MINDS ARE LIKE PARACHUTES - THEY ONLY FUNCTION

WHEN ARE OPEN. SO, OPEN YOURS. THOMAS DEWAR

LIBRO GUIA DE NEGOCIO Y CONTABILIDAD

“CARTILLA DIDACTICA”

REALIZADO POR

LUIE FERNANDO SUAREZ

DOCENTE

LUIS FERNANDO SUAREZ

INSTITUCION EDUCATIVA AMERICA

PUERTO BERRIO 10 DE ABRIL DEL 2011

INTRODUCTION
This primer is performed as a useful resource to strengthen some necessary fundamentals in
terms of the technical vocabulary of the commercial, accounting and business needs a person
who studies and works in this area.

READINGS
 1. WHO INVENTED THE WORD “PERFECT”, ANYWAY?

Ok, you’re looking in the “Segunda Mano” for a new job...we all know that feeling of anticipation –
what’s going to be in there for me? – as your eyes skate down the page looking for that one job that
suits you, or at least seems interesting enough to spend a stamp on. If nothing looks good under your
preferred job heading, you may entertain the idea of looking in other fields – but as you search
through, you start to realize that the offers in your field, the strangest offers, the ones you don’t
understand, and those you’d never admit to even reading, have one thing in common....
“Imprescindible hablar inglés”. And you ever-so-nonchalantly flip over to the “formación” section of the
want ads – “Academias de Inglés”

From my experience in preparing students for interviews in English, I have basically found that there
are two types of interviews. This of course is not the be all and end all of job interviews, but here are
some tips for both types I’ve seen – and some common questions...

Interview 1 – The "Guy just want to see if you speak English (even if we can’t)" interview.

This tends to be common in jobs such as sales, administration, secretarial jobs, IT, some legal
positions, travel and tourism, business, marketing, advertising, well, you name it! And is usually a
combination interview – part in Spanish and part in English.

Depending on the amount of English that you would actually have to speak if you were to land this
job, the interview may be more or less rigorous. I have seen everything from students being
interviewed by someone who hardly speaks English at all, to being interviewed by a native. However,
this type of interview tends to be less job specific (they usually ask the labor-related questions in the
Spanish part of the interview) – and more geared towards how well you “speak English”. From what I
have been told and have seen, the English part of this interview tends to last around 15 minutes, and
sometimes even less.
This interview can be more difficult in the sense that the interviewer’s only job is to pay attention to
how you speak English, or rather, how well you speak English. So, you may feel more under pressure
as far as vocabulary and structure. However, it is easier in the sense that the questions asked are
usually quite basic and colloquial, and are only intended to get you to speak in different tenses and in
a variety of contexts. Some of the common questions in these types of interviews (among
others) are:

1. Tell me about yourself. (this is such a fun question to answer!)

2. Where are you from?
3. What is there to see in your town?
4. What do you do in your free time? (answering “I study English in my free time” is a “PELOTA”
answer! Don’t insult your interviewer)
5. How did you learn English?
6. How long have you studied English?
7. Have you traveled to any English-speaking countries, spent time abroad?
8. How did you like (country)?
9. How long were you in (country)?
10. Tell me about your experience in (country). (this type of question , “tell me about...”, usually
comes up when you are being a “listo” and only giving short answers to avoid speaking and they want
to hear you talk more.)
11. What was (country) like? (this is, among other things, to see if you really went to this place, so if
you haven’t, and you’re telling “porky pies” (lies) you better get “googling” your chosen place before
the interview!!)
12. Did you like the people? (Please, if your interviewer is from the same country you studied in,
and you hated the people and/or the food, maybe this isn’t the time to show how honest you are.)
13. What are you doing now to keep up your English skills? (Needless to say, picking up “Guiris”
at bars is not a good answer.)
14. How have you had to use English at work in the past?
15. What did you do in your last job?
16. What are your strengths and weaknesses? (even more fun than question #1! Trust me, we all
“work too hard” – be creative with your weakness!)

Interview 2 – The –"¡Cágate lorito! ¿Por qué no fui a Oxford a estudiar - por mi cara bonita - cuando
mis papis me lo ofrecían?" - interview.

Yes, the interview of all interviews!!! The, “I’m going to work for a foreign company” interview.
Undoubtedly this can be a more difficult interview to handle. First of all, your interviewer will most
likely have impeccable English skills. You need to be comfortable with your English speaking skills –
confident. The good thing about these interviews is that the minor mistakes (unless it’s for a UN
translator or something of that sort) usually don’t count so much against you. I’m not saying you can
get away with murder, however the interviewers aren’t usually as hung up on grammar as your COU
English teacher was. Usually the interviewer is interested in your skills in your field, if you can speak
fluently and confidently, and if you understand what they are asking you.

Listening comprehension plays a big role in these interviews (in all interviews). One of our worst
enemies are our own nerves when we listen to someone speak in another language – we get so
nervous about not understanding them, we actually end up getting confused, all on our own. Or, at the
first word we don’t understand, we lose the next ten, stuck on that one darn word and/or freaking out.
What’s this, you say? AAAAGH! Phrasal Verb!!! Freaking out?
According to the Merriam-Webster online dictionary (great resource, by the way):

FREAK
function: verb intransitive uses:
1: to withdraw from reality especially by taking drugs -- often used with out
2 : to experience nightmarish hallucinations as a result of taking drugs -- often used with out
3 a : to behave irrationally or unconventionally under the influence of drugs -- often used with out
b : to react with extreme or irrational distress or discomposure -- often used with out

Ok, we’re talking about 3b here, the modern definition. The other 3 are what my parents were
probably doing in the late 60’s. (Just kidding Mom and Dad!)

Anyway, and in summary – the important thing is to relax and to not get hung up on that one stupid
word! If you find yourself in a situation where you find it really difficult to understand the interviewer,
you have to make every effort to go with the flow and get the idea of what they are asking or saying.
And move on! The same goes for when you are speaking and can’t remember a certain expression.
Get over it and work around it! By doing this, you are also showing your problem-solving skills in
English, demonstrating that you can SURVIVE in these situations.

Ok, enough chit chat–

Here are some more common questions to prepare for this type, or any type of interview. You then
have to add on other questions specific to your field and practice, practice, practice!

2. Tell me about yourself. / How would you describe yourself? (you’ll never escape this
question!!!)
2. Why did you leave your last job?
3. What did you like most/least about your last job?
4. What do you see yourself doing five years from now? Ten years from now?
5. What are your long range and short range goals and objectives?
6. Why did you choose this career?
7. Why did you go into (profession)? (this is another way of asking question 6)
8. How well do you work with people?
9. Do you work better alone or in a team?
10. How would you describe your work ethic?
11. How well do you work under pressure?
12. Why should we hire you? /Why should we hire you over the other candidates?
13. What makes you qualified for this position?
14. What qualities do you think make up a good (job title)?
15. What's one of the hardest decisions you've ever had to make?
16. What two or three things are most important to you in your job?
17. What accomplishments have given you the most satisfaction? Why?
18. Describe the most rewarding experience of your career thus far.
19. What do you think it takes to be successful in a company like ours?
20. In what ways do you think you can make a contribution to our company?
21. Why did you decide to seek a position in this company?
22. What can you tell us about our company?
23. What do you know about our competitors?
24. What two or three things are most important to you in your job?
25. How do you feel about traveling?
26. Would you be willing to live in another country?
27. What are your strengths and weaknesses? (ha! ha! ha! you’ll never escape this one
either!)
 2. A GENERIC CORPORATE ORGANIZATIONAL HIERARCHY

Board of Directors

A board of directors is a group of people who either control or execute (or both) the
general business affairs of a corporation. "Directors" are usually officers who form part of
the Board of Directors.

Chairman of the Board – This person is appointed to be the head of the Board of
Directors. In private companies, the Chairman of the Board may also be the CEO (as well
as the President).

Two Main Executive Officers

The executive officers manage the whole company. They develop global strategies.
CEO - Chief Executive Officer – This person is the top executive responsible for a
company's operations. This person reports to the board of directors. This person is
sometimes also the president of the company. Other times, the CEO appoints a president.
President – “President” is a title in many corporations. In some cases the president acts as
the “Chief Operating Officer” under the direction of the Chief Executive Officer.

"Vice-Presidents in Charge of Departments ("Vice-President" or another title.)

Departments: There are usually a variety of departments in companies: Sales, Human
Resources, Marketing, Accounting, Finance, Production, Support, IT (information
technology), Legal, Purchasing, Projects, R&D, etc. The existence and titles of these
departments depend on the corporations themselves (i.e. their needs and company
culture).

There are a variety of titles for the people who are in charge of the departments in
companies: Vice-President, Director, Manager, etc. There are also a variety of tagsthat
accompany these titles: Executive (i.e. Executive Vice-President, Executive Director,
Executive Manager, etc.), Country (i.e. Country Manager), Regional, (i.e. Regional
Manager). etc. The title of the departments themselves can serve as part of the
employees’ titles: Sales Director, Accounting Manager, Human Resources Director, Vice-
President of Sales, etc. Sometimes the titles vary in different countries depending on the
laws governing corporations there.

The titles that companies give their employees depend on their company’s origins, their
cultures and their particular needs. Workers with very similar job-descriptions working in
different companies may have completely different titles and salaries. Also, workers with
very similar titles can have very different job-descriptions. Also, the hierarchical structures
in different companies can be very different, which can create a need for very different
departments

3. PRESENTING IN ENGLISH

A Brief Introduction to Presenting in English

Part 1 – Looks, Manner and Voice

Have you ever been asked to make a presentation

in English? Being able to present professionally in
English can give your career a boost and
propel you up the corporate ladder.

Surveys have shown that to capture and then to

keep an audience's attention the most important
thing is how you look and how you move your
body (body language); the second most important
is how you talk; the third most important (in fact,
the least important) is what you say. It is too easy to concentrate all your efforts on the
content of your presentation neglecting the 'performance' aspect of it.

So, the first thing you have to do is to be smart. OK, that's easy, you just have to buy a
new outfit at El Corte Inglés. Now, what about body language? Well, try to face the
audience; don't look at your Powerpoint presentation when you're speaking; use your
hands; move around; make eye contact with members of the audience. Don't put your
hands in your pockets or look at the floor. Keep them on their toes.
Next thing. How you talk. Don't talk too quickly. Stress important words or phrases for
emphasis and pause afterwards to ensure the audience understands the
significance of the points and have time to absorb them. Use repetition and contrast
opposing points again for emphasis. Ask rhetorical questions, the ones that you know
the audience would likely want to ask themselves. This makes it easy for the audience
to follow the presentation and to differentiate the main subject matter from background
contextual content. Listen to the way that politicians speak.

The actor John Wayne once said: “talk low, talk slow and don't talk too much”. Bear
this in mind when you are planning your presentation and you'll be starting off on the right
foot.

A Brief Introduction to Presenting in English Part 2 – Planning and why all this
Preparation is Important.

You may have noticed that in Part 1 all the advice could equally apply to giving a
presentation in German, Chinese and even Spanish! So how will it give you any particular
help when you present in English? Well, this part will also be applicable to any language
but both will be invaluable for non-native English speakers preparing presentations in
English. Just wait and see and all will become clear.

Your presentation will have an introduction, a main part and a conclusion. The introduction
will include a summary of the main part (what you are going to say) and the conclusion will
also include a summary of the main part (what you said). The main part will be divided into
sections or topic areas. Each of these sections should also include a brief introduction and
conclusion. This will allow the audience to understand the structure of the presentation
and to follow its logical flow.

The majority of the presentation will be 'ad hoc' (or unscripted) in that you will be
using your own words as you follow the pre-prepared plan. However, you should write a
script for the first part of the introduction and the last part of the conclusion beforehand
and learn both by heart. In addition, you should derive approximate timings for each
part of the presentation as a help in estimating the duration of the talk and as a means of
reviewing your progress as you speak.

You should print a copy of the scripts and the plan and keep them within reach as you
make the presentation.

So, why are Looks, Manner and Voice (Part 1) and Planning (Part 2) important for your
English presentation? First of all, it is the professional way to do things and will give you
the best chance of giving an effective talk. Secondly, and most importantly, for non-
native English speakers, it will give you time and help you conserve your mental energy.
You need more time and energy (perhaps better described as concentration) to convert
what you want to say into English words and sentences than you do in your native
language.
So, by speaking more slowly and pausing you will give yourself time and you will conserve
your energy. By memorising parts of your presentation, you will save the energy involved
in producing 'ad hoc' language and you will ensure that during the most important
stages of the presentation (the beginning and the end) you will say what you planned to
say. By effective planning you will save on the concentration needed to navigate the
talk giving yourself the opportunity to be more relaxed and natural.

A Brief Introduction to Presenting in English Part 3 – The Performance

The obvious problem when presenting in a language other than your own is
nerves. However, by carefully planning your presentation we have reduced the amount
of ´thinking on your feet’ that you will need to do. This will allow you to concentrate
on the content of your talk, reducing the mental effort involved with navigating your way
through the various stages of the presentation.

Furthermore, by preparing your introduction beforehand, you will be able to ease

your way into the presentation allowing yourself to get over the most nerve-racking
part of all; the first five minutes. Similarly, a pre-rehearsed ending to the presentation
will ensure you don't forget to leave the audience with the important points clear in their
minds.

As we mentioned before, talk precisely and clearly; use emphasis and pauses to
‘punctuate’ your points. Keep your hands above your waist and use movement and body
language to complement your voice in putting across your message. Do not turn your
back on the audience when referring to the screen and try not to read verbatim from
the displayed text; don’t forget, your audience can read.

Keep your notes (with timings) in front of you and refer to them when you need to.
Don’t forget it is important to check the progress of the presentation against the schedule,
so make sure you have some kind of timer available. This could be a wall clock, mobile
phone or watch but if you use a wrist watch, take it off and put it in front of you.

You will need to decide if you you prefer taking questions during the talk or leaving them
until the end. We will cover this issue in the next episode.

Language to help you navigate the talk may include:

“To start off then ...............”
“To move on to my next point .............”
“To go back to what I was saying ...............”
“To give you an example of what I mean .............”
“To digress for a moment ...............”
“To summarise ................”
“To sum up then ................”

Language to help you with your visual material may include:

“Take a look at this. . .”
“As you can see. . .”
“I'd like to point out. . .”

You may ask, “what about questions and interruptions?” Well, in the next episode we will
look at how to deal with unanticipated events and the language needed to
overcome potential problems.

4. THE "4-STEP" GUIDE TO REPORT WRITING

Writing reports in English can be time-

consuming but with practice and a plan you
can do it. Here are some practical tips to a
simple “4-step guide” to get you started.

1) Think

Why am I writing?
It sounds obvious but if you don’t know
exactly the purpose of your report, how will
your readers know? Possible purposes
include: to educate, inform, recommend,
persuade, motivate action and instruct.

Who are my readers?

Yes, I know you know who your readers are, but how much information do you know about
them? Close your eyes, imagine the person or people you’re writing about and put
yourself in their shoes asking yourself the following questions:

Who are my readers? (Prioritise your readers based on your purpose: Key and non-key
readers)
What background information or knowledge do they have?
What are their attitudes to the subject matter of the report?
What are they looking to find in the report?
What are their needs?

What is my key message?

Once you know the purpose of your report, you must decide what your key message is.
Include it in the executive summary and also put it in the beginning so the reader knows
what follows will support your key message and will help the readers reach a
conclusion. For example: Option 1 will be the best in the short term, but option 2 offers a
better long term solution.

What action do I want my readers to take?

What outcomes do you want? What do you want your reader to do after reading your
report? This is where you deliver your recommendations, next steps and follow-up.

2. Plan

While reading all of part (1) jot down any ideas you have and slowly expand them.
Group all your ideas together that require a similar action. A mind-map is an excellent
visual tool to organise this.

Structuring the report depends on the purpose of your report and the readers. I always
assume that most readers are very busy and so will not read all the report. Instead they
will skim read using your contents page and executive summary to guide them and
they’ll thank you for doing that.

Most business reports follow this typical structure:

1. Executive Summary and Recommendations

2. Introduction
3. Content
4. Conclusion
5. Appendices

Lets be realistic, who has time to read a 15-20 page report in English? Readers will only
read your report if it has something that benefits them. The Executive Summary is your
secret weapon to grabbing the attention of the reader by giving them a taste of the
benefits inside your report. Keep it brief, to the point and ideally no more than 1 page. It
should include, purpose, background information, key issues, your findings, conclusions
reached and recommendations.

3. Write

The order in which you present your ideas is critical. It has to have a logical flow, so
you can guide the reader and prove to the reader that your ideas have merit.
Be confident in your recommendations and give them importance by using the active
instead of the passive voice. For example “We recommend that …..” instead of “It is
recommended that ….”
Be clear and to the point.
Separate each idea and focus on it entirely.
Use layout to help the reader skim read and quickly find the information they want. Make
main ideas and recommendations stand-out by using bullet points, headings, sub-
headings, bolding, graphics and colour.

4. Revise
 Only keep the ideas you’re 100% confident in.
Find two proof readers you know to read and critique your report.

Firstly someone who is knowledgeable in the area to check and critique the technical
content of your ideas.
Secondly someone with a high level of English or a native to check and critique the
clarity and simplicity of your ideas.
If you can’t find two proof readers, ask your colleagues if they can recommend a
translator with expertise in your industry or sector.

5. MOTIVATING STAFF

A woman waits a good while at the counter to

pay for her purchase. When an employee finally
attends her she doesn't receive a smile nor a "thank
you".

Do you think this customer will return?

Perhaps, but I assure you she won't be doing

any word of mouth marketing for you.

This type of attitude doesn't only have negative effects

in customer service, but also in other areas of the company: Imagine you arrive to work stressed
and grumpy, growling at everyone in your team. Now change that situation to a happy start,
smiling and pats on the backs. Which day will your team be more efficient?

Now, you either have a very strange team or I'm inclined to think the answer is the second day.

So here are some quick tips to keep up the morale of your team:

Be cheerful and transmit happiness as in the previous example.

Use motivational words. It's as simple as saying "good job" or "thank you".

Make sure everyone knows what's expected from them.

Talk to your employees on a regular basis and tell them when they are doing things well.

Be fair and consistent in your disciplinary system when they fail to perform.

Make time for people. Schedule regular periods where you can dedicate more time to them.
 Talk about their goals and help them develop and achieve these goals.

Provide leadership. Guide them and never forget that a good leader can delegate all except
their responsibility.

Be disciplined. Motivating is a full-time job, you can never relax.

Think about what makes you tick, I'm sure you are not too different from your team members.

Establish a good rewarding system.

Make employees feel part of the company through stock options or similar schemes, such
as profit sharing.

Herb Kelleher, Chairman of Southwest Airlines explained to Mark Morrison (Managing Editor at
BusinessWeek) the importance that the motivation of his people had played in the success of the
company. He pointed out that they are always in touch with their employees even when they are
not at work: maternity leave, sick, retired... showing that they value them as individuals, not just as
workers.

And also, generous profit sharing schemes and stock options created the necessary team spirit that is
essential for success.

6. MEETINGS, MEETINGS,
MEETINGS

Technology was supposed to be the answer to

the work-life balance and whisper it,
decrease the number of meetings! I just didn’t
believe the techies. Well surprise surprise,
recent research has said that most managers
spend at least 60% of their time in meetings
in comparison to 45% in the 1970´s. Managers
complained that at least 50% of their time spent in meetings was a complete waste of time. So
what can be done? Well it’s not rocket science, here are tips I compiled from the experts:

Do we need to meet?

"What a stupid question", you say "of course we need to meet". Well dig deep and honestly ask
yourself and colleagues, "Do we really need to meet?" Maybe you can solve issues through other
communication tools, talking over a coffee or by using technology such as instant messenger,
blogs, emails, forums. If you do have a meeting, be clear about what you want to achieve either
as the meeting leader or as an attendee.

Prepare well
Surprise surprise, those people who prepare answers to key issues before going into a
meeting, achieve their goals quickly and painlessly. Only invite those who are essential and
relevant to the meeting issues. When giving invitees background information, keep it
brief, to the point and relevant. Make sure you book the meeting room and check it has
everything you need, like a projector and teleconference facilities, etc.

Leading a meeting

Some cultures (e.g. North Americans and Northern Europeans) use meeting agendas to
prevent rambling and irrelevancy. Other cultures hate being constrained by such a rigid
structure and prefer to have more free flowing meetings. Both methods have their merits, what is
important to both, is the meeting leader or chair. This person needs to be respected by all
attending, have a strong personality to control the meeting covering all major points/issues and to
promote an inclusive atmosphere. In the summary the meeting leader should gain commitment
to action points by meeting attendees.

Do what you say

We’ve all been to meetings, where attendees agreed to action points and then at the next
meeting turned up and gave excuses. Trust is broken, motivation plummets and nobody
takes the meetings seriously. So think before you agree to an action point and if you’re over
stretched, just say no and explain why. Shoddy work helps nobody.

Meeting Minutes

It’s the worst job in the meeting, taking meeting minutes, but someone has to keep a record of
what was said by everybody. Why why why? Well, those meeting minutes provide clues if you
need to meet again and if so, what should be included and not included. Also it makes sure that
people do what they say and when! So keep meeting minutes accurate, brief, action-orientated
and get all attendees to agree to what they said.

Tongue-tied

We’ve all been in international meetings where we wanted to speak but we couldn’t and sat in silence,
tongue-tied unsure of the correct English expression or phrase to use. Before you go to meetings,
remember past occasions where you’ve communicated successfully in English and focus on how
great you felt afterwards. Take a deep breath and quickly relive that feeling before you speak
during the meeting. Secondly use pauses and eye contact, say something like "We should
consider........., PAUSE (2 seconds), because............". Pauses focus attention on what you have to
say, people assume it's important, while also giving you time to think.

Respect people
 Well, I’m not suggesting we’re rude people or we lack
manners. However in the heat of the moment, we often
forget our manners, interrupting and shouting at people we
don’t agree with. Often we become emotional and make
issues personal and make personal comments instead
of keeping things objective. This maybe acceptable in
some cultures but others find it confrontational and
not the best way to facilitate cooperation. So agree
meeting ground rules before starting a meeting and don’t be
afraid to remind people of these during the meeting!

7. GENERATING PUBLICITY

According to Al and Linda Ries in their

book "Fall of Advertising and the Rise of
PR" the importance of PR is changing and
they argue that PR has become the most
effective way to build a brand. Well-known
brands like Body Shop, PlayStation and
Harry Potter spend very little on advertising,
yet their brand awareness is huge.

So, what can we do to generate publicity?

Well, you can put yourself in hands of

professionals and depending on your needs
and characteristics choose the type of PR
agency that best fits you. Lilli Cloud,
founder of Cloud Communications explains
in BusinessWeek (Business Week) that there are four types of agencies:

- The Big Agency

- The Small Agency
- The Boutique Agency
- The Independent Consultant

In this article she explains the advantages and disadvantages of each of them.

