to please the god
Mandarangan. But the datu agreed to waive this demand, and the climb commenced on October 6,
1880, succeeding five days later.[citation needed] Since then, numerous expeditions followed. These
and more are described in colorful narrations by Fr. Miguel Bernad, S.J.

On May 9, 1936, Mount Apo was declared as a national park by President Manuel L. Quezon.

Mt. Apo is said to be named after a nobleman named Apong, who was killed while mediating the
battle between two suitors of his daughter Saribu. Apo is various local languages mean
"grandfather", "master", "grandson", and "wise elder".
 "MOUNT DULANG-DULANG"

MOUNT D2

Mount Dulang-dulang, dubbed by Filipino mountaineers as "D2", is the highest elevation peak in the
Kitanglad Mountain Range, located in the north central portion of the province of Bukidnon in the
island of Mindanao. It is the second highest mountain of the Philippines at 2,941 metres (9,649 ft)
above sea level, second only to Mount Apo of Davao at 2,956 m (9,698 ft) and slightly higher than
Mount Pulag of Luzon, the third highest at 2,922 m (9,587 ft).

The mountain is regarded by the Talaandig tribe of Lantapan as a sacred place. It is also within the
ancestral domain of the tribe.

Mount Dulang-dulang, similar to other peaks located in the Kitanglad Mountain Range, is covered by
lofty forests and is a home to a variety of fauna and flora. It is home to 58 mammal species including
bats, squirrels, monkeys, wild boars, flying lemurs, shrews, and deer. The Philippine eagle is also
sighted within the vicinity of the mountain.

Mount Dulang-dulang, including the Kitanglad Mountain Range, is the headwater catchment area of
several major river systems which include the Maagnao River and Alanib River, tributaries of the
Pulangi River, which drains into the Rio Grande de Mindanao in Cotabato City.
 "MOUNT MELIBENGOY"

MOUNT PARKER

Mount Parker, locally known as Melibengoy, is a stratovolcano on Mindanao island in the Philippines
(6°06.8' N, 124°53.5' E). It is located in the province of South Cotabato, 30 kilometres (19 mi) west of
General Santos City and 44 kilometres (27 mi) south of Koronadal City.

The volcano's English name is taken from an American, General Frank Parker, who spotted the
mountain and claimed to have "discovered" it during a flight he piloted in 1934. Parker led an
expedition up to the lake in the mountain's crater with other US colonial and Filipino government
officials, including Vice-Governor-General Joseph Ralston Hayden and Provincial Governor Gutierrez,
in the fall of 1934.

Melibengoy is considered one of the sacred places of the T'boli tribe. It hosts a rare species,
Parantica dannatti reyesi, a butterfly related to the monarch, which was discovered by the late
Professor Josue de los Reyes of Notre Dame of Marbel University and published in the
entomological journal of Senckerburg Research Institute in December 1994.

Government officials have also confirmed sightings of the Philippine tarsier, Tarsius syrichta which
can supposedly be found in the barangays surrounding Lake Holon.

Mount Parker is believed to have erupted thrice over the past 3,800 years, the last one on January 4,
1641. The 1641 eruption caused the formation of the crater lake.

On September 6, 1995, local officials reported what they believed was volcanic activity at Lake
Maughan. The alleged activity caused landslides and floodings along Ga-o River which drains Lake
Maughan and joins Allah River in the north. Due to this phenomenon, the Philippine Institute of
Volcanology and Seismology installed monitoring equipment which established that the so-called
activity was man-made.
 "MOUNT KALATUNGAN"

Mount Kalatungan, also known as Catatungan, is a volcanic mountain located in the province of
Bukidnon in the southern Philippines. It is a stratovolcano with no known historical eruptions and
classified by the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) as a potentially
active volcano.

