National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST)

School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering (SMME)

Basic Electrical Engineering

Course: EE-103
Dr. Jawad Aslam
Book: Electric Circuits by James W. Nilsson and Susan A. Riedel
Reference Book: Electrical Circuits Fundamentals by Sergio
Franco
 Circuit Analysis
• For linear one-port system superposition can
be implemented two scenarios are considered
– Finding v (𝑣𝑜𝑐 ) with i=0 (open circuit) , then
suppress all the sources to yield 𝑅𝑒𝑞 the resulting
voltage 𝑣 = 𝑣𝑜𝑐 + 𝑅𝑒𝑞 𝑖
– Finding i(𝑖𝑠𝑐 ) with v=0 (short circuit), then supress
all sources to yield 𝑅𝑒𝑞 the resulting voltage
𝑣
i= 𝑖𝑠𝑐 −
𝑅𝑒𝑞
• 𝑅𝑒𝑞 finding method
– 𝑅𝑒𝑞 : Method 1
– 𝑅𝑒𝑞 : Method 1
 Circuit Analysis
• 𝑅𝑒𝑞 finding method
– 𝑅𝑒𝑞 : Method 1
• To find the equivalent resistance of a one-port, find its
open circuit voltage and its short circuit current
𝑣𝑜𝑐
then 𝑅𝑒𝑞 =
𝑖𝑠𝑐

– Example
– 𝑅1 = 30𝑘ߗ, 𝑅2 = 10𝑘ߗ and 𝑣𝑠 = 12𝑉
 Circuit Analysis
• 𝑅𝑒𝑞 finding method
– Example
– 𝑣𝑜𝑐 , 𝑖𝑠𝑐 , 𝑅𝑒𝑞

𝑣𝑜𝑐 = 6𝑉, 𝑖𝑠𝑐 = 4𝐴 , 𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 1.5ߗ

 Circuit Analysis
• 𝑅𝑒𝑞 finding method
– Example
– 𝑣𝑠 = 15𝑉, 𝑖𝑠 = 1𝐴

𝑣𝑜𝑐 = 8𝑉, 𝑖𝑠𝑐 = 2𝐴 , 𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 4ߗ

 Circuit Analysis
• 𝑅𝑒𝑞 finding method
– 𝑅𝑒𝑞 : Method 2
• To find the equivalent resistance of a linear one-port,
first suppress all independent sources. Then apply a
test voltage v/ current i and find the current i/resulting
voltage v out of its positive terminal
 Circuit Analysis
• 𝑅𝑒𝑞 finding method
– Example
 Circuit Analysis
• 𝑅𝑒𝑞 finding method
– Example
 Circuit Analysis
• Circuit Theorem
– Thevenin’s Theorem
• This is circuit simplification technique focuses mainly on
the terminal behavior
• Any linear one-port is equivalent to an ideal voltage
source in series with a resistance where voltage source
is open-circuit voltage and equivalent resistance of one-
port

/𝑣 = 𝑣𝑇ℎ − 𝑅𝑇ℎ 𝑖
 Circuit Analysis
• Circuit Theorem
– Thevenin’s Theorem
– Example
 Circuit Analysis
• Circuit Theorem
– Thevenin’s Theorem
– Example
 Circuit Analysis
• Circuit Theorem
– Norton’s Theorem
• Independent current source in parallel with equivalent
resistor, thus focuses on short circuit current behavior
of the one-port
• Any linear one-port is equivalent to an ideal current
source in parallel with a equivalent resistor where
current source is equivalent to short circuit current.

/𝑣𝑇ℎ = 𝑅𝑇ℎ 𝑖𝑆𝑐

 Circuit Analysis
• Circuit Theorem
– Norton’s Theorem
– Example

𝑖𝑠𝑐 = 𝑖1 +𝑖3 𝑖3 =1mA

𝑖𝑠𝑐 = 6𝑚𝐴 𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 4
25
𝑖1 = = 5𝑚𝐴
5
25−𝑣1 𝑣 𝑣
= 401 + 121 =12V
10
 Circuit Analysis
• Circuit Theorem
– Thevenin’s and Norton’s Theorem
– Example
 Circuit Analysis
• Maximum Power Transfer
– The maximum power that can be delivered by the
one-port to the load
– Replace the original system with Thevenin’s
equivalent system
– Maximum power is transferred when load
resistance is equal to Thevenin’s resistance
 Circuit Analysis
• Maximum Power Transfer
• Example