However, if you are more adventurous here is a quick seven step guide to start generating publicity
for your company or project:

STEP 1: Determine your target - make a list of all the publications, radio stations, TV channels you
want to reach.
STEP 2: Develop a database of contacts - Decide in which section the news you will generate best
fits in and find outwho's the primary editor or reporter of this section.

STEP 3: Determine the story - brainstorm ideas on possible stories and bring this down to
around 12 topics which cankeep you going for at least 1 year. Make sure the story is news and not
just promotion.

STEP 4: Write the press release - Study a few press releases on similar topics and write a short
story using a similar style, this will increase the chances of it getting itpublished.

STEP 5: Send the press release - here the importance of step two and developing a good database
of contacts.

STEP 6: Other uses for your press release - publish it on your Web site, mail it
to customers and prospects, place them on handouts and fliers, etc.

STEP 7: Develop relationships with contacts - dedicate time to improve your relationships with those
that decide what gets published, this will increase the likelihood of generating publicity.

These seven steps are developed in more detail in Al Lautenslager'sarticle on Entrepreneur.com.

8. TELEPHONING TIPS

This week's topic is about a very common business tool, the telephone, and about all those wonderful
tips I have found out there on the net. Although the widespread use of email has reduced its use, the
phone is still a very important tool for business communication, yet few people ever do specific
telephone skills training. Now just think of all those important phone calls you have made during the
last month and well, the not so important ones too... Are you sure you're making the most of that
time or could you improve?

As always, I'm sure there's room for improvement, but I'm not going to provide a full training course,
but I will outline some interesting tipswhich you may use:

Smile - Smile when you pick up the phone, by smiling you'll project a friendly and interesting voice
which is always important.

Prepare - If the phone call is difficult or very important prepare it well before calling. Think specially
about what you want to achieve and the objections that may arise.

Slow down - Don't be in a hurry, there is no rush, by speaking slowly you

transmit calmness and confidence. If you think you are speaking a touch too slow, you are
probably speaking at just the right speed.

Resources at hand - Have all your resources at hand, don't waste time and confuse your caller by
looking for pens, info, etc...

Take notes - Take notes and never interrupt your caller. Your notes will help you come back to
things you want to say and remember the important details once the call has finished, but never use
the keyboard, it will make them feel you are not with them.

Repeat Agreements - In the end, repeat concisely what you have agreed on to avoid confusion.
Your notes will also be useful here.

Don't be provoked - Stay calm in all situations, a friendly response will calm down even the most
beastly of creatures.

Speak loudly and clearly - Although you should speak in a low tone to avoid the shrillness of the
phone, you should get you voice across without confusion and speak into themouthpiece and do not
place the phone under your chin.

Hang up gently - Although people say it's the first impression that counts, there's no need to cause a
bad last impression by slamming down the receiver and causing a loud noise at the other end of the
line.

If the telephone call is in English, I also recommend you pay special attention to the preparation and
think through the imaginary phone call to recreate the situation. Also, make an effort to slowdown the
conversation. It is in your interest to set a slow pace to help you understand and not get lost half way
through the call. You can do this by first being modest and asking the caller to speak slowly as
English isn't your native tongue and during the conversation speak slowly yourself and repeat
information as the person speaks, giving you that extra time to think and digest the information.
 9. 10 STEPS FOR GETTING THE JOB YOU WANT!

There are no sure ways to guarantee that you

get the job you want, but there are strategies
and techniques that can certainly increase your
chances. Here are ten steps that trainers
recommend:

1. Research the Company (Section titles not

in MP3)

First, so you’ve got the interview, how do you

prepare? Well most of us adopt the “Chicken
Researcher” approach, too embarrassed to
speak to the company directly, relying on the
Internet and asking friends. On the other hand
the “Brave Researcher” wants to know about
the company, the culture, their jargon and the
type of people who work there. They call all the
departments that communicate information
about the company, such as Sales, Marketing, Public Relations and Human Resources. (For more on
this type of vocabulary, see: Corporate Hierarchy) This critical information enables them to paint a
picture in their minds of the exact culture and candidate profile the company is seeking. This picture is
then used as a reference point for all their answers and “pacing”, discussed later in point 6.

2. Go alone

Second, go to an interview alone, you’ll get there faster and it

looks incredibly unprofessional to arrive with someone. Get
your support from friends and family before the interview.

3. Arrive on time

Third, arrive on time, not too early or too late. Why? Well, if you
arrive too early, you’llput pressure on the interviewer and they’ll
react badly to this and resent you disturbing their work. Arrive
late and you’ll start the interview with an apology and provide
the interviewer with evidence that you’re not time conscious.
Also starting with an apology puts you into a subordinate role in the interview as opposed to the role
you want as an equal and possible future colleague.

4. Make a Good First Impression

Fourth, although we all consider ourselves open-minded and fair, we usually make judgements about
people in the first 2-5 minutes of meeting them. So, how do wemake the right first impression?

1. A smile.
2. Direct eye contact for trust.
3. “Hello I’m (first name) (last name). It’s a pleasure meeting you”.
 4. A firm but gentle handshake.

5. Be Equal

Fifth, don’t take a subordinate role. Remember you’re talking to a potential colleague and an equal,
you’re not asking for the job as a favour, you believe you have the skills and personality this company
needs to continue being successful. There are two ways of viewing an interview, either as a problem-
solving situation of “the interviewer and me against the problem” or as a confrontational situation of
“the interviewer against me”. You decide. One good technique is, if the interviewer offers you the
choice of where to sit, try and sit next to or beside the interviewer as opposed to a confrontational
position of directly opposite.

6. Be like the Interviewer

Sixth, align yourself with the interviewer. Daniel Goleman, the famous author of “Emotional
Intelligence,” talks about the powerful psychological impact of, “People like people who like them” and
“People like people who ARE like them”. So how can we use this in an interview? Well, one technique
to use is “Pacing.”

Pacing includes learning and using the company’s buzz words or jargon. Buzz words are popular
words the company and its employees use when talking about the company or describing its products
or services. Next use “Action Words” when answering. Action words are dynamic and energetic, it’s
the language of achievers, examples include: “implement,” “initiate,” “persuade,” “effective,”
“motivate,” “lead,” “innovate,” etc. Then try reading the body language of the interviewer
and subtlycopying some of it, but not all of it as it’ll become obvious. Finally, find an area of
agreement and start to lead the interviewer toward the job offer. Lean forward in your seat slightly and
try the phrases: “My background fits this position well,” “I’m excited about the position,” “I believe I fit
the profile you are looking for,” “What you are offering looks like a long term position.”

7. Be Positive

Seventh, never ever criticise your previous employers.

It looks incredibly unprofessional, inappropriate
and tarnishes your image. Focus on past successes,
not on the negative, it’ll enhance your image with the
interviewer.

8. Flatter the Interviewer

Eight, flattery will get you everywhere. We all love to

receive flattery and compliments as long as it’s natural
and not fake. Use your research about the company to
give compliments about the interviewer and their
company. Be natural and concentrate on the things that the company has done or does that have
impressed you.

9. Concentrate!
Nine, as the interview reaches its natural end you start to lose your concentration. Don’t! Maintain
concentration and be as attentive as possible, continue listening for information, names, titles, buzz
words, etc. to use in the second interview or follow-up letter! How? One technique is to drink a coffee
before the interview to maintain your concentration for longer.

10. Make a Long-Lasting Impression

Ten, and finally, at the end of the interview you want to make a confident and long lasting impression
on your interviewer. How?

1. A smile.
2. Direct eye contact for trust.
3. The words, “It sounds like a great opportunity” or “I'll look forward to hearing from you.”
4. A firm but gentle handshake.

10. WHAT NEGOTIATION STYLE DO YOU HAVE?

Films and media like to show that there is only one negotiation
style that matters, a competitive style, where you win and the
other person loses! But if that was always the case, how do
negotiations break down? What are the reasons for people

breaking agreements?

The Cambridge English

dictionary defines a negotiation
as, “To have formal discussions
with someone in order to reach
an agreement.” And a long
lasting agreement
and commitment comes
from cooperation.

Recent research by Professor G.

Richard Shell from the
prestigious Wharton School of
Business,University of
Pennsylvania, identified 5
common negotiation styles and
how those styles interacted, but
we’ll discuss that later. First let’s
try to understand why it is important to know what mix of negotiation styles you have.
For most cultures of the world, the negotiation process can be divided into the following
stages: preparation, information exchange, explicit bargaining, and commitment.

The greatest fear people have about negotiations is the fear of what they will lose. Other
fears include a lack of alternatives, threats and time. These can all be greatly reduced
from increasing your knowledge of the negotiation process and negotiation strategies.

Let's concentrate on the negotiation process: firstly preparation. How can you prepare an
effective negotiation strategy if you don’t know how you will react under pressure, in
different situations and conditions?

The answer is that you can’t unless you know your own negotiation style first.

Neither can you prepare effective responses to what the other person does in the
negotiation without self-awareness.

If reaching an agreement in a negotiation is based on cooperation and cooperation is

based on trust, then to be an
effective negotiator you need
to generate trust between
yourself and the other person.
Trust comes from being
natural and being yourself, not
from trying to be something
you’re not, a fake. Once you’re
aware of your negotiation style
you know what can realistically
be improved and what can’t.
Trying to be competitive when
you hate competition will make
you appear fake and you’ll lose
trust. Remember, you’re not that
good an actor!

If you’re more aware of your

own negotiation style,
you become more aware of the
other person’s negotiation style
and also how different
negotiation styles interact.
Knowing whatoutcomes the
interactions of different
negotiations styles produces
enables you to better choose the
most effective negotiation strategy to reach an agreement with them.
Professor G. Richard Shell’s research identified 2 things. Firstly, there are 5 negotiation
styles and most people have a mix of these negotiation styles. What mix of negotiation
styles are you?

1. Avoider: Hate conflicts and avoid them at all costs. Hence making an agreement
with an Avoider very difficult.

2. Compromiser: Their priority is to maintain a productive relationship. So they

will make a compromise first, giving the other person what they want in order to reach an
agreement and preserve the relationship.

3. Accommodator: They like to resolve conflict by solving the other person’s problems.
If the other person is also an accommodator then they return the favour and help solve
their problems. If not, the other person takes and gives nothing in return.

4. Competitor: They like to win and be in control of the situation. They believe if they
win, you lose.

5. Problem Solver: The most imaginative thinkers who think about fair “win/win”
solutions and greater solutions that “make the pie bigger.”

Secondly, what outcomes (Good or Bad) these negotiation styles produced when two
people (A and B) interacted together in a negotiation.

Avoider Compromiser Accommodator Competitor Problem

(B) (B) (B) (B) – Solver
(B)
Avoider (A) Good Bad Bad Bad Bad

Compromiser Bad Good Good Bad Good

(A)
Accommodator Bad Good Good Bad Good
(A)
Competitor (A) Bad Bad Bad Good Good
Problem – Bad Good Good Good Good
Solver (A)

His research showed that people who have the same negotiation style quickly understood
each other and produced a “Good” outcome. Contrary to popular opinion the “Competitor”
produced more “Bad” outcomes than “Good” as most people thought they were difficult. A
“Problem-Solver” negotiation style produced the best outcomes but is also the hardest to
implement due to the complexity of most negotiations.

Finally if you don’t have a problem-solver negotiation style, don’t worry. Effective
negotiating is as much about attitude as style. We can all learn, practice and adopt the
habits of the most effective negotiators:
 A willingness to prepare

High expectations

The patience to listen

A commitment to personal integrity

11. SAVE TIME

Read and listen to this article in this interactive activity: Save Time Activity. (This one may be
easier: Activity 2.)
Or simply read the text below and listen to:

Now, before I continue with the tips I found, ask yourself the followingquestions - and not just now
but frequently at work. This will help you keep on the right track:

1. Is the task you're working on a top priority?

2. Is the task going to add value to your work?
3. Does your task help achieve your goals?
4. Could someone else be doing it?

Just by having these questions in mind your change in attitude will help you make the most of your
time.

So here are some tips grouped in the three previously mentioned categories.

Reduce unused time:

1. Spend time planning and organising. Too often we hear "...I don't have time to organise!" when we
should be thinking "...how much time do I lose each day because I'm not organised?" I highly
recommend that you read the story Sue McMillin tells in her article to see how important this point is.
It's the third link at the bottom of the page.

2. Use a to-do list. Spending five minutes to make a to-do list will help you work through
your tasks quicker. If you combine this simple tool with other tips below you can turn it into a
powerful time management system.

Do fewer things:

3. Set goals. Goals will give you a sense of direction and will help you plan and prioritize, which is the
next tip.

4. Prioritize. Use Pareto's rule: 20% of the effort will provide 80% of the reward, so the key is to
identify and concentrate on that 20%.
5. Reduce urgent tasks. These tasks usually have short-term consequences and you should be
concentrating on those with long-term and goal-related implications.

6. Learn to say "NO". Eliminate all trivial tasks and those that don't add value to your work.

Take less time:

7. Do the right thing right. If you have done all the above you should be doing the right thing
(effectiveness) now you must concentrate on being efficient.

8. Prime Time. Do the most important tasks in your prime time, i.e. your most productive time of the
day. This varies from person to person.

9. Break up tedious tasks. When you avoid doing something you don't like, try breaking it up into
smaller tasks. This will help you get it out of the way.

And to finish, don't forget that when motivated you work faster and better - so reward yourself for
completing tasks, achieving goals orsticking to your to-do list.

12. ADVERTISING ERRORS

In her BusinessWeek article at Marketing with an Spanish Accent she points out two major errors.
The most important one is the need to think like Hispanics and to talk to them on a Personal level. I
believe this is true for any segment. Everyone is attracted by advertising that not only attacks our
needs and desires but, does so in our language. - I mean by this that they talk to me in way that I
understand and feel comfortable.

The second mistake she points out is the use of stereotypes. Now, no-one likes to be classified into a
stereotype or do you? Well if you talk to a stereotype, nobody will listen to you or even worse, you'll
probably get rejected.

I reckon that mistakes in advertising are quite common so I decided to look for an article that could
point out a few more common errors:

1. The quest for instant gratification. These ads, targeted for immediate response, don't create a
permanent image of your brand.

2. Excess reach. Repetition is essential to establish retention, so trying to reach a larger target than
your budget allows will decrease effectivity.

3. Answering the wrong questions. Consumers are not interested in products, they are interested in
satisfying their desires.

4. Unsustainable claims. You must prove what you claim. Otherwise, your ad will be ignored.

5. Creating Ads instead of campaigns. One ad can't tell the whole story. Each ad should make one
single point. This increases its effectivity. Then, you should make as many ads as you have points to
transmit.
6. Overestimating the importance of the qualitative targeting. Sometimes it's more about saying
the right thing because saying the wrong thing to the right people is useless.

7. Great production without great copy. What's better? A clever, ingenious advert that leaves
people with their mouths open trying to understand what the ad really means or a clear message
explaining the reasons why you should buy the product in an informative but persuasive manner.

Here are just a few things you shouldn't do when advertising:Advertising Mistakes. I find the last one
particularly interesting because there are many adverts on TV which I either don't understand or I
spend all day singing their music, but I can never remember what they are advertising.
 ACTIVITIES, GAMES AND EXCERCISES

A Brief Introduction to Presenting in English Part

Comprehension

1. What are the 4 steps of the “4-step guide”?

2. Name 3 purposes of writing a report?

3. Why do readers skim read?

4. What is an executive summary used for in a report?

5. Why do your ideas have to have a logical flow in the flow?

6. What are the benefits of using two proof readers?

Motivating Staff Comprehension Quiz.

Comprehension

Discussion Questions

1. Will the woman return to the shop?

a. Yes.
b. No.
c. It's possible.
2. Herb says that keeping close contact with employees helps increase motivation.
a. True.
b. False.
c. It doesn't say.
3. Punishments are bad for motivation?
a. True.
b. False.
c. It doesn't say.
 Meetings Comprehension Quiz

Comprehension

Discussion Questions

1) What are the alternative communication tools to a meeting?

2) What meeting preparation can you do?

3) What ways can you lead a meeting?

4) Why is important to commit to action points in a meeting?

5) How should meeting minutes be?

6) How can you solve being tongue-tied in meetings?

7) Why have meeting ground rules?

 10 Steps Jobs Comprehension Quiz.

Comprehension

Discussion Questions

1. How would you change the 10 steps? Why?

2. In your opinion what is the key factor to having
a successful interview?
3. When have you been most effective in an
interview? What were the reasons for this?

Discussion Questions
1. Do you think there are more or less than 5
common negotiation styles?
2. In your opinion, what type of people
(negotiation style) do you like to negotiate with?
Why?
3. When have you been most effective in
negotiations?
4. Describe your favourite negotiators?
5. In your sector which negotiation style is the
most typical? Why?
6. Can you think of other habits of effective negotiators?
 SPECIAL EXERCISES

1. Unemployment is regularly paid by the government to people who do not have a job.
2. The price index is a measurement of the changes in the cost of basic goods and
services
3. The life is an exciting way of living in which rich and successful people enjoy
themselves
4. The gravy is a way of making money quickly, easily, and often dishonestly
5. Someone who is sharp- is good at dealing with Money
6. Sick is money given by an employer to someone who cannot work because of illness
7. Services supplied to foreign countries such as banking are called exports
8. Luncheon are given by employers to employees to buy meals in some restaurants
9. Legal is the money which can be officially used in a country
10. In the past, pieces of were gold coins
11. If you are stony , you are completely without Money
12. An spiral is when wages and prices take turn to grow in short intervals
13. A payment is what a company pays to workers who are no longer needed
14. A order is an instruction to a bank to pay some money at regular times to another
bank account
15. A bank is involved with companies rather than with people
16. A trade is a large gathering at which companies show and sell their products
17. A nest is a sum of money that has been saved or kept for a special purpose
18. A loan charges very large amounts for lending money to someone
19. A joint- company is owned by the group of people who have shares in the company

20. A bank's rate is the amount that it charges on money that it lends you
1.
$ is the sign.
2.
A country's national/public
is the total amount of money that is owed by its government.
3.
A fund- is a person or event which collects money.
4.
A person's purchasing is their ability to buy goods.
5.
A card is a credit card which you can get if you earn
a lot of money.
6.
A ticket can be used many times within a limited
period and is cheaper than paying separately for each use.
7.
A wage is the smallest amount of money that an
employer is allowed to pay someone.
8.
An organisation which is -
profit does not make a profit intentionally (usually charity).
9.
Free
is an economic system in which private businesses compete
with each other.
10.
Hard is money of a type that has a value in other
countries than its own.
11.
If something is hard- , it is deserved because lots of
work was done.
12.
If you ask for a rise, you want more money from your
employer.
13.
If you live from hand to , you have just enough money
to live without suffering.
14.
In a
economy some industries are controlled privately and some by
the government.
15.
In an market a country allows companies from other
countries to do business there.
16.
In hire the buyer pays part of the cost immediately
and then makes small regular payments.
17.
Mail is a way of buying goods in which you choose
 what you want, usually from a catalogue.
18.
Price-
shoppers compare the prices of two similar products and buy
the cheaper one.
19.
The gold is the amount of gold held by a national
bank.
20.
money is given by a parent to a child every week or
month.

The rate is used to decide how much to charge for lending

money.

A cheque has been signed but does not yet have the
amount of money written on it.

A loan is what a bank lends to you until you can get the
money from somewhere else.

money is measured by counting money kept by banks and

people.

A building is a business that lends you money if you want to

buy a house.

Under means it has too little money to be able to develop.

A socialist spends money wastefully but claims to support a

fair society

The civil is for the expenses of the king or queen and royal
family.

A bank exchanges cheques with other banks.

A -
bottomed investment can be trusted completely because it is certain to
succeed.

A credit is when it is difficult to borrow money from banks.

The extra money paid to someone because their job is dangerous is
called money.

A robbery is charging an unreasonably high price for

something.

The income is the money which you can spend as you want
and not on basic needs.

A down is an amount of money which is only part of the total

cost.

Factory prices are the prices which a factory sells its goods
for.

The assets of a business are things of value such as

buildings.

A benefit is additional to your pay but is not in the form of

money.

A $50 gift can be exchanged in a shop for goods of that

value.

Powerful bankers from Switzerland are sometimes called the

of Zurich.

If a service is first , it is the best that is possible or

available.

The year is a period of twelve months for which a business

plans its management of money.

An entrance is what you pay in order to be allowed into a

cinema or theatre.

If it is -sized, it contains a larger amount of the goods that

you are buying for a lower price.

A down-and- is a person who has no job or home and is

unlikely to get either of these.

A store is a shop which sells its goods at cheap prices.

In a account you usually leave money for a long time.

Your daily is what you earn by hard physical work.

A officer looks at travellers' bags to make certain they are

not taking goods into a country without paying taxes.

The price is the price it costs to make, without a profit

being added.

The of living is the amount of money that you need to live

on.

If an activity is cost- it is good value for the money paid.

If a business is intensive, it needs a lot of money to buy

buildings and equipment.

The economy of a country is the income of those people

 who do not pay taxes.

A salary is what a person earns before other sums of

money.

A bank is a printed record of the money put into and

removed from a bank account.

A bank is an arrangement with a bank where the customer

puts in and withdraws money from.

A debt is a loan that is not likely to be paid back.

Automated machine (ATM) is a formal expression for cash

dispenser.

The price is the amount of money someone wants when

they sell something.
1.
Your is the total amount of income on which you do not have to pay tax.
2.
is the amount of money received before taxes are paid.
3.
is the amount of money moving in and out of a company at a particular point in
time.
4.
is raised on products such as tobacco and alcoholic drinks.
This ex
5.
is paid to the government on goods and services and can be reclaimed by
retailers.
6.
is paid in relation to how much you earn.
7.
is paid from money you have received from someone who has died.
8.
is charged on goods and services rather than on the money that people earn.
9.
can be turned into money only with difficulty such as copyright, trademark etc.
10.
are a dozen or so concepts, conventions or doctrines generally observed in
accounting.
11.
In Britain, is a system in which the money collected is given to people who are
too old or ill to work.
12.
In Britain and New Zealand, the is the government office which collects the main
taxes.
13.
In a you give information about what you earn every year.
14.
An is a sum of money owed by a company such as an invoice received but not
paid.
15.
A is an amount of money that you can earn before you are taxed.
16.
A is a person who writes accounts in the ledger.
17.
A is a person who has supplied goods or services and is owed money for them.
18.
A is a person who decides how much tax an individual should pay.
19.
A is a person who advises companies on how to make a profit.
20.
A is a period of twelve month arbitrarily chosen for tax purposes.
1.
Your tax is the amount of income on which you do not have to pay tax.
2.
tax is paid in relation to how much you earn.
3.
tax is paid from money you have received from someone who has died.
4.
tax is charged on goods and services rather than on the money that people earn.
This exercise is brought to you by www.nonstopenglish.com
5.
assets can be turned into money only with difficulty such as copyright, trademark etc.
6.
Value Tax is paid to the government on goods and services and can be reclaimed by
retailers.
7.
In Britain, national is a system in which the money collected is given to people who are
too old or ill to work.
8.
In Britain and New Zealand, the Revenue is the government office which collects the
main taxes.
9.
In a tax you give information about what you earn every year.
10.
Gross is the amount of money received before taxes are paid.
11.
Excise is raised on products such as tobacco and alcoholic drinks.
12.
Cash is the amount of money moving in and out of a company at a particular point in
time.
13.
An account is a sum of money owed by a company such as an invoice received but not
paid.
14.
Accounting are a dozen or so concepts, conventions or doctrines generally observed in
accounting.
15.
A year is a period of twelve month arbitrarily chosen for tax purposes.
16.
A trade is a person who has supplied goods or services and is owed money for them.
17.
A tax is a person who decides how much tax an individual should pay.
18.
A personal is an amount of money that you can earn before you are taxed.
19.
A management is a person who advises companies on how to make a profit.
20.
A ledger is a person who writes accounts in the ledger.
1. A ledger accountant is a person who writes accounts in the ledger.