It is the sixth highest mountain in the country with an elevation of 2,824 m (9,265 ft) asl. It is one of
the several high elevation peaks in the Kalatungan Mountain Range in Bukidnon on the island of
Mindanao, the second largest island in the Philippines.
 "MOUNT HAMIGUITAN"

Mount Hamiguitan is a mountain located in the province of Davao Oriental, Philippines. It has a
height of 1,620 metres (5,315 ft). The mountain and its vicinity has one of the most diverse wildlife
populations in the country. Among the wildlife found in the area are Philippine eagles and several
species of Nepenthes. Some of the latter, such as the Nepenthes peltata, are endemic to the
area.The mountain has a protected forest area of approximately 2,000 hectares. This woodland is
noted for its unique pygmy forest of century old trees in ultramafic soil, with many endangered,
endemic and rare species of flora and fauna.

In 2004, Mount Hamiguitan was declared as a wildlife sanctuary through the Mount Hamiguitan Law
which was enacted under the initiative of senator Loren Legarda.

In June 2014, the Mount Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary was added to the UNESCO list of
World Heritage Sites. Prior to this, the site has already been declared an ASEAN Heritage Park.
 "MOUNT MATUTUM"

Matutum is an active volcano, approximately 5.7 kilometres (3.5 mi) from Acmonan, Tupi, South
Cotabato, Philippines. Mt Matutum, a steep, non active, volcano is located north of the town of
General Santos in the province of South Cotabato. It's irregular and characteristic shape is formed by
volcanic uplift during previous periods of activity. Mt. Matutum has a well-preserved 320-m-wide
crater at the volcano's summit, it's last eruption was recorded in 1911. At a 2,286 meters rising high
above sea level, Mt. Matutum is undoubtedly the provinces most imposing land mark that
dominates the entire landscape from General Santos to Koronadal City.

The name Matutum is derived from the Blaa'n term "Amyak Maleh", that means Climb and Plant.

Volcanologists suspect that Matutum may have had a phreatic eruption on March 7, 1911. Matutum
is one of the active volcanoes in the Philippines. All are part of the Pacific ring of fire.
 "MOUNT RAGANG"

MOUNT PIAPAYUNGAN

Mount Ragang, also called Mount Piapayungan and Blue Mountain by the local people, is a
stratovolcano on Mindanao island in the Philippines. It is the seventh highest mountain in the
Philippines and the highest point in Lanao del Sur.

Mount Ragang is located on south of Lanao del Sur in the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao.

Ragang has an elevation of 2,815 metres (9,236 ft) and a base diameter of 32 km (20 mi).

It is the most active volcano on Mindanao, and is part of a string of volcanoes in what volcanologists
call the Central Mindanao Arc. It is one of the active volcanoes in the Philippines, which are all part
of the Pacific ring of fire.

There is still some confusion on the number of times Ragang has erupted. The Philippine Institute of
Volcanology and Seismology lists eight eruptions, with the last one occurring in July 1916. But the
Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanology Programs, citing the Catalog of Active Volcanoes of the
World (Neumann van Padang, 1953), suggests that some eruptions attributed to nearby Makaturing
were those of Ragang.
 "MOUNT BAYA"

Mount Baya is a dormant volcano in the municipality of Ganassi in Lanao del Sur province,
Philippines. The mountain has a peak elevation of 1,484 meters (4,869 ft) rising from a plateau of
about 950 meters (3,120 ft). It is located about 4 kilometers (2.5 mi) east of Lake Dapao and about
4.5 kilometers (2.8 mi) southwest of Lake Lanao. Between Lake Dapao and Mount Baya is Mount
Gadungan, another inactive volcano.

The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) lists Mount Baya as Inactive.
 "MOUNT
BALATUKAN"

Mount Balatukan is a massive compound stratovolcano in the northern island of Mindanao,

Philippines. It is the highest point in the province of Misamis Oriental. The volcano has no historical
eruptions but displays fumarolic activity. The 2,450-metre (8,040 ft) mountain is topped by a
triangular shaped caldera 15 kilometers (9.3 mi) long and 10.6 kilometers (6.6 mi) at its widest. The
Balatocan River emanates from and drains the huge crater.

The mountain is a protected area in the country classified as a Natural Park, the Mount Balatukan
Range Natural Park. The park has an area of 8,423.00 hectares (20,813.7 acres) with a buffer zone of
1,222.00 hectares (3,019.6 acres). It was created on March 6, 2007 by Proclamation no. 1249.

