! !!

Closed System Energy Balance: A specific property 𝑦 = ! = !

∆𝐸 = 𝑄!"# !" − 𝑊!"# !"#

Time rate form of Closed System Energy Balance:

𝑑𝐸
= 𝑄!"# !" − 𝑊!"# !"#
𝑑𝑡

∆𝐸 = ∆𝐾𝐸 + ∆𝑃𝐸 + ∆𝑈
1
∆𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚(𝑣!! − 𝑣!! )
2
∆𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔(𝑧! − 𝑧!)

Work in Expansion/Compression (e.g.: piston-cylinder)

∀!
𝑊= 𝑝 𝑑∀
∀!

In particular, in a Polytropic process 𝑝∀! = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡:
! ∀! !!! ∀!
𝑊 = ! !!! 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 ≠ 1
∀ ∀ Liquid – vapor mixture
𝑊 = 𝑝! ∀! ln ∀! = 𝑝! ∀! ln ∀! 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 1 ∀!"# = 𝑚!"# 𝑣!
! !
𝑚!"#
𝑥= ∀!"# = 𝑚!"# 𝑣! = 𝑥𝑚𝑣!
𝑚!"# + 𝑚!"#
𝑚!"#
Power cycle = 1 − 𝑥
𝑚
𝑊!"!#$ = 𝑄!" − 𝑄!"#
𝑊!"!#$
𝜂= 𝑣 = (1 − 𝑥)𝑣! + 𝑥𝑣! = 𝑣! + 𝑥(𝑣! − 𝑣! )
𝑄!"
𝑢 = (1 − 𝑥)𝑢! + 𝑥𝑢! = 𝑢! + 𝑥(𝑢! − 𝑢! )
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑄!" > 0 ℎ = (1 − 𝑥)ℎ! + 𝑥ℎ! = ℎ! + 𝑥(ℎ! − ℎ! )
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄!"# > 0 ℎ = 𝑢 + 𝑝𝑣



Refregeration cycle
𝑊!"!#$ = 𝑄!"# − 𝑄!"
𝑄!"
𝛽=
𝑊!"!#$
Heat pump cycle
𝑊!"!#$ = 𝑄!"# − 𝑄!" 𝑐! (𝑇) = 𝑐! (𝑇) + 𝑅
𝑄!"#
𝛾=
𝑊!"!#$
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑄!" > 0
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄!"# > 0 Ideal Gas in a Polytropic process:
𝑇! − 𝑇!
𝑊 = 𝑚𝑅 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 ≠ 1
1−𝑛
! ∀!
𝑊 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇 ln ! ! 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 1
∀!
!!!
𝑇! 𝑝! ! 𝑣! !!!
=! ! =! !
𝑀!"# = 28.97 𝑘𝑔/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑇! 𝑝! 𝑣!