2. A management guru is a person who advises companies on how to make profit.

3. A personnel allowance is an amount of money that you can earn before you are taxed.
 .

4. A tax selector is a person who decides how much tax an individual should pay.

5. A trade angel is a person who has supplied goods or services and is owed money for them.

6. Accounting laws are a dozen or so concepts, conventions or doctrines generally observed in

accounting.

7. Accounts receivable is the sum of money owed by the company such as an invoice received but not
paid.

8. Cash Now is the amount of money moving in and out of a company at a particular point in time.

9. Direct tax is charged on goods and services rather than on the money that people earn.

10. Excise allowance is raised on products such as tobacco and alcoholic drinks.

11. Gross income tax is the amount of money received before taxes are paid.

12. In a tax statement you give information about what you earn every year.

13. In Britain and New Zealand, the Inland Office is the government office which collects the main
taxes.

14. In Britain, national welfare is a system in which the money collected is given to people who are too
old or ill to work.

15. Income duty is paid in relation to how much you earn.

16. Inheritance duty is paid from the money you have received from someone who has died.

17. Tangible assets such as copyright, trademark can only be turned into money with difficulty.

18. The Economic year is a period of twelve month arbitrarily chosen for tax purposes.

19. Work Added Tax is paid to the government on goods and services and can be reclaimed by
retailers.
.

20. Your tax credit is the total amount of income on which you do not have to pay tax.
 Choose the best word to form compound nouns related to accounting and taxation.

1. A ledger _____ is a person who writes accounts in the ledger.

accountant booker booking clerk writer

2. A management _____ is a person who advises companies on how to make profit.

accountant advisor guru lawyer trainer

3. A tax _____ is a person who decides how much tax an individual should pay.
returner officier inspector clerk captain

4. A trade _____ is a person who has supplied goods or services and is owed money for them.
angel banker capitalist creditor debtor
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5. Account _____ is a sum of money owed by a company such as an invoice received but not paid.
unpaid taxable receivable payable paid

6. Accounting _____ are a dozen or so concepts, conventions or doctrines generally observed in

accounting.
norms policies politics principles rules

7. Cash _____ is the amount of money moving in and out of a company at a particular point in time.
surplus return on demand in time flow

8. Excise _____ is tax raised on products such as tobacco and alcoholic drinks.
allowance duty obligation tariff tax

9. Gross _____ is the amount of money received before taxes are paid.
income law payables return turnover

10. In a tax _____ you give information about what you earn every year.
admittance report return sheet statement

11. In Britain and New Zealand, the _____ Revenue is the government office which collects the main taxes.
British Financial Income Inland Tax

12. In Britain, national _____ is a system in which the money collected is given to people who are too old or
ill to work.
health health service insurance mortgage redistribution

13. The _____ year is a period of twelve months arbitrarily chosen for tax purposes.
Taxing Monetary Fiscal Economy Economic
14. Value _____ Tax is paid to the government on goods and services and can be reclaimed by retailers.
Abstract Added Income Paid Set

15. _____ assets can be turned into money only with difficulty such as copyright, trademark etc.
Abstract Dream Intangible Tangible Theoratical

16. _____ tax is charged on goods and services rather than on the money that companies earn.
Corporate Direct Income Indirect Selective

17. _____ tax is paid from money you have received from someone who has died.
Dead Income Inheritance Land Road

18. _____ tax is paid in relation to how much you earn.

Excise Income Inheritance Land Value added

19. Your personal _____ is the amount of money that you can earn before you are taxed.
tax-free no-tax income duty-free allowance

20. Your tax _____ is the amount of income on which you do not have to pay tax.
allowance duty-free income limit tax-free

1.
-free goods are luxury goods bought in special shops on which you do not pay tax.
2.
control systems make sure that debtors do not owe too much money.
3.
cash is a small amount of money kept in an office for buying cheap items.
4.
accounting is finding ways of explaining how money has been spent
which keeps hidden what has really happened to it.
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5.
The bank has lost $703 million as a result of debts.
6.
I can put this lunch on my expense . My employer will pay for it.
7.
False is the crime of changing or destroying records to obtain money.
8.
Capital is money which is spent on buildings and equipment.
9.
Capital are the buildings and machines owned by a business.
10.
Capital are profits made by selling buildings or machines.
11.
A sheet is a statement that shows the value of a company's assets and its debts.
12.
A margin is the profit that can be made in a business after the costs have been
deducted.
13.
A margin is the difference between the amount of money that a company receives
and the amount which it spends.
14.
A journal is the book which contains a list of all company sales arranged by date.
15.
A counter is a tight fisted accountant who works for a large company.
16.
A account earns little profit and to which you have quick access.
17.
A pay is the amount of money a person earns.
18.
A pay contains a person's pay.
19.
A line is a single part of a financial statement giving details of the accounts of a
company. (US English)
20.
A direct is the money that a person has to pay to the government, such as income tax.
1.
The bank has lost $703 million as a result of debts.
2.
A sheet is a statement that shows the value of a
company's assets and its debts.
3.
A counter is a tight fisted accountant who works for a
large company.
4.
Capital are the buildings and machines owned by a
business.
5.
Capital
are profits made by selling buildings or machines.
6.
Capital is money which is spent on buildings and
equipment.
7.
accounting is finding ways of explaining how money has been
spent which keeps hidden what has really happened to it.
8.
A account earns little profit and to which you have
quick access.
9.
I can put this lunch on my expense . My employer will
pay for it.
10.
False is the crime of changing or destroying records
to obtain money.
11.
A line is a single part of a financial statement giving
details of the accounts of a company. (US English)
12.
A margin is the difference between the amount of
money that a company receives and the amount which it
spends.
13.
A pay contains a person's pay.
14.
A pay is the amount of money a person earns.
 15.
cash is a small amount of money kept in an office for
buying cheap items.
16.
A margin is the profit that can be made in a business
after the costs have been deducted.
17.
A journal is the book which contains a list of all
company sales arranged by date.
18.
control systems make sure that debtors do not owe
too much money.
19.
A direct is the money that a person has to pay to the
government, such as income tax.
20.
-
free goods are luxury goods bought in special shops on which
you do not pay tax.
1.
systems make sure that debtors do not owe too much money.
2.
is the crime of changing or destroying records to obtain money.
3.
is money which is spent on buildings and equipment.
4.
is finding ways of explaining how money has been spent
which keeps hidden what has really happened to it.
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5.
is a small amount of money kept in an office for buying cheap items.
6.
goods are luxury goods bought in special shops on which you do not pay tax.
7.
are the buildings and machines owned by a business.
8.
are profits made by selling buildings or machines.
9.
The bank has lost $703 million as a result of .
10.
I can put this lunch on my . My employer will pay for it.
11.
A is the profit that can be made in a business after the costs have been deducted.
12.
A is the money that a person has to pay to the government, such as income tax.
13.
A is the difference between the amount of money that a company receives
and the amount which it spends.
14.
A is the book which contains a list of all company sales arranged by date.
15.
A is the amount of money a person earns.
16.
A is an envelope containing a person's pay which they receive.
17.
A is a tight fisted accountant who works for a large company.
18.
A is a statement that shows the value of a company's assets and its debts.
19.
A is a single part of a financial statement giving details of the accounts of a
 company. (US English)
20.
A (US checking account) is a bank account which usually earns little profit
and to which you have quick access.
1.
Duty- goods are luxury goods bought in special shops on which you do not pay tax.
2.
A tax is the money that a person has to pay to the government, such as income tax.
3.
Credit systems make sure that debtors do not owe too much money.
4.
A sales is the book which contains a list of all company sales arranged by date.
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5.
A profit is the profit that can be made in a business after the costs have been deducted.
6.
Petty is a small amount of money kept in the company's office for buying cheap items.
7.
A packet (US ___check) is the amount of money a person earns.
8.
A packet (US ___ envelope) is an envelope containing a person's pay which they
receive.
9.
A profit is the difference between the amount of money
that a company receives for a product and the amount which it has spent on it.
10.
A item is a single part of a financial statement giving details of the accounts of a
company. (US English)
11.
accounting is the crime of changing or destroying records to obtain money.
12.
I can put this lunch on my account. My employer will pay for it.
13.
A current (US checking ___) is a bank account which usually earns little interest and to
which you have quick access.
14.
Creative is finding ways of explaining how money has been spent while hiding what has
really happened to it.
15.
Capital is money which is spent on buildings and equipment.
16.
Capital are profits made by selling buildings or machines.
17.
Capital are the buildings and machines owned by a business.
18.
A bean is a tight-fisted accountant who works for a large company.
19.
A balance is a statement that shows the value of a company's assets and its debts.
20.
The bank has lost $703 million as a result of bad .
1. A coin counter is a tight-fisted accountant who works for a large company.

2. A company sheet is a statement that shows the value of a company's assets and its debts.
.

3. A line cost is a single part of a financial statement giving details of the accounts of a company. (US
English)

4. A pay box is an envelope containing a person's pay.

5. A profit account earns little interest and to which you have quick access.

6. A profit costs is the difference between the amount of money that a company receives for a product
and has spent on it.

7. A profit rate is the profit that can be made after the costs have been deducted.

8. A salary packet is the amount of money a person earns.

.

9. A sales ledger is the book which contains a list of all company sales arranged by date.

10. An indirect tax is the money that a person has to pay to the government, such as income tax.
.

11. Capital goods are the buildings and machines owned by a business.

12. Capital interest is money which is spent on buildings and equipment.

13. Capital profits are profits made by selling buildings or machines.

14. Credit check systems make sure that debtors do not owe too much money.
.

15. Duty-less goods are luxury goods bought in special shops on which you do not pay tax.
.

16. I can put this lunch on my expense box. My employer will pay for it.

17. Petty money is a small amount of money kept in the company's office for buying cheap items.

18. Selective accounting hides what has really happened.

.

19. The bank has lost $703 million as a result of wrong debts.

20. Wrong accounting is the crime of changing or destroying records to obtain money.

1. A balance _____ is a statement that shows the value of a company's assets and its debts.
document graph line paper sheet

2. A bean _____ is a tight-fisted accountant who works for a large company.

writer setter producer fighter counter
3. A profit _____ is the difference between the amount of money that a company receives for a product
and the amount which it has spent on it.
interest line sum mark margin

4. A profit _____ is the profit that can be made in a business after the costs have been deducted.
gain loss margin plus tax
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5. A sales _____ is the book which contain a list of all company sales arranged by date.
book journal logging note notebook

6. A _____ account (US checking account) is a bank account which usually earns low interest and to
which you have quick access.
bank black credit current profit

7. A _____ item is a single part of a financial statement giving details of the accounts of a company. (US
English)
queue bad line set row

8. A _____ packet (US ___ envelope) is an envelope containing a person's earnings.

wage salary purse pay employee

9. A _____ packet (US ___check) is the amount of money a person earns.

fee pay prize salary wage

10. Capital _____ are profits made by selling buildings or machines.

wins stakes profits losses gains

11. Capital _____ are the buildings and machines owned by a business.
assets expenditures goods shares stakes

12. Capital _____ is money which is spent on buildings and equipment.

costs expense investment return spending

13. Creative _____ is finding ways of explaining how money has been spent while hiding what has really
happened to it.
booking accounting bookmaking audit auditing

14. Credit _____ systems make sure that debtors do not owe too much money.
check control proof restraint watch

15. Duty-_____ goods are luxury goods bought in special shops on which you do not pay tax.
fail fiend free friendly less

16. I can put this lunch on my _____ account. My employer will pay for it.
 costs expenditure bank expense employer's

17. Petty _____ is a small amount of money kept in the company's office for buying cheap items.
bank note cash coin dollar money

18. The bank has lost $703 million as a result of bad _____.
profit loss loans debts customers

19. _____ accounting is the crime of changing or destroying records to obtain money.
Bad Black False Intuitive Wrong

20. _____ tax is the money that a person has to pay to the government, such as income tax.

1.
A ledger is a person who writes accounts in the
ledger.
2.
A management
is a person who advices companies on how to make profit.
3.
A personal is an amount of money that you can
earn before you are subjected to tax.
4.
A tax is a person who decides how much tax an
individual should pay.
5.
A trade is a person who has supplied goods or
services and is owed money for them.
6.
A year is a period of twelve months arbitrarily
chosen for tax purposes.
7.
Accounting
are a dozen or so concepts, conventions or doctrines generally
observed in accounting.
8.
Accounts are sums of money owed by a company
such as invoices received but not paid.
9.
Cash is the amount of money moving in and out of
a company at a particular point in time.
10.
Excise is raised on products such as tobacco and
alcoholic drinks.
11.
Gross
is the amount of money received before taxes are paid.
12.
In a tax you give information about what you earn
 every year.
13.
In Britain and New Zealand, the Revenue is the
government office which collects the main taxes.
14.
In Britain, national is a system in which the money
collected is given to people who are too old or ill to work.
15.
Value Tax is paid to the government on goods and
services. This tax can be reclaimed by retailers.
16.
assets can only be turned into money with difficulty,
such as copyright, trademark, patent etc.
17.
tax is charged on goods and services rather than on
the money that people earn.
18.
tax is paid from money you have received from
someone who has died.
19.
tax is paid in relation to how much you earn.
20.
Your tax is the amount of income on which you do
not have to pay tax.

. ANSWERSTO THE EXERCISES

1. Luncheon ____ are given by employers to employees to buy meals in some restaurants.
vouchers

2. The gravy ____ is a way of making money quickly, easily, and often dishonestly.:
train

3. Legal ____ is the money which can be officially used in a country.

tender
or:
currency

4. A joint-____ company is owned by the group of people who have shares in the company.
stock
or:
venture

5. A ____ order is an instruction to a bank to pay some money at regular times to another bank
account.
standing
6. A loan ____ charges very large amounts for lending money to someone.
shark

7. The ____ price index is a measurement of the changes in the cost of basic goods and servic
es.
retail
or:
consumer

8. A ____ payment is what a company pays to workers who are no longer needed.
redundancy

9. Sick ___is money given by an employer to someone who cannot work because of illness.
pay

10. Someone who is sharp-____ is good at dealing with money.

nosed

11. A ____ bank is involved with companies rather than with people.
merchant

12. A bank's ____ rate is the amount that it charges on money that it lends you.
lending
or:
interest

13. Services supplied to foreign countries such as banking are called ____ exports.
Invisible
14. An ____ spiral is when wages and prices take turn to grow in short intervals.
inflationary
15. The ____ life is an exciting way of living in which rich and successful people enjoy themsel
ves.
high
16. A trade ____ is a large gathering at which companies show and sell their products.
fair
or:
show
17. In the past, pieces of ____ were gold coins.
eight
18. A nest ____ is a sum of money that has been saved or kept for a special purpose.
egg
19. If you are stony ____, you are completely without money.
broke
20. Unemployment ____ is regularly paid by the government to people who do not have a jo
benefit
or:
allowance

1. $ is the ____ sign.

dollar
2. A country's national/public ____ is the total amount of money that is owed by its governmen
t.
debt

3. A fund-____ is a person or event which collects money.

raiser

4. A person's purchasing ____ is their ability to buy goods.

power
or:
ability

5. A ____ card is a credit card which you can get if you earn a lot of money.
gold

6. A ____ ticket can be used many times within a limited period and is cheaper than paying sep
arately for each use.
season

7. A ____ wage is the smallest amount of money that an employer is allowed to pay someone.
minimum

8. An organisation which is ____-profit does not make a profit intentionally (usually charity).
non

9. Free ____ is an economic system in which private businesses compete with each other.
enterprise
or:
market

10. Hard ____ is money of a type that has a value in other countries than its own
currency

11. If something is hard-____, it is deserved because lots of work was done.

earned
or:
won

12. If you ask for a ____ rise, you want more money from your employer.
pay

13. If you live from hand to ____, you have just enough money to live without suffering.
mouth

14. In a ___ economy some industries are controlled privately and some by the government.
mixed

15. In an ____ market a country allows companies from other countries to do business thereop
en

16. In hire ____ the buyer pays part of the cost immediately and then makes small regular pay
ments.
purchase

17. Mail ____ is a way of buying goods in which you choose what you want, usually from a cat
alogue.
order

18. Price-____ shoppers compare the prices of two similar products and buy the cheaper one.
conscious

19. The gold ____ is the amount of gold held by a national bank.
reserve

20. ____ money is given by a parent to a child every week or month.

Correct:
Pocket

1. The ____ rate is used to decide how much to charge for lending money.
base

2. A ____ cheque has been signed but does not yet have the amount of money written on it.
blank

3. A ____ loan is what a bank lends to you until you can get the money from somewhere else.:
bridging
or:
bridge

4. ____ money is measured by counting money kept by banks and people.

Broad

5. A building ____ is a business that lends you money if you want to buy a house.
society

6. Under ____ means it has too little money to be able to develop.

capitalized
or:
capitalised

7. A ____ socialist spends money wastefully but claims to support a fair society
champagne
or:
designer

8. The civil ____ is for the expenses of the king or queen and royal family.
list

9. A ____ bank exchanges cheques with other banks.

clearing

10. A ____-bottomed investment can be trusted completely because it is certain to succeed.

copper

11. A credit ____ is when it is difficult to borrow money from banks.

squeeze
or:
crunch

12. The extra money paid to someone because their job is dangerous is called ____ money.
danger

13. A ____ robbery is charging an unreasonably high price for something.:

daylight
or:
highway

14. The ____ income is the money which you can spend as you want and not on basic needsdi
sposable

15. A down ____ is an amount of money which is only part of the total cost.
payment

16. Factory ____ prices are the prices which a factory sells its goods for.
gate

17. The ____ assets of a business are things of value such as buildings.:
fixed

18. A ____ benefit is additional to your pay but is not in the form of money.:
fringe

19. A $50 gift ____ can be exchanged in a shop for goods of that value.
token
or:
voucher

20. Powerful bankers from Switzerland are sometimes called the ____ of Zurich.:
gnomes
1. If a service is first ____, it is the best that is possible or available.
class

2. The ____ year is a period of twelve months for which a business plans its management of m
oney.
financial

3. An entrance ____ is what you pay in order to be allowed into a cinema or theatre.
fee

4. If it is ____-
sized, it contains a larger amount of the goods that you are buying for a lower price.
economy

5. A down-and-____ is a person who has no job or home and is unlikely to get either of these.
out

6. A ____ store is a shop which sells its goods at cheap prices.

discount

7. In a ____ account you usually leave money for a long time.:

deposit
or:
savings

8. Your daily ____ is what you earn by hard physical work.

bread

9. A ____ officer looks at travellers' bags to make certain they are not taking goods into a coun
try without paying taxes.
customs

10. The ____ price is the price it costs to make, without a profit being added.
cost

11. The ____ of living is the amount of money that you need to live on.

12. If an activity is cost-____ it is good value for the money paid.

effective

13. If a business is ____ intensive, it needs a lot of money to buy buildings and equipment.:
capital

14. The ____ economy of a country is the income of those people who do not pay taxes.
black

15. A ____ salary is what a person earns before other sums of money.
basic

16. A bank ____ is a printed record of the money put into and removed from a bank account.
statement

17. A bank ____ is an arrangement with a bank where the customer puts in and withdraws mon
ey from.
account

18. A ____ debt is a loan that is not likely to be paid back.

bad

19. Automated ____ machine (ATM) is a formal expression for cash dispenser.
teller

20. The ____ price is the amount of money someone wants when they sell something.
asking

1. ____ is paid to the government on goods and services and can be reclaimed by retailers.
Value Added Tax

2. A ____ is a person who has supplied goods or services and is owed money for them.
trade creditor

3. In a ____ you give information about what you earn every year.:
tax return

4. A ____ is a person who decides how much tax an individual should pay.
tax inspector

5. Your ____ is the total amount of income on which you do not have to pay tax.
tax allowance

6. A ____ is an amount of money that you can earn before you are taxed.
personal allowance

7. In Britain, ____
is a system in which the money collected is given to people who are too old or ill to work.
national insurance

8. A ____ is a person who advises companies on how to make a profit.

management accountant

9. A ____ is a person who writes accounts in the ledger.

ledger clerk
10. ____ can be turned into money only with difficulty such as copyright, trademark etc.
Intangible assets

11. In Britain and New Zealand, the ____

is the government office which collects the main taxes.
Inland Revenue

12. ____ is paid from money you have received from someone who has died.
Inheritance tax

13. ____ is charged on goods and services rather than on the money that people earn.
Indirect tax

14. ____ is paid in relation to how much you earn.

Income tax

15. ____ is the amount of money received before taxes are paid.
Gross income

16. A ____ is a period of twelve month arbitrarily chosen for tax purposes.
Fiscal year

17. ____ is raised on products such as tobacco and alcoholic drinks.

Excise duty

18. ____ is the amount of money moving in and out of a company at a particular point in time.
Cash flow

19. ____
are a dozen or so concepts, conventions or doctrines generally observed in accounting.
Accounting principles

20. An ____ is a sum of money owed by a company such as an invoice received but not paid.
account payable

1. In a tax ____ you give information about what you earn every year.
return

2. Accounting ____
are a dozen or so concepts, conventions or doctrines generally observed in accounting.
principles

3. An account ____
is a sum of money owed by a company such as an invoice received but not paid.
payable
4. ____ assets can be turned into money only with difficulty such as copyright, trademark etc.
Intangible

5. In Britain, national ____

is a system in which the money collected is given to people who are too old or ill to work.
insurance

6. A tax ____ is a person who decides how much tax an individual should pay.
inspector

7. In Britain and New Zealand, the ____

Revenue is the government office which collects the main taxes.
Inland

8. ____ tax is paid from money you have received from someone who has died.
Inheritance

9. ____ tax is charged on goods and services rather than on the money that people earn.
Indirect

10. ____ tax is paid in relation to how much you earn.