There are no historical eruptions on Mount Balatukan. The age of its last eruption has not been
studied, although some lava flows on the sides of the mountain are determined as Pleistocene.
Fumarolic activity is present on the mountain, but its form displays extensive erosion.

Balatukan is part of the Central Mindanao Arc of volcanoes. Its northernmost tip called Sipaka Point,
which points to the northeast, is a 267 meters (876 ft) cinder cone on a small peninsula called
Mount Sipaka.
 "MOUNT SUMAGAYA"

Mount Sumagaya is a mountain on the northern section of Mindanao in the Philippines. It is

under the jurisdictional territory of the municipality of Claveria. It stands at a height of about 2,248
metres (7,375 ft).

It is part of the Central Mindanao Cordillera that stretches from Camiguin in the north to Sarangani
in the south. The mountain rose to prominence during the crash of Cebu Pacific Flight 387 on its
slopes in 1998, one of the deadliest aviation incidents in the Philippines.
 "MOUNT PULONG
BATO"

MOUNT COLUMBATO

Mount Pulong Bato (Columbato) is a monolith located in Zamboanga City at the Zamboanga
Peninsula, the western tip of the island of Mindanao in the Philippines. The mountain is situated in
the Upper Abong-Abong Park within the Pasonanca Natural Park, in Barangay Pasonanca, only a few
kilometers away from the city's downtown section.Columbato became infamous because when the
Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) confirmed the mountain is a volcano
which is unknown to most people. What is unusual about the mountain is, unlike the other
mountains surrounding the city, only Mt. Columbato is made from solid rock.According to
PHIVOLCS, the volcano is an Intrusion type of volcano meaning it was formed within earth's crust.
Magma was pushed from the beneath the earth surface but did not come out through an eruption
like a typical volcano (Extrusion). The magma eventually solidified while it is still enclosed by softer
rocks, which was later exposed by erosion or weathering, a process that could take thousands of
years.The mountain is near the premises of the famous Abong-Abong Park, where both domestic
and foreign Catholic devotees pilgrimage annually during Holy Week to observe the holiday and
meditate.

The correct name of the mountain is Columbato. The name columbato is from the Tagalog words
"Kolum"(column) and bato(stone or rock). The chavacanos spelled the word "kolum" as "colum" but
kept the "bato" as is. The name "pulong bato" only started in the 1980s when the popular mayor of
Zamboanga City (Cesar C. Climaco) created the station of the cross in abong-abong beside the
mountain of Columbato. It became a very popular place and Christians would congregate and
"meet" there during holy week. In Tagalog the word for meeting is "PULONG". That's when they
started referring to the place as "Pulong bato".
 "MOUNT
MALINDANG"

Mount Malindang is a complex volcano located in the province of Misamis Occidental in the
southern island of Mindanao, Philippines. It is the highest point in the province. The least studied
mountain range was formed through several volcanic activities some of which could be historical,
evident by the presence of two calderas, surrounded by high rock walls, cinder cones, dome volcano
plugs, two sulfurous hot springs, and a crater lake named Lake Duminagat. The amphitheater
structures have extensive distribution of volcanic rocks, carbonized wood that are found in
pyroclastic deposits. The mountain range is dissected by several canyons and ravines.

Malindang has no known historical eruptions and is classified as inactive by the Philippine
Institute of Volcanology and Seismology.

Mount Malindang and its adjoining mountain range is a catchment area which drains water through
49 rivers and streams, and numerous creeks. It provides potable water for domestic, agricultural and
other uses to more than one million inhabitants of Misamis Occidental and the eastern parts of
Zamboanga del Norte and Zamboanga del Sur.
 "MUSUAN PEAK"

MOUNT CALAYO

Musuan Peak or Mount Musuan /ˈmʊswən/, also known as Mount Calayo (/kəˈlɑːjoʊ/, literally "Fire
Mountain") is an active volcano on the island of Mindanao in the Philippines. It is 4.5 kilometres (2.8
mi) south of the city of Valencia, province of Bukidnon, and 81 kilometres (50 mi) southeast of
Cagayan de Oro City.