Income

11. Gross ____ is the amount of money received before taxes are paid.
income

12. Cash ____

is the amount of money moving in and out of a company at a particular point in time.
flow

13. A ____ year is a period of twelve month arbitrarily chosen for tax purposes.
Fiscal

14. Excise ____ is raised on products such as tobacco and alcoholic drinks.
duty

15. A trade ____

is a person who has supplied goods or services and is owed money for them.
creditor

16. A ledger ____ is a person who writes accounts in the ledger.

clerk

17. A personal ____ is an amount of money that you can earn before you are taxed.
allowance

18. Your tax ____ is the amount of income on which you do not have to pay tax.
allowance
19. Value ____
Tax is paid to the government on goods and services and can be reclaimed by retailers.
Added

20. A management ____ is a person who advises companies on how to make a profit.
accountant

1. A ledger accountant is a person who writes accounts in the ledger.:

A ledger clerk is a person who writes accounts in the ledger.

2. A management guru is a person who advises companies on how to make profit.

A management accountant is a person who advises companies on how to make profit.

3. A personnel allowance is an amount of money that you can earn before you are taxed.
A personal allowance is an amount of money that you can earn before you are taxed.

4. A tax selector is a person who decides how much tax an individual should pay.A tax
inspector is a person who decides how much tax an individual should pay.
or:
A tax man is a person who decides how much tax an individual should pay.

5. A trade angel is a person who has supplied goods or services and is owed money for them.
A trade creditor is a person who has supplied goods or services and is owed money for them.

6. Accounting laws are a dozen or so concepts, conventions or doctrines generally observed i

n accounting.
Accounting principles are a dozen or so concepts, conventions or doctrines generally observed in
accounting.

7. Accounts receivable is the sum of money owed by the company such as an invoice received
but not paid.
Accounts payable is the sum of money owed by the company such as an invoice received but not
paid.

8. Cash Now is the amount of money moving in and out of a company at a particular point in ti
me.
Cash flow is the amount of money moving in and out of a company at a particular point in time.
or:
Cash Flow is the amount of money moving in and out of a company at a particular point in time.

9. Direct tax is charged on goods and services rather than on the money that people earn.
Indirect tax is charged on goods and services rather than on the money that people earn.

10. Excise allowance is raised on products such as tobacco and alcoholic drinks.
Excise duty is raised on products such as tobacco and alcoholic drinks.
11. Gross income tax is the amount of money received before taxes are paid.
Gross income is the amount of money received before taxes are paid.

12. In a tax statement you give information about what you earn every year.
In a tax return you give information about what you earn every year.

13. In Britain and New Zealand, the Inland Office is the government office which collects the m
ain taxes.
In Britain and New Zealand, the Inland Revenue is the government office which collects the main
taxes.

14. In Britain, national welfare is a system in which the money collected is given to people who
are too old or ill to work.
In Britain, national insurance is a system in which the money collected is given to people who are too
old or ill to work.

15. Income duty is paid in relation to how much you earn.

Income tax is paid in relation to how much you earn.

16. Inheritance duty is paid from the money you have received from someone who has died.
Inheritance tax is paid from the money you have received from someone who has died.

17. Tangible assets such as copyright, trademark can only be turned into money with difficulty
.
Intangible assets such as copyright, trademark can only be turned into money with difficulty.

18. The Economic year is a period of twelve month arbitrarily chosen for tax purposes.
The Fiscal year is a period of twelve month arbitrarily chosen for tax purposes.
or:
The Financial year is a period of twelve month arbitrarily chosen for tax purposes.

19. Work Added Tax is paid to the government on goods and services and can be reclaimed by
retailers.

Value Added Tax is paid to the government on goods and services and can be reclaimed by retailers.

20. Your tax credit is the total amount of income on which you do not have to pay tax.
Your tax allowance is the total amount of income on which you do not have to pay tax.

1. A ledger _____ is a person who writes accounts in the ledger.

accountant

2. A management _____ is a person who advises companies on how to make profit.

accountant
3. A tax _____ is a person who decides how much tax an individual should pay.
returner

4. A trade _____ is a person who has supplied goods or services and is owed money for them.
angel

5. Account _____ is a sum of money owed by a company such as an invoice received but not p
aid.
unpaid

6. Accounting _____ are a dozen or so concepts, conventions or doctrines generally observed

in accounting.
norms

7. Cash _____ is the amount of money moving in and out of a company at a particular point in t
ime.
surplus

8. Excise _____ is tax raised on products such as tobacco and alcoholic drinks.
allowance

9. Gross _____ is the amount of money received before taxes are paid.
income

10. In a tax _____ you give information about what you earn every year.
admittance

11. In Britain and New Zealand, the _____ Revenue is the government office which collects the
main taxes.
British

12. In Britain, national _____ is a system in which the money collected is given to people who
are too old or ill to work.
health
13. The _____ year is a period of twelve months arbitrarily chosen for tax purposes.
Taxing

14. Value _____ Tax is paid to the government on goods and services and can be reclaimed by
retailers.
Abstract

15. _____ assets can be turned into money only with difficulty such as copyright, trademark et
c.
Abstract

16. _____ tax is charged on goods and services rather than on the money that companies earn
.
Corporate

17. _____ tax is paid from money you have received from someone who has died.
Dead

18. _____ tax is paid in relation to how much you earn.

Excise

19. Your personal _____ is the amount of money that you can earn before you are taxed.
tax-free

20. Your tax _____ is the amount of income on which you do not have to pay tax.
allowance

1. A direct ____
is the money that a person has to pay to the government, such as income tax.
tax

2. A ____ journal is the book which contains a list of all company sales arranged by date.:
sales
3. A ____ margin is the difference between the amount of money that a company receives
and the amount which it spends.:
profit

4. A ____
margin is the profit that can be made in a business after the costs have been deducted.
profit

5. ____ cash is a small amount of money kept in an office for buying cheap items.
Petty

6. A pay ____ contains a person's pay.

packet

7. A pay ____ is the amount of money a person earns.

packet

8. A line ____
is a single part of a financial statement giving details of the accounts of a company. (US Engli
sh)
ítem

9. Capital ____ is money which is spent on buildings and equipment.:

investment

10. Capital ____ are profits made by selling buildings or machines.

gains

11. ____ -free goods are luxury goods bought in special shops on which you do not pay tax.
Duty

12. A ____ account earns little profit and to which you have quick access.
current

13. ____ control systems make sure that debtors do not owe too much money.
Credit

14. ____ accounting is finding ways of explaining how money has been spent
which keeps hidden what has really happened to it.
Creative

15. A ____ counter is a tight fisted accountant who works for a large company.
bean

16. A ____ sheet is a statement that shows the value of a company's assets and its debts.
balance
17. The bank has lost $703 million as a result of ____ debts.
bad

18. Capital ____ are the buildings and machines owned by a business.
assets

19. False ____ is the crime of changing or destroying records to obtain money.
accounting

20. I can put this lunch on my expense ____ . My employer will pay for it.
account

1. The bank has lost $703 million as a result of ____ debts.

bad

2. A ____ sheet is a statement that shows the value of a company's assets and its debts.
balance

3. A ____ counter is a tight fisted accountant who works for a large company.
bean

4. Capital ____ are the buildings and machines owned by a business.

assets

5. Capital ____ are profits made by selling buildings or machines.

gains

6. Capital ____ is money which is spent on buildings and equipment.

investment
or:
expenditure

7. ____ accounting is finding ways of explaining how money has been spent
which keeps hidden what has really happened to it.
Creative

8. A ____ account earns little profit and to which you have quick access.
current

9. I can put this lunch on my expense ____. My employer will pay for it.
account

10. False ____ is the crime of changing or destroying records to obtain money.
accounting

11. A line ____ is a single part of a financial statement giving details of the accounts of a comp
any. (US English)
item
12. A ____ margin is the difference between the amount of money that a company receives
and the amount which it spends.
profit

13. A pay ____ contains a person's pay.

packet

14. A pay ____ is the amount of money a person earns.

packet
or:
check

15. ____ cash is a small amount of money kept in an office for buying cheap items.
Petty

16. A ____ margin is the profit that can be made in a business after the costs have been deduc
ted.:
profit

17. A ____ journal is the book which contains a list of all company sales arranged by date.
sales

18. ____ control systems make sure that debtors do not owe too much money
Credit

19. A direct ____ is the money that a person has to pay to the government, such as income tax
.
tax

20. ____-free goods are luxury goods bought in special shops on which you do not pay tax.:
Duty

1. ____ systems make sure that debtors do not owe too much money.
Credit control

2. ____ is the crime of changing or destroying records to obtain money.

False accounting

3. ____ is money which is spent on buildings and equipment.

Capital investment

4. ____ is finding ways of explaining how money has been spent

which keeps hidden what has really happened to it.
Creative accounting

5. ____ is a small amount of money kept in an office for buying cheap items.
Petty cash
6. ____ goods are luxury goods bought in special shops on which you do not pay tax.
Duty-free

7. ____ are the buildings and machines owned by a business.

Capital assets

8. ____ are profits made by selling buildings or machines.

Capital gains

9. The bank has lost $703 million as a result of ____ .

bad debts

10. I can put this lunch on my ____ . My employer will pay for it.:
expense account

11. A ____ is the profit that can be made in a business after the costs have been deducted.
profit margin

12. A ____ is the money that a person has to pay to the government, such as income tax.
direct tax

13. A ____ is the difference between the amount of money that a company receives
and the amount which it spends.
profit margin

14. A ____ is the book which contains a list of all company sales arranged by date.
sales journal

15. A ____ is the amount of money a person earns.

pay packet

16. A ____ is an envelope containing a person's pay which they receive.

pay packet

17. A ____ is a tight fisted accountant who works for a large company.
bean counter

18. A ____ is a statement that shows the value of a company's assets and its debts.
balance sheet

19. A ____
is a single part of a financial statement giving details of the accounts of a company. (US Engli
sh)
line item

20. A ____ (US checking account) is a bank account which usually earns little profit
and to which you have quick access.
current account
 1. A current ____
(US checking ___) is a bank account which usually earns little interest and to which you
have quick access.
account
2. Creative ____
is finding ways of explaining how money has been spent while hiding what has really h
appened to it.:
accounting

3. Capital ____ are the buildings and machines owned by a business.

assets

4. Petty ____
is a small amount of money kept in the company's office for buying cheap items.
cash

5. Credit ____ systems make sure that debtors do not owe too much money.
control

6. A bean ____ is a tight-fisted accountant who works for a large company.

counter

7. The bank has lost $703 million as a result of bad ____ .

debts

8. A ____ tax is the money that a person has to pay to the government, such as income tax.
direct

9. I can put this lunch on my ____ account. My employer will pay for it.
expense

10. ____ accounting is the crime of changing or destroying records to obtain money.
False

11. Duty- ____ goods are luxury goods bought in special shops on which you do not pay tax.
free

12. Capital ____ are profits made by selling buildings or machines.

gains

13. Capital ____ is money which is spent on buildings and equipment.

investment

14. A sales ____ is the book which contains a list of all company sales arranged by date.
journal

15. A ____
item is a single part of a financial statement giving details of the accounts of a company. (US
English)
line

16. A profit ____ is the difference between the amount of money

that a company receives for a product and the amount which it has spent on it.
margin

17. A profit ____

is the profit that can be made in a business after the costs have been deducted.
margin

18. A ____
packet (US ___ envelope) is an envelope containing a person's pay which they receive.:
pay

19. A ____ packet (US ___check) is the amount of money a person earns.
pay

20. A balance ____ is a statement that shows the value of a company's assets and its debts.
sheet

1. A coin counter is a tight-fisted accountant who works for a large company.

A bean counter is a tight-fisted accountant who works for a large company.

2. A company sheet is a statement that shows the value of a company's assets and its debts
A balance sheet is a statement that shows the value of a company's assets and its debts.

3. A line cost is a single part of a financial statement giving details of the accounts of a compa
ny. (US English)
A line item is a single part of a financial statement giving details of the accounts of a company. (US
English)

4. A pay box is an envelope containing a person's pay.

A pay packet is an envelope containing a person's pay.

5. A profit account earns little interest and to which you have quick access.
A current account earns little interest and to which you have quick access.

6. A profit costs is the difference between the amount of money that a company receives for a
product and has spent on it.:
A profit margin is the difference between the amount of money that a company receives for a product
and has spent on it.

7. A profit rate is the profit that can be made after the costs have been deducted.
A profit margin is the profit that can be made after the costs have been deducted.

8. A salary packet is the amount of money a person earns.

A pay packet is the amount of money a person earns.
or:
A wage packet is the amount of money a person earns.

9. A sales ledger is the book which contains a list of all company sales arranged by date.
A sales journal is the book which contains a list of all company sales arranged by date.
or:
A sales book is the book which contains a list of all company sales arranged by date.

10. An indirect tax is the money that a person has to pay to the government, such as income ta
x.
A direct tax is the money that a person has to pay to the government, such as income tax.

11. Capital goods are the buildings and machines owned by a business.
Capital assets are the buildings and machines owned by a business.

12. Capital interest is money which is spent on buildings and equipment.

Capital investment is money which is spent on buildings and equipment.
or:
Capital expenditure is money which is spent on buildings and equipment.

13. Capital profits are profits made by selling buildings or machines.

Capital gains are profits made by selling buildings or machines.

14. Credit check systems make sure that debtors do not owe too much money.
Credit control systems make sure that debtors do not owe too much money.

15. Duty-less goods are luxury goods bought in special shops on which you do not pay tax.
Duty-free goods are luxury goods bought in special shops on which you do not pay tax.

16. I can put this lunch on my expense box. My employer will pay for it.
I can put this lunch on my expense account. My employer will pay for it.

17. Petty money is a small amount of money kept in the company's office for buying cheap ite
ms.
Petty cash is a small amount of money kept in the company's office for buying cheap items.

18. Selective accounting hides what has really happened.

Creative accounting hides what has really happened.

19. The bank has lost $703 million as a result of wrong debts.
The bank has lost $703 million as a result of bad debts.

20. Wrong accounting is the crime of changing or destroying records to obtain money.
False accounting is the crime of changing or destroying records to obtain money.
1. A balance _____ is a statement that shows the value of a company's assets and its debts.
document

2. A bean _____ is a tight-fisted accountant who works for a large company.

writer

3. A profit _____ is the difference between the amount of money that a company receives for a
product and the amount which it has spent on it.
interest

4. A profit _____ is the profit that can be made in a business after the costs have been deducte
d.
gain

5. A sales _____ is the book which contain a list of all company sales arranged by date.
book

6. A _____ account (US checking account) is a bank account which usually earns low interest
and to which you have quick access.
bank

7. A _____ item is a single part of a financial statement giving details of the accounts of a com
pany. (US English)
queue

8. A _____ packet (US ___ envelope) is an envelope containing a person's earnings.

wage

9. A _____ packet (US ___check) is the amount of money a person earns.

fee

10. Capital _____ are profits made by selling buildings or machines.

wins

11. Capital _____ are the buildings and machines owned by a business.
assets
12. Capital _____ is money which is spent on buildings and equipment.
costs

13. Creative _____ is finding ways of explaining how money has been spent
while hiding what has really happened to it.
booking

14. Credit _____ systems make sure that debtors do not owe too much money.
check

15. Duty-_____ goods are luxury goods bought in special shops on which you do not pay tax.
fail

16. I can put this lunch on my _____ account. My employer will pay for it.
costs

17. Petty _____ is a small amount of money kept in the company's office for buying cheap item
s.
bank note

18. The bank has lost $703 million as a result of bad _____.
profit

19. _____ accounting is the crime of changing or destroying records to obtain money.
Bad

20. _____ tax is the money that a person has to pay to the government, such as income tax.
A direct

1. A ledger ____ is a person who writes accounts in the ledger.

clerk

2. A management ____ is a person who advices companies on how to make profit.

accountant

3. A personal ____ is an amount of money that you can earn before you are subjected to tax.
allowance

4. A tax ____ is a person who decides how much tax an individual should pay.
inspector
or:
man

5. A trade ____ is a person who has supplied goods or services and is owed money for them
creditor

6. A ____ year is a period of twelve months arbitrarily chosen for tax purposes.
fiscal

7. Accounting ____ are a dozen or so concepts, conventions or doctrines generally observed i

n accounting.
principles

8. Accounts ____ are sums of money owed by a company such as invoices received but not pa
id.
payable

9. Cash ____ is the amount of money moving in and out of a company at a particular point in ti
me.
flow

10. Excise ____ is raised on products such as tobacco and alcoholic drinks.
duty

11. Gross ____ is the amount of money received before taxes are paid.
income

12. In a tax ____ you give information about what you earn every year.
return

13. In Britain and New Zealand, the ____ Revenue is the government office which collects the
main taxes.:
Inland

14. In Britain, national ____ is a system in which the money collected is given to people who ar
e too old or ill to work.
insurance

15. Value ____ Tax is paid to the government on goods and services. This tax can be reclaime
d by retailers.:
Added

16. ____ assets can only be turned into money with difficulty, such as copyright, trademark, pa
tent etc.
Intangible

17. ____ tax is charged on goods and services rather than on the money that people earn.
Indirect

18. ____ tax is paid from money you have received from someone who has died.
Inheritance

19. ____ tax is paid in relation to how much you earn.

Income

20. Your tax ____ is the amount of income on which you do not have to pay tax.
allowance
PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONS
Tiene/Tienes (formal/informal) un catálogo? Puedo pagar en efectivo?
Do you have a catalog? Can I pay cash?
Tengo una cita con ... Puedo pagar con tarjeta?
I have an appointment with ..... Can I pay by credit card?
Cuánto cuesta la entrada? Acepta?/Aceptas? (formal/informal)
How much is the entrance fee? Do you accept ..... ?
Cuál es el precio por día? Puede/Puedes (formal/informal) cambiar estos
How much does it cost by day? cheques de viajero?
Cuál es el precio por hora? Can you change these traveler's checks?
How much does it cost by hour? Puede/Puedes (formal/informal) cambiar esto a ...
Cuál es el precio por semana? Can you change this into ...?
How much does it cost by week? Puede/Puedes (formal/informal) darme un costo
Es gratis? aproximado?
Is it free? Can you give me an estimate of the cost?
Puede/Puedes (formal/informal) ayudarme? Acá tiene/tienes (formal/informal) mi tarjeta.
Can you help me? Here is my card.
Puedo ayudarle/ayudarte? (formal/informal) Cuánto cobra/cobras (formal/informal) de
Can I help you? comisión?
Qué le/te (formal/informal) gustaría? How much commission do you charge?
What would you like? Quiero cambiar algunos dólares/euros/libras.
Qué está/estás (formal/informal) buscando? I want to change some dollars/euros/pounds.
What are you looking for? Cuál es la tasa de cambio?
Sólamente estoy viendo What is the exchange rate?
I'm just browsing | I'm just looking around Cuál es la tasa de inflación?
Me gusta este What is the inflation rate?
I like this one Dónde puedo cambiar dinero?
Me gustan estos pantalones Where can I change my money?
I like these trousers/pants Dónde puedo sacar fotocopias?
Me gusta esta playera Where can I make photocopies?
I like this t-shirt Dónde está el banco más cercano?
Me gusta esta chaqueta Where is the nearest bank?
I like this jacket Dónde debo firmar?
Me gusta esta blusa Where should I sign?
I like this blouse Puede reparar esto?
Me gusta este traje Can you repair this?
I like this suit Dónde trabajas?
Me gustan estos lentes Where do you work?
I like these glasses Cómo te ganas la vida?
Me gustan estos zapatos What do you do for a living?
I like these shoes Soy maestro
Busco ... I am a teacher
I'm looking for ...... Soy estudiante
Puedo probármelo? I am a student
Can I try it on? Soy un autoempleado
Puedo probarlo? I am self-employed
Can I try it? Trabajo en un restaurante
Dónde están los vestidores? I work in a restaurant
Where is the fitting room? Trabajo en un supermercado
Está demasiado largo I work in a super market
It's too long Trabajo en una tienda
Está demasiado corto I work in a shop
It's too short Soy médico
Está demasiado apretado I am a doctor/a physician
It's too tight Soy psicólogo
Está demasiado flojo I am a psychologist
It's too loose Soy programador
No me queda I am a programmer
It doesn't fit Soy ingeniero
Me queda muy bien I am an engineer
It fits quite well Soy mecánico
Qué talla es/eres? (formal/informal) I am a mechanic
What size are you? Soy escritor
Soy talla ... I am a writer
I am size ... Soy conductor
No entiendo estas tallas I am a driver
I don't understand these sizes Soy actor / actriz
Tiene uno más grande? I am an actor/an actress
Do you have a larger one? Soy trabajador social
Tiene uno más pequeño? I am a social worker
Do you have a smaller one? Soy político
Me gusta el color I am a politician
I like the color Soy empleado
No me gusta el color I am employed
I don't like the color
Tiene este en
rojo/azul/amarillo/verde/morado/rosado?
Do you have this in
red/blue/yellow/green/purple/pink?
Tiene uno más barato?
Do you have a cheaper one?
De qué está hecho?
What is this made of?

Origin /
English to Spanish Proposed by
e-biz negocios relacionados con internet BusinessWeek
new-media empresa involucrada en los nuevos medios de
Forbes
company comunicación
flop negocio o producto que no ha tenido éxito The Economist
stats abrev. de "statistics", estadísticas The Economist
abrev. de "World Trade Organization", Organización
WTO Forbes
Mundial del Comercio
investment
banquero especialista en inversiones The Economist
banker
abrev. de "questions and answers", preguntas y
Q&A's Forbes
respuestas
 1. comprar en grandes cantidades 2. mantener gran
bulk up The Economist
cantidad de mercancía en inventarios
portal portal Mr Agustí Miralles

Ms
cuenta
1 concerning self employment 2 on one's own Claudia
propia
Hidalgo
1-fall,-decrease,-drop-
2-slump
3-discharge,-
withdrawal,-retirement,-loss- Mr Xavier
baja-
4-form- where - the discharge-of- clients,- students,- employees, - Garriga
etc.- is - registered 45--certificate- that - proves - withdrawal-
from - the -roll- of- tax-paying - activities-6-certificate - of-
retirement- from- active - service,- institutions,- bodies-etc.-
Ms
apostilla footnote, annotation Claudia
Hidalgo
1 admission, entry, inclusion -2- new client,- employee,- etc.-3-
form- where - new - clients,- students,- employees, -etc.- are -
alta-1 registered 4--certificate- that - proves - inscription- into - the - roll-
of- tax-paying - activities-5-certificate - of- entry- into- active -
service,- institutions,-bodies-etc.-
cuenta 1 concerning employment by someone else or working for someone
ajena else 2 on behalf of someone else

- Minds are like parachutes - they only function when open. -

Thomas Dewar
(Las mentes son como los paracaídas - funcionan
solamente cuando están abiertas.)
****

- The Kingdom of Heaven is inside you and it is outside you.

- Jesus of Nazareth
(El reino del cielo está adentro de usted y está fuera de
usted.)
****
- Your mind, once stretched by a new idea, never regains its
original dimensions. - Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.
(Su mente, una vez expandida por una nueva idea, nunca
recuperá sus dimensiones originales.)
****
- It is felt that a disciplined mind leads to happiness and an
undisciplined mind leads to suffering, and in fact it is said
that bringing about discipline within one's mind is the essence of the Buddha's teaching. - Dalai Lama
(Se nota que una mente disciplinada lleva a la felicidad y una mente indisciplinada lleva al
sufrimiento, y se ha dicho que traer disciplina a la mente de uno es la esencia de las enseñanzas de
Buda.)
****
- Everyone has inside of him a piece of good news. The good news is that: You don't know how great
you can be! How much you can love! How much you can accomplish! And what your potential is! -
Anne Frank
(Cada uno tiene adentro de él un pedazo de buenas noticias. Las buenas noticias son que usted no
sabe ¡Cuan grande usted puede ser!¡Cuánto usted puede amar! ¡Cuánto usted puede lograr! ¡Y cuál
es su potencial!)
****
- The greatest discovery of my generation is that human beings, by changing the inner attitudes of
their minds, can change the outer aspects of their lives. - William James
(El descubrimiento más grande de mi generación es que los seres humanos, cambiando las actitudes
internas de sus mentes, pueden cambiar los aspectos externos de sus vidas.)
****
- The garden is a metaphor for life, and gardening is a symbol of the spiritual path.- Larry Dossey
(El jardín es una metáfora para la vida, y el cultivar un huerto es un símbolo de la trayectoria
espiritual.)
****
- You don't drown by falling in the water; you drown by staying there. - Edwin Louis Cole
(Usted no se ahoga cayendo en el agua; usted se ahoga permaneciendo allí.)
****
- Problems are only opportunities in work clothes. - Henri Kaiser
(Los problemas son solamente oportunidades en ropa de trabajo.)
****
- Uncertainty can lead to paralysis. And if you become indecisive you're dead. - Jim Citrin
(La incertidumbre puede llevar a la parálisis. Y si usted se vuelve un indeciso, entonces usted estará
muerto.)

THESE ARE A FEW TERMS FROM BUSINESSWEEK, FORBES AND THE ECONOMIST, AS
WELL AS FOUR WORDS PROPOSED BY COLLABORATORS:

I just read your report. Let me tell you it is truly an excellent piece of work.
Acabo de leer tu informe. Déjame que te diga que verdaderamente es un trabajo excelente.
Contexto coloquial:
Varios significados:
1) Alguien extraordinario. Una buena traducción sería ‘es la leche’ (también en significado negativo y
con connotación de alguien ‘complicado”)
I do not know how she does it. She always gets things done. She’s a real piece of work.
He just came and started giving orders. He’s a piece of work.
2) Alguien complicado, con connotación negativa. A veces decimos en castellano que alguien ‘es un
pieza’, no sé si vendrá de ahí.
He just came and started giving orders. He’s a piece of work.
Una buena traducción que he encontrado para ambas opciones es ‘ser la leche’… Lo dejo ahí
COLD-CALLING (REALIZAR LLAMADAS/VISITAS COMERCIALES NO SOLICITADAS)
He aquí una expresión de difícil traducción y muy usada
en el ámbito de los negocios. ‘Cold-calling’ significa
llamar/visitar a un cliente potencial, sin que éste lo solicite.
Las ventas a domicilio de un típico comercial (door-to-
door salesman) sería un ejemplo de ‘cold-calling’.
Aprovecho la ocasión para recordar que ‘call’ no sólo es
llamada en inglés, sino también una ‘visita’.
Esta expresión se usa también para correos electrónicos.
Un ‘cold email’ es un correo no solicitado, pero enviado
con fines comerciales. Así pues, se suele hacer ‘cold-
calling’ tras obtener contactos de bases de datos, páginas
amarillas, listas comerciales…

UNEMPLOYMENT (PARO)

Desgraciadamente esta palabra y términos relacionados

están muy de moda. He recogido una lista de términos
comunes sobre ámbito. Espero que si alguien está buscando
trabajo, le sirvan:
Unemployment rate: Tasa de desempleo
Social Security contribution: cotización a la Seguridad Social
Company closure: Cierre de empresa
Reason for dismissal: Causa de despido
Be on the dole: Cobrar el paro
Contract for tenure: Contrato indefinido
Permanent employment: Empleo fijo
Collective redundancy: Despido colectivo
Unemployed: Desempleado
Termination of contract: Rescisión de contrato
End of contract: Extinción del contrato
Severance pay: finiquito
Reduced day: Jornada reducida
Wages, payroll: Nómina
Association of employers: patronal
Trade union: sindicato
Staff cutback: Reducción de plantilla
Personnel cutback: Reducción de personal
Labour reform: Reforma laboral
Minimum wage: Salario mínimo
Rise in unemployment: subida del paro
Fall in unemployment: bajada del paro
Black market: Trabajo negro
RENT-TO-OWN (ALQUILER CON OPCIÓN A COMPRA)

Se trata de un término para referirse al ‘leasing’

(arrendamiento) inmobiliario, tan de moda en algunos
ámbitos, especialmente el financiero.
‘Rent to own’ significa, literalmente, ‘alquiler para luego ser
el propietario’, aunque en español la estructura usada es
otra.
Se trata de una de esas expresiones que si queremos
traducirlas al inglés habrá que aprenderla tal cual, sin
intentar traducir palabra por palabra… nuestra tendencia
natural, ¡por otra parte!

COMPLAINT (QUEJA, RECLAMACIÓN, AFECCIÓN)

He aquí una palabra que puede tener distintos significados según el

ámbito donde se aplique:
* Ámbito comercial/empresarial: se trata de una ‘queja’. Un cliente
puede presentar una queja (‘file a complaint’) ante el departamento
de una empresa, por ejemplo. También se habla de ‘consumer
complaints’, quejas de los consumidores.
* Ámbito jurídico: en este caso, se trata de una ‘reclamación’ o
‘demanda’ y suele ser de derecho civil (aunque no siempre). De
este término, se deriva ‘complainant’, que será el denunciante,
demandante, querellante, en función del contexto.
* Ámbito médico: en este campo, hace referencia a una ‘afección’, o
una dolencia o síntoma de carácter ‘leve’. Al traducirse, se
recomienda no usar ‘queja’ en el ámbito médico, ya que como se
observa sería aplicar una traducción más propia de otros ámbitos.
BAILOUT (RESCATE FINANCIERO)

A raíz de ciertas noticias recientes, esta palabra es

cada vez más frecuente. Se hizo ‘famosa’ durante el
momento de crisis hipotecaria
estadounidenses y ahora, más
recientemente, con la crisis griega. Esta palabra
procede del contexto legal (‘bail’ es la típica fianza
que alguien paga para sacar a una persona de
la cárcel). El término con la preposición ‘out’ es ahora parte del lenguaje económico-financiero y
significa ‘rescate financiero’ (o ‘ayuda financiera’) y en algunos casos, ‘plan de rescate financiero’.
La definición que da el Cambridge es la siguiente:
When someone helps a person or organization that is in difficulty, usually by giving or lending them
money.
Example: A government bailout
EL CHISTE DE LA SEMANA… HOW ABOUT IF… ?

TREND RIGHT (A LA MODA)

‘Que se ajusta a las tendencias actuales’ o bien ‘a la moda’. Eso es

exactamente lo que significa este término. Usado en contexto de negocios,
marketing y moda, también se emplea con la expresión ‘to be on trend right’.
Creo que se emplea más en Reino Unido también. Otra expresión
equivalente: ‘to be on trend’.

EMPOWERMENT (RESPONSABILIZACIÓN, CAPACITACIÓN)

Se usa esta palabra en muchos contextos. Me aparece ahora en el

contexto de ‘patient empowerment’ (pero podría aparecer en el ámbito
de negocios también). Significa ‘dar poder’. He leído ‘empoderamiento’,
término que chirría en mis oídos pero se usa cada vez más.
Abogo más por ‘responsabilización’ o ‘corresponsabilización de los
pacientes incluso’. Otras sugerencias para ‘empower’: facultar, capacitar,
habilitar, autorizar. Y para su contrario, ‘disempower’: ‘restar autoridad’ o
‘debilitar’ en algún contexto.
BALANCE SHEET (BALANCE DE SITUACIÓN)
Y más…
Asset: activo
Liability: pasivo
Gross: Bruto (Gross income/revenue: renta/ingresos brutos)

PROCEEDINGS (ACTAS DE UNA REUNIÓN)

‘Proceedings’ es una de aquellas palabras con múltiples

significados. En contexto empresarial y legal, suele
referirse a las actas que se toman en una reunión.
Otra palabra usada para referirse a las actas es ‘minutes’
y a veces para diferenciar ambos términos, prefiere
reservarse ‘sesión/acto’ para ‘proceedings’ y dejar actas
para ‘minutes’.
Across the board (en su totalidad)
Según el diccionario Cambridge, esta expresión significa:
‘happening or having an effect on people at every level
and in every area’. Es decir: en general, en términos
generales, globalmente, en su totalidad, en todos los
casos/ámbitos, sistemáticamente. Un sinfín de
posibilidades para expresar lo siguiente: que abarca todo
aquello que la palabra que modifica o complementa.
Ejemplo:
The initiative has across-the-board support.
La iniciativa cuenta con apoyo generalizado/a todos los niveles.
Aquí os dejo

CUADRAR LAS CUENTAS (BALANCE THE ACCOUNTS/THE BOOKS)

¿Cómo se dice ‘cuadrar las cuentas’ en inglés?

En sentido literal, es decir, que los números no
salen, sería ‘to balance the accounts/the books’.
En sentido figurado, es decir, que algo falla o no
cuadra: ‘something doesn’t add up’, ‘something’s
wrong here’.
BANKRUPCY (QUIEBRA)

Os invito a ver este interesante vídeo sobre la situación de GM. Es bastante claro y mediante el
contexto, es fácil conocer el significado clave del vocabulario, pero viéndolo también me gustaría
señalar algunas palabras muy útiles en todos los contextos…
Funding: financiación
Investment: inversión
Profitable stores: tiendas rentables
Government bailout: ayuda gubernamental (para sacar a alguien de un apuro)
Federal loans: préstamos (créditos) federales
The stock market: la bolsa
Tumble: caer
Wipe Out: erradicar
Drop: descenso (A drop in revenues)
Revenues: Ingresos
Lay off: despedir
Company performance: rendimiento/desempeño de la
compañía
Cutbacks: recortes
Union: sindicato
Staff: personal

TAX WITHHOLDING (RETENCIÓN DE IMPUESTOS)

‘To withhold’ se usa sobre todo en economía (y en derecho

tributario, claro) en el sentido de ‘retener’ (impuestos). Es un
término muy habitual y va bien conocerlo Otro término
relacionado es: ‘tax withholding allowances’ (deducciones en las retenciones de impuestos).
La terminología tributaria es muy amplia pero también muy necesaria de conocer. Algunos
términos…
Tax avoidance: evasión fiscal
Tax concession: beneficio fiscal
Tax haven: paraíso fiscal
Raise taxes: subir impuestos
Tax return: Declaración de la renta
File/Prepare your taxes: Preparar/presentar la declaración
GO BELLY UP (ESTIRAR LA PATA)

He leído que esta expresión viene de cuando un

animalillo muere y queda panza arriba (traducción literal
de esta expresión). A partir de ahí, y como metáfora, ha
pasado a emplearse esta frase para referirse en el
ámbito de negocios a una empresa que ‘muere’, ‘cierra
sus puertas’ o coloquialmente, ‘estira la pata’. Por
supuesto, hay que ver en qué contexto se emplea (me
refiero a traducirla correctamente) pero desde luego,
cada vez se ve más en prensa. También puede significar
‘fracasar’.
Ejemplos:
Roubini Says Stocks Will Drop as Banks Go Belly Up
So more and more industries are likely to go belly-up…
Nota: Por cierto, la imagen de la foto no sé si es un pájaro o un avión, pero sí que está ‘belly up’

BRIEF O BRIEFING (INSTRUCCIONES)

Otro término que a menudo da problemas. Se trata de
la información previa del cliente a la empresa. Se
incluyen aquí características del producto o propuesta,
así como las indicaciones o recomendaciones que hay
que seguir. En muchas ocasiones se usa en inglés.
Otra acepción es la de ‘reunión informativa’ que se da
en una empresa respecto a un proyecto o producto.

BOTTOM LINE (BALANCE FINAL)

He aquí un término que suele dar problemas al
traducir. ‘Bottom Line’ tiene un significado específico
en el ámbito de los negocios (resultados económicos
finales, beneficios o ganancias netas) y también un
significado general (lo importante de algo, el resultado final). ‘Balance final’ creo que expresa
bastante bien el concepto que quiere dar a entender el inglés.
‘Keep the bottom line black’ significa mantener los resultados en negro (es decir, en cifras positivas),
tener ganancias, en definitiva. Como opuesto habría: don’t keep the bottom line red (en números
rojos).
Otra expresión de difícil traducción sería:
Effective “bottom line” decision making: Toma de decisiones con impacto en los resultados…
En sentido general, podemos usar esta
expresión como equivalente de ‘Lo importante
aquí…/En resumen…/En definitiva…’
(Traducción libre):
The bottom line is I don’t trust her
Lo importante aquí es que no confío en ella
En resumen, no confío en ella

CREDIT CRUNCH (CONTRACCIÓN

DEL CRÉDITO)
Hay muchas formas de traducir esta expresión:
contracción del crédito, reducción crediticia,
crisis de crédito. ‘Crunch’ significa ‘crujido’ en
inglés.
Este término ha gozado de mucha popularidad
en la prensa… He aquí un vídeo que explica el
concepto.
OFFSHORING (DESLOCALIZACIÓN)

Vaya palabreja he elegido para empezar este

blog… pero la encontré ayer, leyendo un
interesante libro y es la primera que me ha
venido a la cabeza.
En tiempos de crisis, parece que el
‘offshoring’ está de moda. También se le
llama ‘outsourcing internacional’, algo que
podríamos traducir como ‘externalización’,
término que aparece a menudo en prensa.
‘Offshoring’, como sugiere el prefijo off-, se
refiere a una deslocalización externa, lo que
contrastaría con otro término ‘Nearshoring’
(deslocalización pero más próxima, dentro del
mismo huso horario).
 VOCABULARY

Acceptance: aceptación
Account: cuenta
Accountant: contador
Accounting: contabilidad
Accounts payable: cuentas por pagar
Accounts receivable: cuentas por cobrar
Accrued assets: activos acumulados
Accrued: causado
Acquisition costs: costos de adquisición
Acquisition: adquisición o compra
Actives: activos
ADR: American depository receipt
Advising bank: banco avisor
Amortization, paying off: amortización
Amount: monto de una deuda
Analysis: análisis
Anti trust laws: leyes antimonopólicas
Article: artículo
Assembly: asamblea
Assets: activos
At sight: a la vista
Auction: subasta pública
Auditory: auditoría
Aunvity: anvalidar
Automatic cash: cajero automático
Automatic cashing: cobro automatizado
Average price: precio promedio
AWL: airway lading: conocimiento de embarque aéreo
ABOARD : A bordo.
ABOVE PAR : Por encima de la par.
ACCELERATION CLAUSE : Cláusula que frecuentemente se usa en los Estados Unidos para los
contratos que prevén pagos escalonados. La totalidad del saldo pendiente de pagos será exigible
cuando cualquiera de los vencimientos deje de ser atendido por el deudor.
ACCEPTANCE : Aceptación.
ACCEPTED FOR CARRIAGE : Aceptado para transporte.
ACCIDENT : Accidente.
ACCIDENTAL DEATH : Muerte por accidente.
ACCOUNTING INFORMATION : Información contable.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF RECEIPT : Acuse de recibo.
ACT OF GOD : (acte de Dieu) caso fortuito.
ACTS OF PUBLIC ENEMIES : Actos de los enemigos públicos.
ACTS OF WAR : Actos bélicos.
ACTUAL CASH VALUE : Valor efectivo real.
ACTUAL FAULT : Culpa real.
ACTUAL WEIGHT : (A / W) peso real.
AD VALOREM : Ad valorem; por avalúo.
ADDITIONAL PREMIUM : (A/P) prima adicional / suplemento de prima.
ADHESION : Adhesión.
ADMIRALTY LAW : Derecho marítimo.
ADVANCED LETTER OF CREDIT : Carta de crédito anticipada.
ADVANCED PAYMENT : Pago anticipado.
ADVISE : Aviso.
ADVISE of arrival : aviso de llegada.
ADVISE of dispatch : aviso de expedición o despacho.
ADVISE of shipment : aviso de embarque.
ADVISING BANK : Banco avisador.
AFORO : Arqueo, capacidad.
AFFREIGHTMENT : Fletamento.
AFTER DERRICK POST : Poste de carga de popa.
AFTER PERPENDICULAR : Perpendicular de popa.
AGAINST ALL RISKS : Contra todo riesgo.
AGAINST DELIVERY : Contra entrega.
AGENT : Agente, intermediario, o representante.
AGREEMENT : Acuerdo / contrato.
AIR CONSIGNMENT NOTE : Carta de transporte aéreo.
AIR MAIL TRANSFER : Transferencia de fondos por correo aéreo.
AIR WAY BILL : (AWB) Guía aérea.
AIRCRAFT : Avión.
AIRPORT OF DEPARTURE : Aeropuerto de salida
AIRPORT OF DESTINATION : Aeropuerto de destino.
ALEATORY CONTRACT : Contrato aleatorio.
ALL CHARGES TO GOODS : Todos los gastos a cargo del vendedor.
ALL LINE INSURER : Asegurador autorizado para emitir toda clase de seguros.
ALL RISK CONTRACT : Seguro contra todo riesgo.
ALLOWED : Permitido.
ALTERATION : Agravación material/ alteración.
AMBIGUITY : Ambigüedad.
to AMEND : Modificar.
AMENDMENT : Modificación.
AMERICAN LLOYDS : Forma de organización autorizada en algunos estados en la cual sus
miembros toman el riesgo como particulares, limitando generalmente su responsabilidad.
AMOUNT : Monto.
ANCHOR : Ancla.
ANNEX : Anexo.
ANNUITY RENT : Seguro de renta.
ANTICANCELLATION LAWS : Leyes que restringen el derecho de los aseguradores a cancelar
pólizas.
APPLICANT : Ordenante.
ARBITRATION : Arbitraje.
ARBITRATION AWARD : Laudo arbitral.
ARBITRATION CLAUSE : Cláusula de arbitraje.
ARSON : Incendio intencional, premeditado.
ASHORE : En tierra.
AS IS : Tal cual, en el estado en que se encuentra.
to ASSESS THE RISK : Apreciar el riesgo.
ASSESSMENT : Valuación.
ASSIGNABLE CREDIT : Crédito cedible.
ASSIGNMENT : Cesión.
ASSIGNMENT OF PROCEEDS : Cesión del producto del crédito.
ASSIGNS : Derechohabientes.
ASSURED : Asegurado.
ASSURER : Asegurador.
AT SIGHT : A la vista.
AUTOMATIC ADJUSTMENT OF INSURED VALUE : Ajuste de índice variable.
AUTOMATIC COVERAGE CLAUSE : Cláusula de cobertura automática.
AUTOMATIC COVERAGE IN CUSTOMS : Cobertura automática en Aduana.
AUTOMATIC PREMIUM LOAN CLAUSE : Cláusula de préstamo automático.
AUTOMATIC REINSTATEMENT INSURED LIMIT : Cláusula de reposición automática de suma
asegurada.
AVERAGE : Avería.
AVERAGE , Ral : Avería gruesa.
AVERAGE , Particular : Avería particular.
AVERAGE ADJUSTER: Liquidador.

B/L: bill of lading: conocimiento de embarque

Back to back: crédito documentario
Balance of payments: balanza de pagos
Balance of payments: balanza de pagos
Balance of trade: balanza comercial
Balance sheet: balance general
Balance: saldo
Balanced fore card: cuadro integrado de costo
Balloon payment: pago al final
Banker's acceptance: aceptacion bancaria
Bankruptcy: banca rota
Banning: banca
Barter: trueque
Basis of assessment: base gravable
Be in debt: estar en deuda, adeudar
Bear market: mercado bursátil en declinación
Bench mark: punto de comparación
Bench marking: proceso de comparar continuamente una organización con líderes del mundo.
Bias: sesgo, tendencia
Bid: oferta
Bill of change: letra de cambio
Bill: cuenta
Blue chip company: gran compañía
Bond: bono
Book keeping: contabilidad
Borrowing: préstamo
Bottom price: precio mínimo
Brand: marca de fabrica
Breadwinner: asalariado
Break down: análisis
Break even point: punto de equilibrio
Breakage: rotura
Budget: presupuesto
Bulk: masa, volumen
Bull market: mercado bursátil en alza
Business card: tarjeta de negocios
Buyer: comprador
Buying power: poder adquisitivo
BAD STOWAGE : Arrumaje defectuoso / defectuosa distribución de la carga.
B.A.F. : Recargo por combustible.
BAG : Bolsa, saco.
BAILEE: Comodatario.
BALANCE OF PAYMENTS : Balanza de pagos.
BALE : Fardo o bala (para algodón).
BANK : Banco. Claiming bank : banco peticionario.
Confirming bank : banco confirmante.
Correspondent Bank : banco corresponsal / banco pagador / banco negociador.
Drawee bank : banco librado.
Issuing bank : banco emisor.
Nominated bank : banco designado.
Reimbursing bank : banco reembolsador.
Remitting bank : banco remitente.
Transfering bank : banco transferente.

BANK CHARGES : Gastos bancarios.

BANK RATE : Tasa de interés bancario.
BANK TO BANK REIMBURSEMENT AGREEMENT : Acuerdo de reembolso entre bancos.
BANKER'S ACCEPTANCE : Aceptación bancaria.
BAREBOAT CHARTER : Fletamento a casco desnudo.
BARGE : Barcaza.
BARGE-CARRYING SHIP : Embarcación de recreo.
BARRATRY : Baratería.
BARREL : Barril.
BARTER : Trueque.
B.D.I. (BOTH DATES INCLUDED) : Ambas fechas comprendidas.
BEAM : Manga.
BELOW PAR : Por debajo de la par.
BELLIGERENT POWER : Potencia beligerante.
BENEFICIARY : Beneficiario.
Contingent beneficiary : beneficiario secundario.
First beneficiary : primer beneficiario.
Primary beneficiary : beneficiario primario.
Second beneficiary : segundo beneficiario.