Musuan Peak or Mount Musuan /ˈmʊswən/, also known as Mount Calayo (/kəˈlɑːjoʊ/, literally "Fire
Mountain") is an active volcano on the island of Mindanao in the Philippines. It is 4.5 kilometres (2.8
mi) south of the city of Valencia, province of Bukidnon, and 81 kilometres (50 mi) southeast of
Cagayan de Oro City.

The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology reports that Musuan erupted in 1866 and
1867, but the Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Program records another eruption,
possibly phreatic, that "burned everything around it." The explosion supposedly occurred four years
before the 1891 visit of a Jesuit priest, who reported that he could not examine the volcano more
closely because of strong solfataric activity. A strong seismic swarm occurred near Musuan in 1976,
and again around mid-2011.Musuan is one of the active volcanoes in the Philippines, which are all
part of the Pacific ring of fire.
 "MOUNT BUTUNG"

Mount Butung is an inactive volcano located in the municipality of Quezon, Bukidnon province in
the island of Mindanao, Philippines. The mountain is located at 7°45′12″N 125°4′12″E.

The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) lists Mount Butung as Inactive.
 "MOUNT HILONG-HILONG"

Mount Hilong-Hilong is the highest mountain in Northeastern Mindanao with a height of 2,102
meters or 6,601 feet above sea level. It is one of the best-liked destinations of mountaineers.

The area is known for its unspoiled waterfalls, a lake and a nesting site of the Philippine eagle which
is now endangered. This mountain is a home of an estimated 120 different species of birds; 59 of
these can only be found in the Philippines. Aside from being a significant territory for endemic bird
species, Mt. Hilong-Hilong is also a sanctuary of indigenous frogs, reptiles, mammals, and
ecologically threatened flora. It is thick with vegetation.

The area was abused because of unauthorized mining and illegal logging operations. The beauty of
the nature was neglected by the mean people behind the mistreatment of the area. Now, the area is
already protected under the Senate Bill 2156 written by Sen. Pia Cayetano. This bill is also known as
“Mt. Hilong Hilong Range Protected Landscape Act”. The law aims to save and protect the mountain
from exploitation, maintain its ecological balance, and conserve it as a source of water supply.

Mount Hilong-Hilong is located between the boundaries of the provinces of Agusan del Norte,
Agusan del Sur and Surigao del Sur in Northern Mindanao.
 "MOUNT
MAKATURING"

Makaturing, is a stratovolcano on Mindanao island in the Philippines. It is found in the province of

Lanao del Sur (particularly in the town of Butig) in the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim
Mindanao. Makaturing has an elevation of 1,940 metres (6,365 ft) and a base diameter of 29 km (18
mi). It is part of a string of volcanoes called the Central Mindanao Arc.

There is still some controversy on the number of times Makaturing erupted. The Philippine Institute
of Volcanology and Seismology lists 10 eruptions with the last one occurring on March 18, 1882. But
the Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanology Program, citing the Catalog of Active Volcanoes of
the World (Neumann van Padang, 1953), suggests that some eruptions were actually those of
neighboring Ragang volcano. Makaturing is one of the active volcanoes in the Philippines. All are
part of the Pacific Ring of Fire.

On May 18, 1947, Philippine Air Force (PAF) commander Gen. Edwin Andrews died with 16 others
when the C-47 transport plane carrying them crashed in Makaturing. Nine years later, the PAF
established an air base in Zamboanga City and is now named the Edwin Andrews Air Base from
where the Philippine military launches air support operations in the ongoing campaign against
separatists.
 "PANTARON MOUNTAIN
RANGE"

CENTRAL CORDILLERA

Pantaron Mountain Range, also called the Central Cordillera of Mindanao, Philippines is a mountain
range straddling across the provinces of Misamis Oriental, Bukidnon, Agusan del Norte, Agusan del
Sur, Davao del Norte and Davao del Sur.The range contains one of the last remaining old growth or
primary forest blocks in Mindanao.Major rivers in the island also has their headwaters in the
mountain range including Mindanao River, Pulangi River, Davao River, Tagoloan River and major
tributaries of Agusan River.

Ethnic tribal communities such as the Manobos, Higaonons and Bukidnons are the inhabitants of
the area. Ancestral domain claims within the boundaries of the mountain range has also been
identified by the government for these ethnic minorities.