BERTH : Muelle.
BERTH TERMS : Términos de muelle.
BID : Oferta, adjudicación.
BID BOND : Garantía de oferta y cumplimiento.
BILL OF EXCHANGE : Letra de cambio.
BILL OF LADING (B/L) : Conocimiento de embarque.
Blank bill of lading : conocimiento de embarque en blanco.
Clean bill of lading : conocimiento de embarque limpio.
Common carrier bill of lading : carta de porte de un transportista público.
Direct bill of lading : conocimiento sin transbordo.
Dirty bill of lading : conocimiento de embarque sucio.
Inland bill of lading : documento que cubre todas las formas de transporte terrestre por líneas
regulares.
Long bill of lading : conocimiento de embarque largo.
Negotiable bill of lading : conocimiento de embarque negociable.
Non negotiable bill of lading : conocimiento de embarque no negociable.
On board bill of lading : conocimiento a bordo.
Short bill of lading : conocimiento de embarque corto.
Stale bill of lading : conocimiento de embarque demorado o vencido.
Through bill of lading : conocimiento de embarque directo.

BINDER : Certificado de Cobertura.

BLADINGS : Abreviatura de «bill of lading».
BLANK BACK : Dorso en blanco.
BLANKET POLICY : Póliza universal o general.
BLOCKAGE : Bloqueo.
BLUE PETER : Bandera de despedida.
BOARDING : Abordaje.
BONA FIDE HOLDER : Tenedor de buena fe.
BOND, BOND OF INDEMNITY : Fianza, caución.
in bond : en depósito.
BOOKING NUMBER : Número de identificación o reserva.
BOOKING OFFICE : Despacho de pasajes, oficina de reservas.
BOOM : Pescante de grúa.
BORROWER : Prestatario.
BOTTOMRY CONTRACT : Contrato de préstamo a la gruesa.
BOW : Proa.
BOW ANCHOR : Ancla de proa.
BOW THRUSTER : Hélice transversal.
BRANCH : Sucursal.
BREAKAGE : Rotura.
BRIDGE : Puente de navegación.
BROCHURE : Publicación / folleto.
BROKER : Agente, productor, intermediario.
BROKERAGE : Corretaje.
BROKERAGE FEE : Comisión de corretaje.
BULBOUS BOW : Proa bulbo.
BULK : Masa, volumen.
BULK CARGO : Carga a granel.
BULKHEAD : Escotilla
BURGLARY : Robo.
BURIAL INSURANCE : Seguro que cubre gastos de sepelio.
BUSINESS INTERRUPTION : Pérdida de beneficios.
BUY-BACK : Convenio de recompra.
BUYER : Comprador.

C&F: valor incluyendo costo y flete

Capital flight: fuga de capital
Capital gains: utilidades de capital
Capital goods: bienes de capital
Capital market: mercado de capital
Capital rationing: racionamiento de capital
Capital stock: acciones de capital
Capital: capital
Carnings: ganancias
Carrier: transportador marítimo
Cash balance: saldo de caja
Cash cows: vacas lecheras
Cash flow audience: flujo de caja del inversionista
Cash flow: flujo de caja
Cash on hand: efectivo en caja
Cash payment: pago al contado
Cash: contado
Ceiling price: precio tope
CEO: chief executive officer: presidente
Change: cambio
Check: cheque
CIF: valor incluyendo costo, seguro y flete
Circulating capital: capital circulante
Claim: reclamo
Clean credit: crédito sin necesidad de garantías
Clearing: compensación
Client: cliente
Coaching: asesoría personal
COD: cash on deliver: pago contra entrega
COD: Cash on delivery : entrega contra reembolso
Collateral: activo dado en prenda
Collect: cobro en el destino
Comissions: comisiones
Commitment fee: comisión de compromiso
Commodity: mercadería
Company: compañía
Competition: competencia
Competitiveness: competitividad
Compound interest: interés compuesto
Concern: compañía
Conciliation: conciliación
Consolidated debt: deuda consolidada
Consultation: consulta
Consumer goods: bienes de consumo
Consumer price index: índice de precios al consumo
Consumer: consumidor
Consumption: consumo
Contribution founds: aportación de fondos
Convertibility: convertibilidad
Cost benefit ratio: razón beneficio costo
Cost of living adjustment: ajustes por inflación
Cost price: precio de costo
Cost volume profit analysis: análisis de sensibilidad
Cost: costo
Counter trade: comercio
Counter trade: trueque
Coupon: desprendible
Credit card: tarjeta de crédito
Credit: crédito
Creditor: acreedor
Currency: circulante
Currency: moneda
Current account: cuenta corriente
Current account: cuenta corriente
Custom house: aduana
Customer: cliente
Customers duty: derechos arancelarios
CABLE SHIP : Barco cablero.
CABLE TRANSFER : Transferencia por cable.
C.A.F. : Recargo por diferencia de cambio.
to CALL AT : Hacer escala, tocar (puertos).
CAN : Bombona.
CAPITAL ASSET : Bien de capital.
CAPTURE : Apresamiento.
CARGO : Carga, cargamento.
CARGO SHIP : Barco de carga.
CARGO TERMINAL : Terminal de carga.
CARRIAGE : Transporte.

Carriage by air : transporte aéreo.

Carriage by land : transporte terrestre.
Carriage by sea : transporte marítimo.

CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY SEA ACT : Ley de Transporte Marítimo de Mercaderías.

CARRIER : Transportador, porteador, transportista.
CARTAGE : Transporte efectuado por medio de camiones.
CARTOON : Caja de cartón.
CASE : Caja de metal o madera.
CASH : Efectivo / contado.
CASH IN SAFE : Dinero en caja.
CASH IN TRANSIT : Dinero en tránsito.
CASK : Tonel.
CENTER LINE : Línea de crujía.
CENTER PROPELLER : Hélice central.
CERTIFICATE OF INSURANCE : Certfiicado de cobertura.
CERTIFICATE OF ORIGIN : Certificado de origen.
CHARGES : Gastos.

Additional charges : gastos adicionales.

Charges at destination : gastos en destino.
Charges at origin : gastos en origen.
Consular Charges : gastos consulares.
Discount charges : gastos de descuento.
Export charges : gastos de exportación.
Import charges : gastos de importación.
Minimum charges : gastos mínimos.
Salvage charges : gastos de recupero.
Weight charge : cargo por peso.

to CHART : Fletar.
CHARTER : Buque que se fleta por un tiempo determinado y se arrenda en su totalidad para el
transporte de personas o mercaderías.
CHARTERER : Fletador, cargador.
CHARTER PARTY : Póliza, contrato de fletamento.
CHECK : Cheque.
to CHECK : Revisar.
C.I.F. CLAUSE (COST, INSURANCE, FREIGHT) : Cláusula CIF (Costo, Seguro y Flete) .
CIVIL COMMOTIONS : Conmociones civiles.
CIVIL STRIFE : Contienda civil.
CIVIL WAR : Guerra civil.
CLAIM : Denuncia, reclamo de indemnización de siniestro.
CLAUSE : Cláusula.

Both to blame and collision clause : cláusula de colisión por culpa concurrente.
Cancellation clause : cláusula de rescisión.
Care, custody or control exclusion clause : cláusula que excluye respon sabilidad del asegurador
sobre los bienes que se encuentren bajo el cuidado, la custodia o el control del asegurado.
Cesser clause : cláusula en la que se establece la cesación de responsa bilidad.
Constructive total loss clause: cláusula de pérdida total virtual.
Contestable clause : cláusula de rescisión.
Continuation clause : cláusula de prórroga de cobertura.
Deviation clause : cláusula de cambio de ruta.
Ex-mill Clause : cláusula de cambio de ruta.
Ex-warehouse clause : cláusula ex-fábrica (ver anexo).
Ex-works clause : cláusula ex-fábrica (ver anexo).
Free of capture,seizure, etc. clause (F.C. & S.) : libre de apresuramiento, apoderamiento, etc.
Free of particular average clause (F.P.A.) : libre de avería particular (L.A.P.).
Free of strikes, riots and civil commotions (F.S.R. & C.C.) clause : libre de huelgas, tumultos y
conmociones civiles.
General average clause : cláusula de avería gruesa.
Institute Cargo clause : cláusula para seguros de carga.
Lien Clause : cláusula en la que se establece el derecho de retención sobre las mercaderías.
Paramount Clause : cláusula Paramount o cláusula principal.
Reasonable dispatch clause : cláusula de prontitud razonable.
Seaworthiness Clause : cláusula de navegabilidad.
Warehouse to Warehouse Clause : cláusula de depósito a depósito.

CLEAN COLLECTION : Cobro simple.

CLEAN DOCUMENT : Documento limpio.
CLEAN ON BOARD : Libre a bordo.
CLEAN TRANSPORT DOCUMENT : Documento de transporte limpio.
CLEARANCE : Despacho.
CLEARANCE FOR CUSTOMS : Despacho aduanero.
CLEARANCE FORMS : Formularios de despacho.
CLEARING : Compensación.
CLEARING AGREEMENTS : Acuerdos comerciales suscriptos entre dos países por los cuales se
compran cantidades específicas de productos por montos determinados por un tiempo establecido.
CLIPPER SHIP : Navío rápido.
COALER SHIP : Barco carbonero.
COASTER SHIP : Barco de cabotaje.
COASTING TRADE : Comercio de cabotaje.
COINSURANCE : Coseguro.
to COLLECT : Cobrar.
COLLECTION : Cobro.
COLLISION : Choque, abordaje.
COLLISION DUE NEGLIGENCE : Abordaje culpable.

Unavoidable collision : Abordaje fortuito o casual.

COLLISION PARTIAL LOSS : Daños parciales por accidente.

COLLISION TOTAL LOSS : Daños totales por accidente.
COMBINED TRANSPORT : Transporte combinado o mixto.
COMMERCIAL DOCUMENTS : Documentos comerciales.
COMMODITIES : Mercaderías.
COMMODITY RESTRICTIONS : Restricciones a las mercaderías.
COMPENSATION : Indemnización.
COMPENSATORY RIGHT : Derecho compensatorio.
COMPULSORY INSURANCE : Seguro obligatorio.
CONCEALMENT : Reticencia.
CONDITIONS: Condiciones.

Coverage conditions : condiciones de cobertura.

Seaworthiness conditions : condiciones de navegabilidad.
Unseaworthiness conditions : condiciones de innavegabilidad.

CONFERENCE : Conferencia.
CONFERENCE LINE VESSEL : Buque que pertenece a una Compañía que forma parte de la
Conferencia.
CONFERENCE'S TARIFF : Tarifa de la Conferencia.
CONFIRMING BANK : Banco confirmador.
CONSIGNEE : Consignatario, destinatario.
CONSIGNMENT : Expedición.
CONSIGNOR : Comitente.
to CONSOLIDATE : Consolidar.
CONSOLIDATION : Consolidación.
CONSOLIDATOR : Consolidador.
CONSORTIUM : Consorcio.
CONSTRUCTIVE TOTAL LOSS : Pérdida total virtual.
CONSULAR CHARGES : Gastos consulares.
CONSULAR INVOICE : Factura Consular.
CONSULATE : Consulado.
CONSULTATION : Consulta / conferencia.
CONTAINER : Contenedor.

Car container : contenedor para vehículos.

Cattle container : contenedor para ganado.
Con-air container : cont. refrigerado.
Dry bulk container : cont. granelero.
Flat rack container : contenedor con plataformas con laterales.
Full container load (F.C.L.) : contenedor completo.
House container : contenedor «house» (llenado por cuenta y responsabilidad del tomador del flete).
Insulated container : contenedor insulado (INS).
Less than container load (L.C.L.) : contenedor de grupaje.
Open top container : contenedor descubierto (OT).
Pier container : contenedor «pier» (contenedor llenado en zona portuaria con personal de estiba, por
conveniencia del armador o buque).
Reefer container (R.F.) : contenedor refrigerado (RF).
Reinforced container : contenedor reforzado.
Superventilated container : contenedor superventilado (SPV).
20' tandard container : contenedor clásico de 20 pies.

CONTAINER SHIP : Buque portacontenedor.

CONTAINERISE : Embalar (carga general) en grandes recipientes para facilitar su transbordo.
CONTRACT OF AFFREIGHTMENT : Contrato de fletamento.
CONTRACTUAL LIABILITY : Responsabilidad contractual.
CONVOY : Buque de pasajeros.
COSTS OF RECOVERY : Gastos de recupero.
COUNTER PURCHASE : Compra compensada.
COUNTER TRADE : Intercambio compensado / compensación bilateral.
COUNTRY : País.

Country of destination : país de destino.

Country of origin : país de origen o procedencia.

COURIER : Mensajero.
to COVER : Mantener cubierto, cubrir.
COVERAGE : Cobertura.

Automatic coverage : cobertura automática.

CRAFT : Embarcación menor.

CRANE : Grúa.
CRATE : Embalaje de tablas.
CREDIT : Crédito.
Assignable credit : crédito cedible.
Back to back credit : crédito subsidiario.
Direct credit : crédito directo.
Divisible credit : crédito divisible.
Fractionable credit : crédito fraccionable.
Indirect credit : crédito indirecto.
Irrevocable credit : crédito irrevocable.
Pre-advised credit : crédito preavisado.
Revocable credit : crédito revocable.
Transferable credit : crédito transferible.
Transmissible credit : crédito transmisible.

CREDIT DATE : Fecha del crédito.

CREDITOR : Acreedor.
CREW : Tripulación.
CURRENCY : Moneda (de un país).

Currency rate : tipo de cambio.

Foreign currency : divisa.

CURRENT ACCOUNT : Cuenta Corriente.

CUSTOMARY RISKS : Riesgos corrientes.
CUSTOMER : Cliente.
CUSTOMS : Aduana.
CUSTOMS DEALER / CLEARER : Despachante de Aduana.
CUSTOMS DUTIES : Derechos de Aduana.
CUSTOMS ENTRY FORM : Formulario de Declaración de Aduana.
CUSTOMS UNIT : Unión Aduanera.
CUSTOMS WARRANT : Certificado de Aduana.
C. & F. CLAUSE (CLAUSE COST AND FREIGHT) : Cláusula C.& F. (costo y flete)

Data business: comercio electrónico

Data cash: banca electrónica
Deal: negocio
Dealer: vendedor
Debt limit: nivel de endeudamiento
Debt: débito
Decision: decisión
Deck load: carga en cubierta
Deck: cubierta
Default: incumplimiento
Deferred payment: pago a plazos
Deferred: diferido
Deficit: déficit
Deflaction: deflación
Delivery: entrega
Demand: demanda
Deposit: deposito
Depreciation: depreciación
Devaluation: devaluación
Devise: divisas
Disbursement : desembolso
Discount: descuento
Dividend: dividendo
Down payment: pago inicial
Draft: letra de cambio
Drawing: giro
Duty: arancel

DAILY INDEMNITY : Renta diaria.

DAMAGE : Daño, siniestro.
DAMAGES : Daños y perjuicios.
DATE OF PICK-UP : Fecha de recogida.
DATE OF POST RECEIPT : Fecha de recepción en correos.
DEAD FREIGHT : Falso Flete.
DEATH : Muerte.
DEBT : Deuda.
DEBTOR : Deudor.
DECK : Cubierta.

Deckload : cargamento sobre cubierta.

On deck : sobre cubierta.
Under deck : bajo cubierta.

DECLARATION : Declaración.
DECLARATION FOR DANGEROUS GOODS : Declaración de mercaderías peligrosas.
DEADWEIGHT : Peso muerto.
DECLARED VALUE FOR CARRIAGE : Valor declarado para el Transporte.
DECLARED VALUE FOR CUSTOMS : Valor declarado para la Aduana.
DEDUCTIBLE : Franquicia.
DEFERRED PAYMENT : Pago diferido o a plazo.
DELAY : Demora, retraso.
DELIVERY : Entrega.

Delivery against acceptance (d/a) : entrega contra aceptación.

Delivery against payment : entrega contra pago.
Delivery date : fecha de entrega.
Delivery order : orden de entrega.

DEMURRAGE : Sobreestadía.
DEPARTURE : Partida, salida.
DEPOSIT : Depósito.
DEPOT : Depósito / estación de ferrocarril.
DEPTH : Profundidad.
DERAILMENT : Descarrilamiento.
DESCRIPTION : Descripción.
DETAINMENT : Detención.
DEVIATION : Desviación, cambio de ruta.
DIMENSION : Dimensión.
DIRECT LOSS : Pérdida directa.
DISABILITY : Incapacidad.
Partial permanent disability : incapacidad parcial permanente.
Temporary disability : incapacidad temporaria.
Total permanent disability : incapacidad total permanente.

DISABILITY INCOME INSURANCE : Seguro por incapacidad.

DISBURSEMENT : Desembolso.
DISCHARGE : Descarga, desembarque. (verbo) descargar, desembarcar.
DISCLAIMER : Exoneración.
DISCLAIMER FOR ACTS OF AN INSTRUCTED PARTY : Exoneración respecto de los actos de
terceros intervinientes.
DISCLAIMER ON EFFECTIVENESS OF DOCUMENTS : Exoneración respecto a la validez de los
documentos.
DISCLAIMER ON THE TRANSMISSION OF MESSAGES : Exoneración respecto a la transmisión de
los mensajes.
DISCOUNT : Descuento.
to DISCOUNT : Descontar.
DISCREPANCIES : Discrepancias.
to Release Discrepancies : Liberar discrepancias.
DISMEMBERMENT : Pérdida de miembros.
DISPATCH MONEY : Prima de celeridad de embarque.
DISPONENT OWNER : Armador disponente.
in DISTRESS : En peligro.
to DISTRIBUTE : Distribuir.
DISTRIBUTOR : Distribuidor.
DIVIDEND OPTIONS : Opciones para el pago de dividendos que surjan de pólizas de seguro de
vida.
DO NOT STORE IN A DAMP PLACE : Colocar en lugar seco.
DOCK : Dique, muelle.
DOCKYARD : Astillero.
DOCUMENT : Documento.

Transport document : documento de transporte.

DOCUMENTARY CREDIT : Crédito documentario.

DOCUMENTARY TRANSFER : Transferencia documentaria.
DOMESTIC ROUTING : Rutas internas o nacionales.
DOUBLE BOTTOM : Doble fondo.
DOUBLE INDEMNITY RIDER : Suplemento de seguro de vida que brinda doble indemnización.
DRAFT : Efecto de comercio / letra de cambio.

Documentary draft : cobranza documentaria.

Sight draft : letra a la vista.

DRAMSHOP EXCLUSION : Exclusión de responsabilidad por daños originados por despacho de

bebidas alcohólicas.
to DRAW : Girar, librar (documento).
DRAW BACK : Devolución de los derechos de importación que gravan los insumos importados que
se utilizan
en la elaboración de mercaderías que luego se exportan.
DRAWEE : Girado.
DRAWER : Librador.
DROPPAGE : Caída.
DRUM : Tambor.
DRY DOCK : Dique Seco.
DUE AGENT : Debido al agente.
DUE CARRIER : Debido al transportista.
DUMPING : Exportación a un precio inferior al valor nominal.
DUNNAGE : Material utilizado para sujetar la carga.
DUPLICATE : Duplicado.
In duplicate : Por duplicado.

Earning report: estado de resultados

EBIT
Economic profit: valor económico
Economic trend: coyuntura económica
Economy: economía
Efective rate per annuu: tasa efectiva anual
Effective rate: tasa efectiva
Effective: efectivo
Empowerment: empoderamiento
Enterprice: empresa
Entrepreneur: empresario
EPS: ganancias por acción
Escision: particion de una sociedad en dos o entregar de parte a otras existentes
EVA: economic valúe added
Exchange adjustment: ajuste de cambio
Exchange rate: tasa de cambio, tipo de cambio
Expenditure: desembolso
Expense: desembolso
Expenses: gastos
Exporter: exportador
Exposure: exposición, riesgo
EARNMARKED : Reservado / asignado.
EARTHQUAKE, FIRE FOLLOWING : Incendio por terremoto.
EARTHQUAKE, DAMAGE FOLLOWING : Daños materiales por terremoto.
EFFECTS NOT CLEARED : Efectos pendientes de cobro.
EMBARGO : Embargo.
EMBASSY : Embajada.
ENDORSEMENT : Endoso de póliza, suplemento.
ENDOWMENT INSURANCE : Póliza de seguro total.
ENGINE ROOM: Sala de máquinas.
ENTRY/IMMEDIATE DELIVERY : Declaración de Aduana / Entrega inmediata.
E. & O. E.: Salvo error u omisión.
EQUIPMENT INTERCHANGE RECEIPT : Recibo de intercambio.
ERASURE : Raspadura.
ERRORS & OMMISSIONS INSURANCE (E. & 0.) : Seguro de responsabilidad profesional.
ESTIMATED TIME OF ARRIVAL (E.T.A.) : Hora estimada de llegada.
ESTIMATED TIME OF DEPARTURE (E.T.D.) : Hora estimada de partida.
EXCEPTED PERILS : Riesgos excluidos.
EXEMPTION : Exención.
EXPEDITED DELIVERY SERVICE : Servicio de entrega urgente.
EXPLOSIVE : Explosivo.
EXPORT : Exportación.
to EXPORT : Exportar.
EXPORT LICENSE : Licencia de exportación.
EXPORT PACKING : Embalaje de exportación.
EXPORTER : Exportador.
EXPOSURE : Exposición ante un riesgo.
EXTENDED COVERAGE EXTENSION : Prórroga.
EXTENSION FOR SAFE BURGLARY : Suplemento de ampliación de cobertura a horas en caja.
EXTRA EXPENSE INSURANCE : Seguro para gastos extraordinarios.
EXTRALARGE : Recargo por exceso de medida.

Face value: valor nominal

Face value: valor nominal
Factory: fabrica
Fair price: precio justo
FASB: normas contables
Fee: comisión inicial
Finance evaluation: evaluación financiera
Financial backing: apoyo financiero
Financial ratios: razones financieras
Financing evaluation method: método de evaluación financiera
Financing: financiación
Firm: compañía
Fixed assets: activos fijos
Fixed price: precio fijo
Float, floating: cheques girados y no cobrados
Floating debt: deuda flotante
FOB: franco a bordo
Foreign exchange: divisas
Forward: cobertura en moneda extranjera
Forwarder: despachador
Forwards: mecanismo de protección ( en garantía en el exterior)
Free cash flow: flujo libre de efectivo
Freight: flete
Fund transfer: translado de fondos
Fund: fondo
Future worth: valor futuro
FACTORING : Cobro por factores (sistema de cobro mediante el cual el exportador cede a la
empresa de factores las cuentas a cobrar de sus clientes extranjeros).
FACULTATIVE REINSURANCE : Reaseguro facultativo.
FAIR PRICES : Precios justos.
F.A.S. CLAUSE (Free Alongside SHIP) : Cláusula F.A.S. (libre al costado del buque) .
FEE : Derecho / canon / tasa.
to FINANCE : Financiar.
FINANCING : Financiación.
FIRE : Incendio.

Accidental fire: incendio causado en forma accidental.

Friendly fire: fuego no hostil.
Unfriendly fire: fuego hostil.
FIREBOAT : Barco bomba.
FIRE INSURANCE : Seguro contra incendio.
FIRST LOSS ABSOLUTE : A primer riesgo absoluto.
FIRST LOSS RELATIVE : A primer riesgo relativo.
FIT FOR CONSUMPTION : Apto para consumo.
FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS : Líquidos inflamables.
FLAMMABLE SOLIDS / SUBSTANCES : Sólidos/sustancias inflamables.
FLASH POINT : Punto de inflamación.
FLAT : Plataforma.
FLAT RACKS : Plataforma con laterales rebatibles.
FLEET POLICY : Seguro de flota de vehículos.
FLIGHT : Vuelo.
FLIGHT NUMBER : Número de vuelo.
FLOATING POLICY : Póliza flotante.
FLOOD : Inundación.
FLOOD INSURANCE : Seguro contra inundación.
F.O.B.CLAUSE (FREE ON BOARD) : Cláusula libre a bordo .
FORCED CALL : Arribo forzoso.
FORECASTLE : Castillo de proa.
FORE DERRICK POST : Poste de carga de proa.
FOREIGN INSURER : Asegurador extranjero.
to FORFEIT THE PREMIUM : Perder la prima.
FORWARD PERPENDICULAR : Perpendicular de proa.
FORWARDER/FORWARDING AGENT : Embarcador / Agente de embarque.
FRAGILE : Frágil.
FRAME : Estructura.
FRANCHISE : Franquicia.
FREE FROM GENERAL AVERAGE (F.C.& S.) : Libre de avería particular.
FREE OF CAPTURE AND SEIZURE (F.C.& S.) : Riesgo de apresamiento excluido.
FREE PORT : Puerto libre.
FREE SHIP : Barco neutral.
FREIGHT : Flete.

Advanced freight : Flete pagado por adelantado.

Freight collect : Flete a cobrar/pagadero en destino.
Freight prepaid : Flete pagadero en origen.
Inland freight : Flete terrestre.
Ocean freight : Flete marítimo.

FREIGHT CONFERENCE : Conferencia de Fletes.

FREIGHT FORWARDER : Transitario / Agente de embarques / Agente despachador.
FREIGHT PLANES : Aviones de carga.
FULL DETAILS TO FOLLOW : Siguen detalles completos.
FUNNEL: Chimenea.

Gambling: apuesta
Golden parachute: "paracaídas dorado" indemnización
Good will: buena imagen
Goods: bienes
Gross benefit: beneficio bruto
Gross income: ingreso bruto
GEAR : Guinche.
GENERAL AVERAGE : Avería gruesa.
GLASS : Vidrio / cristal.
GOAD : Guinche.
GOODS : Mercaderías.

Damaged goods : mercaderías averiadas.

Dangerous goods : mercaderías peligrosas.
Lawful goods : mercaderías autorizadas.
Unsound goods : mercaderías defectuosas.

GOODS TRAIN : Tren de carga.

GOOSENECK : Sustentante.
GRACE PERIOD : Período de gracia.
GROSS PREMIUM : Prima bruta.
GROSS REGISTER TONNAGE (G.R.T.) : Tonelaje bruto de registro en metros cúbicos.
GROSS WEIGHT : Peso bruto.
GROUP HOSPITALIZATION INSURANCE : Seguro colectivo de asistencia médica.
GROUP LIFE INSURANCE : Seguro de vida colectivo.
GROUPAGE : Agrupamiento

Hard currency: moneda dura

Harvesting strategy: sacar el efectivo producido
Hedge: cobertura
Hedging: cobertura
High income housing: vivienda suntuaria
Hire purchase: venta a plazos
Hurdle rate: tasa de corte
HAIL : Granizo.
HANDLE WITH CARE : Manejar con cuidado.
HANDLING : Manipuleo de la carga.
HANDLING CHARGES : Gastos de manipulación.
HANDLING OUT : Manipuleo de salida (del contenedor).
HANGER : Soporte colgante / gancho.
HARBOUR DUTIES : Derechos portuarios.
HATCH : Compuerta / escotilla.
HAZARD : Riesgo, obstáculo.
HEALTH AUTHORITY : Autoridad sanitaria.
HEAVY LIFT : Mercadería pesada / recargo por sobrepeso.
HEAVY WEATHER : Tempestad.
HINDRANCE : Obstáculo.
HIRE : Renta.
HOLD : Bodega.
HOMEOWNERS' FORMS : Seguro combinado familiar.
HOPPER TANK : Tanque alimentador.
HOSTILE ACT : Acto hostil.
HOSTILITIES : Hostilidades.
HOUSE AIR WAYBILL : Guía aérea interna (hija).
HOUSE BILL OF LADING : Conocimiento de embarque marítimo interno (hijo).
HULL : Casco.
IBF : international banking facility: transacciones en eurodolares en Estados Unidos
Importation: importación
In land freight: flete terrestre
Income : renta
Income policy: política de ingresos
Income statement: estado de ganancias y perdidas
Income tax: impuesto sobre renta
Income yield capacity: rentabilidad
Increase: incremento
Inflation: inflación
Inherited audience: flujo de caja del proyecto futuro
Initial investment: inversión inicial
Input: insumo
Installment: crédito
Insurance: seguro
Interchange: intercambios
Interest rate: tasa de interés
Internal rate of return: tasa interna de retorno
Inventory: inventarios
Investment: cartera
Investment: inversión
Invoice : factura
IOU: I owe you: le debo
IRR : international rate of return: tasa internacional de retorno
Issuing company: compañía emisora
Item: partida

ICEBREAKER : Rompehielos.
IMPORT : Importación.
to IMPORT : Importar.
IMPORT DUTIES : Derechos de Importación
IMPORT LICENSE : Licencia de importación.
IMPORTER : Importador.
IN BOND : En depósito.
IN BULK : A granel.
INCUR NO CHARGES : Sin gastos.
IN TRANSIT : En tránsito.
INCOMPLETE INSTRUCTIONS : Instrucciones incompletas.
INDIRECT LOSS : Pérdida indirecta.
INDIVIDUAL RETIREMENT ACCOUNT (I.R.A.) : Cuenta de Retiro Individual.
INDIVIDUAL RETIREMENT ANNUITY (I.R.A.N.) : Renta de retiro individual.
INDUCEMENT : Recargo que suele aplicarse cuando un buque debe escalar en un puerto no
habitual y la carga no devenga un flete considerado suficiente.
INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT : Accidente del Trabajo.
INLAND FREIGHT : Flete interno.
INLAND MARINE INSURANCE : Seguro de transporte marítimo interno.
INLAND WATERWAY TRANSPORT : Transporte fluvial.
INSOLVENCY : Insolvencia.
INSTALLMENT : Pago parcial a cuenta / cuota.
INSURABLE INTEREST : Interés asegurable.
INSURABLE RISK : Riesgo asegurable.
INSURANCE : Seguro.

Accident insurance : seguro de accidentes personales.

Aeronautic insurance : seguro aeronáutico.
Air Travel insurance : seguro contra accidentes por aeronavegación.
All risk insurance : seguro contra todo riesgo.
Annuity insurance : seguro de renta.
Automobile insurance : seguro del automotor.
Burglary insurance : seguro contra robo.
Collision insurance : seguro contra daños materiales (al vehículo).
Coprehensive insurance : seguro contra todo riesgo.
Compulsory insurance : seguro obligatorio.
Deposit insurance : seguro de depósitos bancarios.
Endowment insurance : seguro dotal
Errors & Omissions insurance : seguro de responsabilidad profesional.
Export credit insurance : seguro de crédito a la exportación.
Fire insurance : seguro contra incendio.
Fleet policy insurance : seguro de flota de vehículos.
Flood policy insurance : seguro contra inundación.
Government insurance : seguro nacional para veteranos de guerra.
Group life insurance : seguro de vida colectivo.
Hail insurance : seguro contra granizo.
Homeowners' insurance : seguro combinado familiar.
Hull insurance : seguro de casco.
Insurance contract : contrato de seguro.
Liability insurance : seguro de responsabilidad civil.
Life insurance : seguro de vida.
Livestock insurance : seguro de animales / seguro de ganado.
Marine insurance : seguro marítimo.
Product Liability insurance : seguro de responsabilidad civil de fabricantes.
Title insurance : seguro de título.
Theft insurance : seguro contra robo.
Unemployment insurance : seguro de desempleo.
Workers' compensation insurance : seguro de accidentes del trabajo.INSURANCE
BROKER:Productor de Seguros / intermediario.

INSURANCE COMPANY : Compañía de Seguros.

INSURANCE CONTRACT : Contrato de seguro.
INSURANCE POLICY : Póliza.
INSURANCE SERVICES OFFICE (I.S.O.) : Oficina de Servicios de Seguro.
to INSURE : Asegurar.
INSURED : Asegurado.
INSURER : Asegurador.
INTENDED VESSEL : Buque previsto.
INTEREST : Interés.
INTERLINE AGREEMENT : Acuerdo interlínea.
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF ARBITRATION : Tribunal Internacional de Arbitraje.
INTERNATIONAL TRADE : Comercio Internacional.
INVOICE : Factura.

Consular invoice : factura consular.

Proforma invoice : factura proforma.

I.O.U. (I OWE YOU) : Vale/reconocimiento de deuda en papel sin timbrar, sin cláusula a la orden.
ISSUANCE DATE : Fecha de emisión.
to ISSUE : Emitir.
ISSUER : Emisor.
Issuer of documents : Emisor de documentos.
ISSUING BANK : Banco emisor.
ISSUING CARRIER : Transportador emisor.

Join- venture: acuerdo de cooperacion entre empresas de dos paises

Joint venture: actividad empresarial conjunta entre socios de países diferentes
Junk bond: bono basura
JETTISON : Echazón.
JOINT SURVEY : Peritaje.

KEEL : Quilla.
KEEP DRY : Mantener en lugar seco.
KEEP IN COLD PLACE : Mantener en lugar fresco.
KEEP UPRIGHT : No dar vuelta.
KEGS : Barriles pequeños (generalmente usados para transportar productos químicos).
KEY EMPLOYEE LIFE INSURANCE : Seguro de vida sobre empleados indispensables.

Label : etiqueta
Labor: mano de obra
Lakeover: adquisición hostil
Lend: prestar
Letter of credit: carta de crédito
Leverage rate: índice de apalancamiento
Levy: gravamen
Liabilities: pasivo
Liquidity ratios: razón de liquidez
Liquidity: liquidez
Listed securities: acción cotizada en bolsa
Load: cargamento
Loan: prestamo
Long term capital flows: flujo de capital a largo plazo
Long term debt: deuda a largo plazo
Long term loan: préstamo a largo plazo
Loss: perdida
Low income housing: vivienda popular
Lump sum: pago global

LABEL : Etiqueta.
LABOR DISTURBANCES : Disturbios laborales.
LANDING CERTIFICATE : Certificado de descarga.
LATENT : Oculto.
LATENT DEFECTS : Vicios ocultos.
LAY DAYS : Tiempo de estadía.
LEADING MARKS : Marcas de identificación.
LEAKAGE : Derrame.
LENGHT : Eslora.
LENGHT BETWEEN PERPENDICULARS : Eslora entre perpendiculares.
LASH BARGE : Barcaza lash.
LENDER : Prestamista.
LENGHT ON WATERLINE : Eslora en flotación.
LETTER OF CREDIT (L/C) : Carta de crédito.

Advanced letter of credit : carta de crédito anticipada.

Confirmed letter of credit : carta de crédito confirmada.
Cumulative letter of credit : carta de crédito acumulativa.
Deferred letter of credit : carta de crédito diferida.
Divisible letter of credit : carta de crédito divisible.
Documentary letter of credit : carta de crédito documentaria.
Green clause letter of credit : carta de crédito con cláusula verde.
Indivisible letter of credit : carta de crédito indivisible.
Irrevocable letter of credit : carta de crédito irrevocable.
Letter of credit payable at ...days : carta de crédito pagadera a ... días.
Non-confirmed letter of credit : carta de crédito no confirmada.
Non-cumulative letter of credit : carta de crédito no acumulativa.
Non-transferable letter of credit : carta de crédito intransferible.
Red clause letter of credit : carta de crédito con cláusula roja.
Revolving letter of credit : carta de crédito rotativa.
Sight letter of credit : carta de crédito a la vista.
Standby letter of credit : carta de crédito standby.
Subsidiary letter of credit : carta de crédito subsidiaria.
Transferable letter of credit : carta de crédito transferible.

LETTER OF INDEMNITY : Garantía bancaria.

LEVY : Embargo.
LIABILITY : Responsabilidad civil / obligación.
LIEN : Derecho de retención.
LIFE ANNUITY : Renta o pensión vitalicia.
LIFEBOAT : Bote salvavidas.
LIFT HERE : Levántese aquí.
LIGHTER : Lancha.
LIGHTERAGE : Lanchaje, cabarraje.
LINER TERMS : Términos de línea.
LINER VESSELS : Buques de línea.
LIQUIDATION OF THE ENTRY : Liquidación de la declaración de Aduana.
LLOYD'S agent : agente del Lloyd.
to LOAD : Cargar.
LOAD : Carga, cargamento.
LOAD LINE DISC: Disco de línea de carga.
LOADING GEAR : Equipo de carga.
LOAN : Préstamo.

Long term loan : préstamo a largo plazo.

Medium term loan : préstamo a mediano plazo.
Short term loan : préstamo a corto plazo.
LOCK OUT : Cierre patronal.
LOADING CHARGES : Gastos de carga.
LOSS : Pérdida.

Actual loss : Pérdida real.

LOSS RATIO : Porcentaje de pérdida.

LOT : Lote.
LUMP SUM : En cifras redondas, importe alzado.
LUMP SUM FREIGHT : Flete proporcional.

M&A: mergers and acquisitions: fusiones y adquisiciones

Manager: gerente
Manufacturer: fabricante
Manufactures products: productos manufacturados
Market price: precio de mercado
Market research: estudio de mercado
Market: mercado
Matched timing: tiempo apareado
Meeting: asamblea
Merger: fusión
Monetary adjustment monetary correction: corrección monetaria
Money growth: crecimiento del dinero
Money received: ingresos
Money: dinero
Monthly payment: mensualidad
Mortage: hipoteca
Most favored nation treatment: tratamiento de nación mas favorecida
Movement: movimientos
MACHINARY BREAKDOWN : Rotura de maquinarias.
MADE IN : Fabricado en.
MAIN MAST : Palo mayor.
MALICIOUS DAMAGE : Daños producidos con malicia.
MANIFEST : Manifiesto.

Entry manifest : manifiesto de carga.

MARINE ADVENTURE : Travesía marítima.

MARINE CONTRACT : Contrato marítimo.
MARINE INSURANCE : Seguro marítimo.
MARINE RISK : Riesgo marítimo.
MARITIME COMPANY : Compañía marítima.
MARITIME CONFERENCE : Conferencia marítima.
MARITIME LAW : Derecho marítimo.
MARITIME LOAN : Préstamo marítimo.
MARITIME PERIL : Riesgo marítimo.
MARK : Marca.

Handling mark : marca de manipuleo.

Informative mark : marca informativa.
Standard mark : marca estándar.

MARKET : Mercado.

Foreign market : mercado externo.

MARKING : Marcado.
MASTER : Capitán.
MASTER AIR WAYBILL : Guía aérea principal (madre).
MASTER BILL OF LADING : Conocimiento de embarque principal (madre).
MATE : Piloto.
MATE'S RECEIPT (M.R.) : Recibo provisorio / reci-bo sin observaciones / recibo de a bordo.
MATERIAL DAMAGE : Daños materiales.
MATOR (MATERIAL ORDER): Pedido de materiales.
MATURITY : Vencimiento.
MAJOR MEDICAL BENEFITS : Beneficios médicos suplementarios.
MEANS OF CONVEYANCE : Modalidad de transporte.
MEDICAL-PHARMACEUTICAL ASSISTANCE : Asistencia médico-farmacéutica.
MERCHANDISE : Mercadería.
MERCHANT : Negociante, comerciante.
METHOD OF PAYMENT : Forma de pago.
MIDDLEMAN : Intermediario.
MILL CERTIFICATE : Certificado de fábrica.
MISREPRESENTATION : Declaración falsa.
MISTATEMENT OF AGE CLAUSE : Cláusula de ajuste de indemnización en caso de declaraciones
falsas.
MONTHS SIGHT : Meses vista.
to MOOR : Anclar, amarrar.
MOORING : Amarradero.
MOORING PIPE : Pasacabos.
MOORING WINCH : Guinche de amarre.
MULTIMODAL : Multimodal.
MULTIMODAL TRANSPORT : Transporte multimodal.
MUTINY : Motín.

National income: ingreso nacional

Net cash flow: flujos netos de efectivo
Net present value: valor presente neto
Net price : precio neto
Net worth: valor neto ( patrimonio)
Net: red
NF: no founds: sin fondos
Nominal rate: tasa nominal
Non profit corporation: empresa no lucrativa
NPV: Net present value: valor presente neto
Number, turnover: cifra
NAMED PERIL CONTRACT : Contrato que cubre los riesgos especificados.
NAUTICAL MILE : Milla náutica.
NEGLIGENCE : Negligencia.
NEGOTIABLE : Negociable.
 NEGOTIABLE DOCUMENT : Documento negociable.
to NEGOTIATE : Negociar.
NET PROFIT : Beneficio neto.
NEW JASON CLAUSE : Cláusula restrictiva de responsabilidad del transportista / cobertura de los
riesgos resultantes de la cláusula New Jason.
NO FUNDS : Sin fondos.
NON DELIVERY : Falta de entrega.
NON DOCUMENTARY CONDITIONS : Condiciones no documentarias.
NON-FORFEITURE OPTIONS : Opciones de pago.
NON FULFILLMENT : Incumplimiento.
NON NEGOTIABLE : No negociable.
NON NEGOTIABLE SEA WAYBILL : Documento de embarque marítimo no negociable.
NON OWNED AUTOMOBILES : Vehículos de terceros.
NON OWNERSHIP LIABILITY : Responsabilidad sobre bienes de terceros.
NOT TO BE DROPPED : No volcar.
NOTICE OF DAMAGE : Denuncia de siniestro.
NOTICE OF READINESS : Carta de alistamiento / notificación de arribo.
NOTICE OF SHIPMENT : Declaración de embarque.
NULL AND VOID : Nulo.
Offer: oferta
Open market: mercado libre
Operation costs: costos de operación
Operation expenses: gastos de operación
Operation: operación
Ordinary shares: acciones comunes
Output, production: producción
Outstanding shares: acciones en circulación

ODD : Impar.
OFFSET : Compensación.
ON BOARD : A bordo.
ON STREAM : Llave en mano.
to OPEN A LETTER OF CREDIT : Abrir una carta de crédito.
OPEN ACCOUNT : Cuenta corriente.
OPEN HERE : Abrir aquí.
OPTION TO CONSOLIDATE : Cláusula de consolidación.
ORDER : Orden.

Order of payment : orden de pago.

to order of...: a la orden de ...

ORDER NUMBER : Número de pedido.

ORIGINAL : Original.
OWNER : Armador.
OTHER CHARGES : Otros cargos.
OTHER RISKS : Otros riesgos.
OUTFIT : Equipamiento.
OUTSIDER : Buque que realiza un tráfico cuyo itinerario coincide a grandes rasgos con el que sirve
la Conferencia sin que éste (o su armador) la integren.
OVER INSURANCE : Sobre seguro.
OVERDRAFT : Descubierto en cuenta.
Pay in cash: pagar en efectivo
Payback period: periodo de recuperación
Payment advance: avance
Payment in arrears: pago atrasado
Payment: pago
Payroll: nomina
Period: período
PIB: gross national product
Planing: planificación
Political economy: economía política
Pre investment: pre inversión
Preference shares: acciones preferentes
Preferential trading system: sistema de comercio preferencial
Price control: control de precios
Price earning rate: relación precio ganancia
Price elasticity: elasticidad del precio
Price fall: caída de precios
Price freeze: congelación de precios
Prive list: tarifas
Price: precio
Prime rate: tasa preferencial
Profit margin: margen de beneficio
Profit: beneficio
Profit: ganancia
Profit: utilidad
Project life cycle: ciclo de vida del proyecto
Promissory note: pagare
Promissory quota: pagare
Providers: proveedores
Proyect evaluation: evaluación de proyectos
Proyection: proyección
Purchase: compra
Purchasing power: poder adquisitivo
PACKAGE : Bulto, paquete.
PACKET : Paquete o fardo pequeño.
PACKING : Embalaje.
PACKING BOX/ CASE : Cajón, caja de embalaje.
PACKING LIST : Nota o lista de empaque.
PAID (P.D.) : Pagado.
PALLET : Paleta de carga.

Double entry pallet : paleta de doble entrada.

Four-entry pallet : paleta de cuatro entradas.
Plain pallet : paleta plana.
Sole base pallet : paleta de base única.

PALLET-LESS UNIT LOADS : Unidades de carga sin paletas.

PARCEL : Paquete.
PARTIAL DAMAGE : Daño parcial.
PARTIAL SHIPMENT : Embarque parcial.
PASSENGER LIABILITY : Responsabilidad civil hacia terceros transportados.
PASSENGER SHIP : Barco de pasajeros.
to PAY : Pagar.
PAYLOAD : Pasaje o carga aérea / carga útil.
PAYMENT : Pago.

Deferred payment : pago diferido.

Payment date : fecha de pago.
Payment in installments : pago en cuotas.
Sight payment : pago a la vista.

PAUL vs. VIRGINIA: Fallo de la corte suprema de los E.E.U.U. del año 1868 que estableció que el
seguro no constituye un comercio.
PER CENT (P.C.): Por ciento.
PERFORMANCE BOND: Garantía de buena ejecución.
PERILS: Riesgos.

Covered perils : riesgos cubiertos / riesgos asegurados.

Excepted perils : riesgos excluídos / riesgos no cubiertos.
Maritime perils : riesgos de la navegación / riesgos marítimos.

PERISHABLE : Perecedero.
PERSONAL ACCIDENTS : Accidentes personales.
PIECE : Bulto.
PIER : Muelle.
PILFERAGE : Piratería.
PILOT : Práctico.
PIRACY : Piratería.
PLACE OF DEPARTURE : Procedencia.
PLACE OF DESTINATION : Destino.
PLATE GLASS : Cristales.
POINT OF DESTINATION : Punto de destino.
POINT OF ORIGIN : Punto de origen.
POISONOUS SUBSTANCES : Sustancias venenosas.
POLICY : Póliza.

Endowment policy : póliza de seguro total.

Floating policy : póliza flotante.
Life insurance policy : póliza de seguro de vida.
Open covered policy : póliza de cobertura abierta.
Time policy : póliza temporaria.
Voyage policy : póliza por viaje.

POLICY HOLDER : Tenedor, tomador.

POOL AGREEMENTS : Convenios de explotación en común.
POOP : Popa.
PORT : Puerto / babor.

Intermediate port : puerto intermedio.

Port of arrival / port of discharge / final port : puerto de llegada o destino.
Port of call : puerto de escala.
Port of distress : puerto de arribada forzosa.
Port of loading / shipment : puerto de carga.
Port of unloading / discharge : puerto de descarga.
Port of refuge : puerto de refugio.
Port dues : derechos portuarios.
Port side : banda de babor.

PRICE : Precio.

Gross price : precio bruto.

Index price : precio índice.
Net price : precio neto.
Replacement price : precio de reemplazo.
Total price : precio total.
Unit price : precio unitario.

PRINCIPAL : Capital.
PRIVITY : Complicidad.
PROBABILITY : Probabilidad.
PROFIT : Beneficio, ganancia.
PROFIT SHARING PLAN : Plan de participación en las utilidades.
PROHIBITED : Prohibido.
PROMISSORY NOTE (P/N) : Pagaré.
PROMPT NOTICE : Aviso inmediato.
PROOF OF LOSS : Prueba del siniestro.
PROPELLER : Hélice.
PROPOSAL FORM : Propuesta de celebración de un contrato.
PRO RATA : A prorrata.
PROVISION : Cláusula, estipulación.
PROXIMATE CLAUSE : Causa directa.
to PURCHASE : Comprar.
PURCHASE : Compra.
PURCHASE ORDER : Nota de pedido / orden de compra.
PURCHASER : Comprador.

Quota: cupo
QUALIFIED RECEIPT : Recibo condicionado / recibo con reservas.
QUALITY : Calidad.
QUALITY CERTIFICATE : Certificado de calidad.
QUANTITY : Cantidad.
QUAY : Muelle.
QUOTATION : Cotización.
QUOTATION REQUEST : Pedido de cotización / pedido de precios.
QUOTE : Cotización / término utilizado para indicar el comienzo de un texto copiado.

Rate of growth: rata de crecimiento

Rate of interest: rata de interés
Rate of return: tasa de rentabilidad
Rate: índice
Raw material: materia prima
Real interest: interés real
Receipt: recibo
Recession: desaceleracion
Reciprocal trade: acuerdo comercial
Redemption: amortización
Repayment: reembolso
Refund: reembolso
Rentability: rentabilidad
Required return: retorno sobre la inversión
Return on assets: retorno sobre activos
Return on equity: retorno sobre el patrimonio
Revolving found: fondo de rotación
Roucher: comprobante
Runaway inflation: inflación galopante
RADAR MAST : Palo de radar.
RADAR SCANNER : Antena radar.
RADIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES : Sustancias radioactivas.
RAIL TRANSPORT : Transporte ferroviario.
RANCE agent : agente de seguros.
RANGE LIGHT : Luz de alcance.
RATE : Tarifa.

Class rate, with reduction : tarifa de clase inferior a la normal.

Class rate, with surcharge : tarifa de clase superior a la normal.
Commodity rate : tarifa especificada.
Specific Commodity Rate : tarifa para mercadería específica.
Temporary rate : tarifa temporaria.

RATE CLASS : Tarifa de Clase.

RATE OF EXCHANGE : Tasa de cambio.
RATE OF INTEREST : Tasa de interés.
RAW MATERIAL : Materia prima.
REASONABLE DISPATCH : Prontitud razonable.
REBELLION : Rebelión.
RECEIPT : Recibo.
RECOVERABLE : Indemnizable.
RED LABEL : «Etiqueta roja» (mercaderías peligrosas).
REEL : Carrete.
REGULAR MEDICAL INSURANCE : Seguro que cubre gastos médicos extraordinarios.
REIMBURSEMENT : Reembolso.

Additional reimbursement : reembolso adicional.

Direct reimbursement : reembolso directo.
General reimbursement : reembolso general.
Indirect reimbursement : reembolso indirecto.

REIMPORT : Reimportación.
REINSTATEMENT : Rehabilitación (de póliza).
REINSURANCE : Reaseguro.
to REJECT : Rechazar.
REJECTION : Rechazo.
REMITTANCE : Remesa.
RENTAL CONTAINER : Alquiler de contenedor.
REPAYMENT : Reembolso.
REPAYMENT GUARANTEE : Garantía de reembolso.
REPLACEMENT COST : Valor de reposición.
REPLACEMENT COST INSURANCE : Seguro que cubre gastos de reposición.
REPORTING FORM : Póliza por declaraciones.
to RESCIND : Rescindir.
to RESHIP : Reembarcar.
RESHIPMENT : Reembarque.
RESTRAINT : Restricción.
RESTRAINTS OF PRINCES AND RULERS : Restricciones impuestas por la autoridad.
RETAIL : Venta minorista.
RETAIL PRICE : Precio minorista.
RETAILER : Vendedor minorista.
REVOCATION : Revocación.
REVOLUTION : Revolución.
REVOLVING CREDIT : Crédito rotativo.
RIDER : Suplemento, endoso.
RIDERS : Cláusulas particulares adicionales.
RIGHTS : Derechos.
RIOT : Tumulto, alzamiento.
RISK : Riesgo.

Credit risk : riesgo de crédito.

Extraordinary risk : riesgo extraordinario.
Manufacture risk : riesgo de fabricación.

ROAD TRANSPORT : Transporte por carretera o rodoviario.

ROTOR SHIP : Barco de rotores.
ROUND TRIP : Modalidad del fletamento a tiempo por la cual el armador fletante cede el buque por
un período expresamente no determinado, sin dar al fletador la opción de apartarse de dichas zonas
sin su previo consentimiento.
ROUTE : Trayecto.
ROYALTY : Canon pagado al creador de un producto por el derecho de utilizarlo en su provecho.
RUDDER : Timón.

Sale: venta
Security: seguridad
Set back: contratiempo
Settlement: saldos
Share turnover: movimiento accionario
Share: acción
Shareholder: accionista
Shares of stock: acciones
Shares outstanding: acción en circulación
Short term loan: préstamo a corto plazo
Simple interest: interés simple
Sinking found: fondo de amortización
Speculation: especulación
Statement of accounts: estado de cuentas
Stock company: compañía anónima
Stock corporation: compañía anónima
Stock exchange: bolsa de valores
Stock holder: accionista
Stock holders: patrimonio
Stock index: indicador bursátil
Stock market: bolsa de valores
Stock pile: acumulación de inventarios
Stock: capital
Stockbroker: corredor de bolsa
Storing: almacenamiento
Sum: suma
Supply: oferta
Surcharge: recargo
Surrender value: valor de salvamento
Surtax: sobretasa
Swap: cambalache
SACK : Saco / saqueo.
SAFETY : Seguridad.
SAID BY SHIPPER TO CONTAIN : Dice contener según el cargador.
SAID TO WEIGHT : Dice pesar.
SALVAGE : Salvamento.
SAMPLE : Muestra.
SAMPLE ORDER : Pedido de muestra.
SCRAP VOYAGE : Último viaje de un buque.
SCUTTLED SHIP : Buque que se fue a pique.
SEA WATER : Desgaste natural por el uso del buque.
SEA WAYBILL : Documento de embarque marítimo.
SEAWORTHINESS : Navegabilidad.
SEAWORTHINESS CERTIFICATE : Certificado de navegabilidad.
SEIZURE : Apoderamiento.
SELLER : Vendedor.
SENDER : Remitente.
SET : Juego (de documentos).

Complete set : juego completo.

SETTLEMENT OPTIONS: Opciones de pago.

SHEER : Arrufo.
SHIPPING agent : agente marítimo.
to SHIP : Embarcar.
SHIP : Buque.
SHIPMENT : Expedición / embarque.

Partial shipment : embarque parcial.

SHIPOWNER : Armador propietario.

SHIPPER : Cargador, fletador, expedidor.
SHIPPING COMPANY : Compañía naviera.
SHIPPING DOCUMENT : Documento de embarque.
SHIPPING NOTE : Nota de embarque.
SHIPWRECK : Naufragio.
SHORT DELIVERY : Entrega menor que la cantidad solicitada.
SHORT FORM : Abreviado.
SIDE LIGHTS : Luces de costado.

Tax: impuesto
Technical study: estudio técnico
To debit: adeudar
To go into debt: contraer deuda
To owe: adeudar
Trade: comercio
Trading year: ejercicio económico
Transaction: operación
Transport: transporte
Turn over: rotación

Unemployment: desempleo
Up turn: alza

Valorization: valorización
Value added network: red de valor agregado
Value engineering: generación de valor
Venture capital: capital de riesgo

Wholesaler: mayorista
Winery: bodega
Winset on line: bolsa electrónica
Working capital: capital de trabajo

SPECIAL VOCABULARY - ENGLISH TO SPANISH

corporate - de la empresa
hierarchy - jerarquia
Board of Directors - Consejo de Administración
business affairs - asuntos de negocios
corporation - sociedad anónima, corporación
Chairman of the Board - Presidente del Consejo de Administración
CEO - Consejero Delegado
develop - desarrollar
Vice-President - Vicepresidente (máximo directivo por debajo del Consejero Delegado)
sales - ventas
human resources - recursos humanos
accounting - contabilidad
finance - finanzas
support department - departamento de apoyo
IT department - departamento de informática
purchasing department - departamento de compras
projects - proyectos
R&D - investigación y desarrollo
tags - etiquetas
Manner - the way that something is done or somebody behaves - forma.
Boost - something that helps something else - estimular, fomentar.
Propel - to push or move something somewhere, often with a lot of force - lanzar.
Survey - an investigation of opinions done by asking questions - encuesta.
How you look - your appearance - tu aparencia.
Corporate Ladder – the hierarchical structure of a company. The higher you are up the ladder, the
more senior you are - jerarquía corporativa.
Neglect - to not pay enough attention to something - desatender.
Performance - how well or badly something is done - rendimiento, interpretación.
Smart - having a clean, tidy and stylish appearance - elegante.
Outfit - set of clothes worn for a particular occasion or activity - conjunto.
Eye Contact - when two people look at each other's eyes at the same time - contacto visual. To
keep people on their toes – to keep people attentive and prepared - hacer que las personas presten
atención.
Afterwards - at a later time - despues.
Ensure - to make sure that something happens - asegurar.
Rhetorical questions - questions asked to produce an effect and not to get an answer - preguntas
retóricas.
Likely - probable or expected - probable.
Background - the context and circumstances of the presentation - fondo.
To bear in mind – to remember a piece of information when you are making a decision or thinking
about a matter - ten lo presente.
To start off on the the right foot – to begin a project or challenge in an effective way - empezar con
buen pie.
You may have noticed - It is probable that you noticed before now (having the consequence in the
present that now you know what the author is speaking about). - puede que te hayas dado cuenta.
Be applicable to - affecting or relating to a person or thing; is usable, appropriate and relevant to. -
aplicable a.
Invaluable - extremely useful. - muy útil, valor incalculable.
Just wait - to simply remain in expectation. - simplemente espera.
Allow - permit. - permitir.
Ad hoc - improvised. - improvisado.
Unscripted - Improvised. - improvisado.
Beforehand - in advance of something, earlier. - de antemano.
Learn by heart - memorize. - memorizar.
Timing - the ability to do something at the right time. - sincronización, ritmo, la habilidad de hacer
algo en el mejor momento.
Within reach - near enough so that you can touch it or pick it up. - a tu alcance.
The best chance - a very good possibility. - la mejor oportunidad.
Giving yourself the opportunity - making it possible for you. - dándote la posibilidad.
Get down to business - start work on. - entrar en materia, ir al grano, ponerse manos a la obra.
allow: permitir
Furthermore: also to say something in a language other than your own: to say something in
adifferent language.
To think on your feet: to make a quick decision or give an answer quickly.
To ease your way (in context): to begin an activity in a way that makes it more comfortable or
easier.
To get over: to feel better after something or someone has made you unhappy or nervous.
 Nerve-racking / nerve-wracking: describes something that is difficult to do and causes a lot of worry
for the person involved in it.
to rehearse: to practice. (to pre-rehearse - to practice beforehand)
To put across: to express your ideas and opinions clearly so that people understand them easily.
Verbatim: using exactly the same words as were originally used.
to move on - to continue with.
to go back - to return.
To digress: to move away from the main subject you are writing or talking about and to write or talk
about something else.
To sum up: to describe or express briefly the important facts or characteristics about something or
someone.
to point out - to make aware of, señalar.
to deal with - to handle, tratar.
to overcome - to succeed in dealing with a problem, superar.
time-consuming - Something that takes a long time to do.
motivate action - Encourages people to do something.
put yourself in their shoes - Imagine the situation from somebody else’s perspective .
background information - Information about the area you’re writing about that helps the reader.
subject matter - The area or topic you're writing about.
reach a conclusion - To arrive at a conclusion
deliver your recommendations - To communicate your main ideas
jot down - Write down something
skim read - Read quickly searching for main or key information
executive summary - Main summary
grabbing the attention of - To get the attention of
logical flow - To follow a logical order
proof readers - People paid to read
motivating staff - motivating the workers at a company. - motivando los empleados.
a good while - a long time. - un buen rato.
counter - the "bar" where you pay for things. - mostrador.
a purchase - a buy. - una compra.
I assure you - I am sure and you should be also. - te aseguro.
word of mouth marketing - marketing consisting of people telling each other. - marketing del boca a
boca.
customer service - work that increases the value that buyers receive from their purchases. - servicio
al cliente.
grumpy - irritable. - malhumorado.
growling - making a low threatening sound like an animal (for example: a tiger). - gruñendo.
pats on the back - a soft friendly open handed hit on the back. - palmaditas en la espalda.
tips - practical advice. - consejos.
morale - the general motivated attitude of a group of workers. - moral (en el sentido de alentar).
cheerful - happy. - alegre.
fair - just. - justo.
perform - to do something well. - rendir.
leadership - the capacity to get people to do things. - liderazgo.
what makes you tick - the thing that motivates you to do something. - lo que te hace funcionar.
rewarding system - the method the employer uses to motivate his workers. - sistema de
recompensa.
stock options - the right to buy stocks at a specific price. - opción de compra de acciones
profit sharing scheme - A system by which workers receive part of the profits of a company. -
programa de reparto de beneficios.
in touch - in contact. - en contacto.
maternity leave - a scheme by which a pregnant female worker can stay home with pay. - baja por
maternidad
Work-life balance - making sure you don’t let stress at work affect your health. - equilibrio entre la
vida y el trabajo.
Whisper - to speak in a soft, quiet way. - susurrar.
Techies - IT (information technology) workers or people good with technology. - entusiastas de los
ordenadores o informáticos.
Spend time in meetings - to use time in meetings. - pasar tiempo en reuniones.
At least - not less than - al menos.
Complain - to say that you are irritated or unhappy because of something - quejarse.
Waste of time - spending time badly - pérdida de tiempo.
It's not rocket science - it is something that is simple and common sense. - es algo simple o no muy
difícil como lo sería la ciencia de los cohetes.
Tips - helpful practical advice - consejos prácticos.
Compile tips - to gather or bring together different tips. - recopilar, reunir consejos prácticos.
Dig deep - analyse in more detail the answers to your questions. - analizar
más profúndamente las respuestas a tus preguntas.
Issues - problems or worries that somebody has about something. - asuntos, cuestiones.
Tools - an instrument that helps you do something. - herramientas.
Talking over a coffee - to talk about something informally in a stress-free place. - hablar
informalmente sobre algo en un bar o similar.
Achieve - to be successful in reaching an objective. - lograr.
Attendee - a person who attends an event. - asistente.
Painlessly - in a way that is without pain. - de forma indolora, sin sufrimiento.
Invitees - the people who are invited to an event. - invitados.
Background information - information that is essential to understanding a situation or problem. -
información que es esencial para entender una situación o problema.
Keep it brief - to do something in a way that doesn't last very long. - hacerlo breve.
To the point (stick to the point) - to keep talking about the main topic set for a conversation without
getting distracted. - mantenerse centrado en la cuestión principal de la conversación.
Make sure - to establish something without a doubt. - asegurarse.
Book the meeting room - to reserve the meeting room. - reservar la sala de reuniones.
Meeting agendas - a list of major points/issues to be discussed in the meeting. - orden del día.
Rambling - not focusing on one point at a time. - que divaga.
Irrelevancy - the lack of a relation of something to the matter at hand. - irrelevancia.
Constrained - to restrain or limit. - limitar.
Chair - group leader. - presidente.
Commitment - a promise to do something. - compromiso.
Action points - follow-up actions people have agreed to do. - puntos de actuación.
Turn up - to appear or come. - aparecer o llegar.
Motivation plummets - Motivation drops quickly. - la motivación cae en picado.
Take the meetings seriously - to respect the meetings. - tomar las reuniones en serio.
Over stretched - too much work to do at one time. - abrumado con mucho trabajo.
Shoddy work - badly done work. - chapuza.
Taking meeting minutes - writing down everything that is said by everybody in the meeting. -
levantar actas.
Clue - evidence that helps solve a mystery. - pista.
Keep meeting minutes accurate - write the notes of the meeting correctly. - mantener la exactitud
de las actas.
Tongue-tied - not being able to talk because of nerves.
Successfully - in a satisfactory way. - de una forma satisfactoria, con éxito.
Afterwards - after something. - después.
Take a deep breath - to breathe one time deeply. - respira hondo.
Lack manners - to not behave in a correct and proper way. - ser maleducado.
In the heat of the moment - in an intense emotional moment. - en la excitación o nerviosismo del
momento.
Make issues personal - to feel personally attacked. - tomárselo de forma personal.
Make personal comments - to insult or attack in a personal way. - insultar o atacar de forma
personal.
Keeping things objective - to act and think in a rational way. - mantener la objetividad de la
situación.
Confrontational - to be argumentative. - polémico.
Not the best way - there are better ways to do something. - no es la mejor manera.
Ground rules - meeting rules that everybody agrees to. - las reglas establecidas para la reunión.
Remind people - to help people to remember something. - recordar algo a alguien.
argue - argumentar
brand - marca
advertising - publicidad
brand awareness - notoriedad de marca
huge - enorme
publicity - exposición mediática
that best fits you - el que mejor te encaje
adventurous - aventurero
target - objetivo
reach - alcance
news - noticia
find out - enterarse
bring this down to around - reducirlo a aproximadamente
keep you going - mantenerte
press release - nota de prensa
published - publicado
customers - clientes
prospects - clientes potenciales
handouts - folletos
fliers - folletos
improve - mejorar
likelihood - probabilidad
widespread - extendido
skills training - formación de habilidades
making the most - aprovechando
improve - mejorar
room for improvement - mejorable
outline - apuntar, describir
tips - consejos
smile - sonreir
objections that may arise - objeciones que puedan surgir
there is no rush - no hay prisa
calmness - tranquilidad
confidence - confianza
a touch too slow - un poco demasiado despacio
just the right speed - justo la velocidad correcta
don't waste time - no pierda el tiempo
take notes - toma notas
concisely - conciso
avoid - evite
shrillness - tono alto
mouthpiece - micrófono del teléfono
chin - barbilla
slamming down the receiver - colgar con fuerza el auricular
slow pace - paso lento
Guarantee - A promise or something that insures that something else will happen.
Chicken Researcher - Someone who is afraid to meet or speak to people when researching.
Jargon or buzz words - Frequently used terms and words related to a specific sector, industry or
career.
To paint a picture in your mind - Construct a detailed profile or image of something or someone in
your mind.
To get your support - To find sympathy, help and encouragement (usually from friends and family).
To put pressure on someone - To strongly persuade someone to do something, causing anxiety.
To resent somebody - To remain angry with somebody about something that happened.
Apology - A word or phrase saying that you're sorry for something you've done.
Open-minded and fair - Willing to listen to and accept other ideas and treating everyone equally.
To make judgements about people - To form opinions about people.
To make the right first impression - To give a good image of yourself when you meet them.
A firm but gentle handshake - Shaking someone's hand in a positive and soft way.
Pacing - Matching or copying the speed at which someone talks, runs, walks, moves, etc.
Read the body language of somebody - To understand what somebody is thinking from their body
movements.
Subtly - In a way that is indirect and clever, and not very noticable or obvious.
To lead the interviewer toward something - To guide someone towards a specific topic or issue in
a conversation.
Lean forward - Move only your upper body closer to something or somebody.
Never ever - This phrase means "never," but with extra emphasis.
Tarnishes your image - Something that makes your image look bad.
To enhance - To further improve or increase the quality of something.
Flattery - To give someone compliments.
Fake - False and artificial.
A follow-up letter - This is a letter that you write after your interview to ask for or about more
information about the job.
complaining - protestando
lack - falta
unused - inutilizado
tips - consejos
following - siguientes
top priority - prioridad máxima
add value - añade valor
achieve your goals - conseguir tus metas
in mind - tener en cuenta
make the most - aprovechar
spend time - emplear tiempo
highly recommend - muy recomendado
to-do list - lista de tareas pendientes
tasks - tareas
tool - herramienta
time management - gestión de tiempo
goals - metas
reward - recompensa
effectiveness - efectividad
efficient - eficiencia
tedious - tedio
sticking to your to-do list - mantenerse al la lista de tareas
founder - fundador
ad - advert - advertisment - anuncio
advertising agency - agencia de publicidad
take advantage - aprovechar
mistakes - errores
consumer - consumidor
point out - señalar
no-one - nobody - nadie
rejected - rechazado
I reckon - Yo opino
quite common - bastante común
quest - búsqueda
brand - marca
reach - alcance
target - objetivo
unsustainable claims - reclamos insostenibles
prove - probar (proporcionar evidencias no testear)
instead of - en vez de
campaign - campaña
qualitative targeting - alcanzar un público objetivo cualificado
useless - inútil
copy - texto (de un anuncio)
ingenious - ingenioso
persuasive - convincente
manner - forma o manera
spend all day - pasar todo el día
 CIBERGRAPHY

http://inglesparaprofesionales.wordpress.com/2009/11/28/proceedings-actas-de-
una-reunion/
http://es.scribd.com/doc/15899653/Cartilla-Ingles-Ciclo-III-6

http://www.curso-ingles.com/business-english/general-management/67-
emailwriting.html
http://es.wikibooks.org/wiki/Ingl%C3%A9s/Introducci%C3%B3n

http://inglesparaprofesionales.wordpress.com/category/ingles-de-
negocios/page/2/

http://www.frasesypensamientos.com.ar/autor/ernst-fischer.html

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5X5sjDj4e_wFRASES DE ERNST FISCHER

http://www.ctv.es/USERS/amiles/wordlists.htm#list

http://www.wikilearning.com/monografia/libro_de_frases_espanol_english_ingles-
negocios_business/2818-4
http://es.bab.la/diccionario/espanol-ingles/libros-de-contabilidad
http://www.nonstopenglish.com/lang/es/allexercises/

http://diccionario.reverso.net/negocio-espanol-ingles/p%C3%A9rdidas

http://www.madridteacher.com/articles/perfect-interview.htm

http://mymemory.translated.net/